Stolen Identities, Suspended Lives. Embodied Active Imagination in Clinical Work with Victims of State Terrorism.

Each collective trauma holds its own particularities and forms of horror. When the violence is exerted by the government responsible for the care of the population it is termed state terrorism. The traumatic experience and its subsequent negation create a profound dissociation between two narratives: the explicit, which conceals the true facts, and the implicit, which remains unconscious and unbridgeable. In the gap between the two, life becomes suspended. From a Jungian perspective, this can be understood as the interruption of the process of translation and integration (terms that I will explore in some depth) from implicit sensory phenomena to an explicit representational narrative. This profoundly affects the development of the ego-self axis. In turn, it creates a special challenge for analytic technique that calls for new ways of listening to, and meeting the patient in, that non-verbal, unrepresented territory. Drawing upon clinical material, an embodied perspective of Jungian clinical work is offered to show how the inclusion of the body of patient and analyst enables access to the non-represented, though implicitly encoded, traumatic affective memories stored in the somatic unconscious.

Chaque traumatisme collectif a ses particularités et ses formes d'horreur. Lorsque la violence est exercée par le gouvernement responsable de la prise en charge de la population, on parle de terrorisme d'État. L'expérience traumatique et sa négation ultérieure créent une dissociation profonde entre deux récits : l'explicite, qui dissimule les faits réels, et l'implicite, qui reste inconscient et insurmontable. Dans l'écart entre les deux, la vie est suspendue. D'un point de vue jungien, cela peut être compris comme l'interruption du processus de «traduction et d'intégration¼ (termes que j'explorerai plus en profondeur) des phénomènes sensoriels implicites à un récit représentationnel explicite. Cela affecte profondément le développement de l'axe ego­soi. En conséquence, cela crée un défi particulier pour la technique analytique et invite à de nouvelles façons d'écouter et de rencontrer le patient dans ce territoire non verbal et non représenté. En s'appuyant sur le matériel clinique, une perspective incarnée du travail clinique jungien est proposée. Il s'agit de montrer qu'inclure les corps du patient et de l'analyste permet d'accéder à ce qui n'est pas représenté, par le biais de mémoires affectives traumatiques implicitement encodées et stockées dans l'inconscient somatique.

Cada trauma colectivo tiene sus propias particularidades y formas del horror. Cuando la violencia es ejercida por el gobierno responsable del cuidado de la población se denomina Terrorismo de Estado. La experiencia traumática y su posterior negación crean una profunda disociación entre dos narrativas: la explícita, que oculta los verdaderos hechos, y la implícita, que permanece inconsciente e inabordable. En la brecha entre ambas, la vida queda suspendida. Desde una perspectiva Junguiana, dicha suspensión puede entenderse como la interrupción en el proceso de "traslación e integración" (términos que exploraré con cierta profundidad) de los fenómenos sensoriales implícitos en una narrativa representacional explícita, afectando profundamente el desarrollo del eje ego­self. A su vez, crea un desafío especial para la técnica analítica que exige nuevas formas de escuchar y encontrarse con el paciente en ese territorio no­verbal y no­representado. A partir de material clínico, se ofrece una perspectiva somática del trabajo clínico Junguiano para mostrar cómo la inclusión del cuerpo de paciente y analista posibilita el acceso a estados no­representados, a través de memorias afectivas traumáticas codificadas implícitamente y almacenadas en el inconsciente somático.

Study of the Thermal Phase Transition of Poly(N,N-diethylacrylamide-co-N-ethylacrylamide) Random Copolymers in Aqueous Solution.

N-alkyl-substituted polyacrylamides exhibit a thermal coil-to-globule transition in aqueous solution driven by an increase in hydrophobic interactions with rising temperature. With the aim of understanding the role of N-alkyl substituents in the thermal transition, this study focuses on the molecular interactions underlying the phase transition of poly(N,N-diethylacrylamide-co-N-ethylacrylamide) random copolymers. Poly(N,N-diethylacrylamide) (PDEAm), poly(N-ethylacrylamide) (PNEAm), and their random copolymers were synthesized by free radical polymerization and their chemical structure characterized spectroscopically. It was found that the values of the cloud-point temperature increased with PNEAm content, and particle aggregation processes took place, increasing the negative charge density on their surface. The cloud-point temperature of each copolymer decreased with respect to the theoretical values calculated assuming an absence of interactions. It is attributed to the formation of intra- and interchain hydrogen bonding in aqueous solutions. These interactions favor the formation of more hydrophobic macromolecular segments, thereby promoting the cooperative nature of the transition. These results definitively reveal the dominant mechanism occurring during the phase transition in the aqueous solutions of these copolymers.

Enantioselective synthesis of ß-aryl-γ-lactam derivatives via Heck-Matsuda desymmetrization of N-protected 2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrroles.

We report herein an enantioselective palladium-catalyzed Heck-Matsuda reaction for the desymmetrization of N-protected 2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrroles with aryldiazonium salts, using the chiral N,N-ligand (S)-PyraBox. This strategy has allowed straightforward access to a diversity of 4-aryl-γ-lactams via Heck arylation followed by a sequential Jones oxidation. The overall method displays a broad scope and good enantioselectivity, favoring the (R) enantiomer. The applicability of the protocol is highlighted by the efficient enantioselective syntheses of the selective phosphodiesterase-4-inhibitor rolipram and the commercial drug baclofen as hydrochloride.

To(o) Queer the Analyst: Lesbiana, Junguiana and Sudamericana. Towards Woven Onto-Epistemologies.

This is a two-part paper: in the first one, a personal story serves as a conceptual prism through which I address the issue of how a queer analyst can be a problem for analytical psychology; in the second, I present some readings and images-mostly from decolonial feminisms-that have been of interest to me lately in my path to queer Jungian psychology, that is, to de-essentialize and de-individualize its theory and practice. By borrowing (and altering) the title from Gloria Anzaldúa's (1991/2009a) essay "To(o) queer the writer", this paper explores some themes she has elaborated there on solidarity, theorization and ways of writing and reading from othered points of view. In dialogue with Donna Haraway's (2016) Staying with the Trouble and Ursula K. Le Guin's (1989/2000) The Carrier Bag Theory of Fiction, together with the imagery of bags, weaving and string figures game, this paper aims to explore the potential of what I have called "woven onto-epistemologies". By imagining and developing this new condition of knowledge, other stories and theories in analytical psychology may have an opportunity to be told.

Cet essai est composé de deux parties : dans la première, une histoire personnelle sert de prisme conceptuel à travers lequel j'aborde la question de savoir comment un analyste queer peut être un problème pour la psychologie analytique ; dans la seconde, je présente quelques lectures et images ­ principalement issues des féminismes décoloniaux ­ auxquelles je me suis intéressée ces derniers temps, afin de rendre la psychologie jungienne plus queer, c'est­à­dire désessentialiser et désindividualiser cette théorie et cette pratique. En empruntant (et en modifiant) le titre de l'essai de Gloria Anzaldúa « To(o) queer the writer ¼, cet article explore certains thèmes qu'elle y a développés sur la solidarité, la théorisation et les manières d'écrire et de lire à partir du point de vue d'autrui. En dialoguant avec Staying with the Trouble de Donna Haraway et Carrier Bag of Fiction d'Ursula K. Le Guin, ainsi qu'avec l'imagerie des sacs, du tissage et du jeu avec des figurines en ficelle, cet article vise à explorer le potentiel de ce que j'ai appelé les onto­épistémologies tissées. En imaginant et en développant cette nouvelle condition de la connaissance, d'autres histoires et théories de la psychologie analytique auront peut­être l'occasion d'être racontées.

Este ensayo consta de dos partes: en la primera, una historia personal sirve como prisma conceptual a través del cual abordo la cuestión de cómo una analista 'queer' puede ser un problema para la psicología analítica; en la segunda, presento algunas lecturas e imágenes ­principalmente de los feminismos decoloniales­ que me han interesado últimamente, con el fin de 'queerizar' la psicología junguiana, es decir, des­esencializar y des­individualizar esta teoría y práctica. Tomando prestado (y alterando) el título del ensayo de Gloria Anzaldúa "To(o) queer the writer", este artículo explora algunos temas allí elaborados acerca de la solidaridad, la teorización y las formas de escribir y leer desde otros puntos de vista. En diálogo con 'Staying with the Trouble' de Donna Haraway y 'Carrier Bag of Fiction' de Ursula K. Le Guin, junto con las imágenes de bolsas, tejidos y juegos de cuerdas, este artículo busca explorar el potencial de lo que he denominado onto­epistemologías tejidas. Imaginando y desarrollando esta nueva condición para el conocimiento, otras historias y teorías en psicología analítica pueden tener la oportunidad de ser contadas.

Safety and tolerability of inhaled N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (BMND01 candidate): A phase I clinical trial.

Psychedelics are being increasingly examined for their therapeutic potential in mood disorders. While the acute effects of ayahuasca, psilocybin, and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) last over several hours, inhaled N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) effects last around 10 min, which might provide a cost- and time-effective alternative to the clinical application of oral psychedelics. We aimed at investigating the safety and tolerability of inhaled DMT (BMND01 candidate). We recruited 27 healthy volunteers to receive a first, lower dose and a second, higher dose (5/20 mg, 7.5/30 mg, 10/40 mg, 12.5/50 mg, or 15/60 mg) of inhaled DMT in an open-label, single-ascending, fixed-order, dose-response study design. We investigated subjective experiences (intensity, valence, and phenomenology), physiological effects (blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, blood oxygen saturation, body temperature), biochemical markers (liver, kidney, and metabolic functions), and adverse events during the acute and post-acute effects of DMT. DMT dose-dependently increased intensity, valence and perceptual ratings. There was a mild, transient, and self-limited increase in blood pressure and heart rate. There were no changes in safety blood biomarkers and no serious adverse events. DMT dose-dependently enhanced subjective experiences and positive valence. Inhaled DMT might be an efficient, non-invasive, safe route of administration, which might simplify the clinical use of this substance. This is the first clinical trial to test the effects of inhaled DMT (BMND01 candidate).

Dimethylformamide Impurities as Propylene Polymerization Inhibitor.

This research study examined how the use of dimethylformamide (DMF) as an inhibitor affects the propylene polymerization process when using a Ziegler-Natta catalyst. Several experiments were carried out using TiCl4/MgCl2 as a catalyst, aluminum trialkyl as a cocatalyst, and different amounts of DMF. Then, we analyzed how DMF influences other aspects of the process, such as catalyst activity, molecular weight, and the number of branches in the polymer chains obtained, using experimental and computational methods. The results revealed that as the DMF/Ti ratio increases, the catalyst activity decreases. From a concentration of 5.11 ppm of DMF, a decrease in catalyst activity was observed, ranging from 45 TM/Kg to 44 TM/Kg. When the DMF concentration was increased to 40.23 ppm, the catalyst activity decreased to 43 TM/Kg, and with 75.32 ppm, it dropped even further to 39 TM/Kg. The highest concentration of DMF evaluated, 89.92 ppm, resulted in a catalyst productivity of 36.5 TM/Kg and lost productivity of 22%. In addition, significant changes in the polymer's melt flow index (MFI) were noted as the DMF concentration increased. When 89.92 ppm of DMF was added, the MFI loss was 75%, indicating a higher flowability of the polymer. In this study, it was found that dimethylformamide (DMF) exhibits a strong affinity for the titanium center of a Ziegler-Natta (ZN) catalyst, with an adsorption energy (Ead) of approximately -46.157 kcal/mol, indicating a robust interaction. This affinity is significantly higher compared to propylene, which has an Ead of approximately -5.2 kcal/mol. The study also revealed that the energy gap between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of DMF and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (SOMO) of the Ziegler-Natta (ZN) catalyst is energetically favorable, with a value of approximately 0.311 eV.

A mechanistic insight for the biosynthesis of N,N-dimethyltryptamine: An ONIOM theoretical approach.

Psychoactive natural products are potent serotonergic agonists capable of modulating brain functions such as memory and cognition. These substances have shown therapeutic potential for treating various mental disorders. The fact that N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is produced endogenously in several plants and animals, including humans, makes it particularly attractive. As an amino acid-derived alkaloid, the DMT biosynthetic pathway is part of the L-tryptophan biochemical cascade and can be divided into the decarboxylation by an aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) for tryptamine formation and the subsequent double-methylation by the indolethylamine-N-methyltransferase (INMT) through the cofactor S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM), a methyl donor. Unlike the decarboxylation mechanism of L-tryptophan, the molecular details of the double methylation of tryptamine have not been elucidated. Therefore, we propose an in silico model using molecular dynamics (MD), non-covalent interaction index (NCI) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations with the ONIOM QM:MM B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p):MM/UFF level of theory. Based on the obtained energetic data, the potential energy surface (PES) indicates an SN2 mechanism profile, with the second methylation energy barrier being the rate-limiting step with δG‡=60kJ∙mol-1 larger than the previous methylation, following the NCI analysis showing more repulsive interactions for the second transition state. In addition, the hybridization information of each reaction step provides geometric details about the double-methylation.

The Resurgence of Hallucinogen Drugs in Clinical Research.

Since the dawn of civilization, ancient cultures have utilized hallucinogens from plants and fungi in the context of religious and healing practices. Recently, their use has expanded to other cultures. Hallucinogens are natural or synthetic substances that alter the perception of reality at nontoxic doses, producing intense psychological and physiological effects. The initial research on hallucinogens began in the 1950s. However, their non-medical use, studies without proper controls, and negative social opinion resulted in legal restrictions that limited their use for clinical and preclinical research for more than two decades. A renewed interest in studying hallucinogens as potential therapeutic agents for treating different psychiatric conditions has recently re-emerged. This review summarizes the effects of main hallucinogen drugs and their therapeutic potential. Classic hallucinogens such as LSD, dimethyltryptamine, psilocin, and mescaline have chemical structures similar to serotonin and directly activate 5-hydroxy-tryptamine (5-HT2A) receptors. Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic with antagonist effects at the glutamatergic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, indirectly activating 5-HT2A receptors. Ketamine has rapid antidepressant effects and reduces suicidal ideation, but its effects are short-lasting. Other hallucinogens are under study. It is necessary to continue this research with a more rigorous methodology and include studying the long-term effects of psychedelics use.

The Resurgence of Hallucinogen Drugs in Clinical Research

ABSTRACT Since the dawn of civilization, ancient cultures have utilized hallucinogens from plants and fungi in the context of religious and healing practices. Recently, their use has expanded to other cultures. Hallucinogens are natural or synthetic substances that alter the perception of reality at nontoxic doses, producing intense psychological and physiological effects. The initial research on hallucinogens began in the 1950s. However, their non-medical use, studies without proper controls, and negative social opinion resulted in legal restrictions that limited their use for clinical and preclinical research for more than two decades. A renewed interest in studying hallucinogens as potential therapeutic agents for treating different psychiatric conditions has recently re-emerged. This review summarizes the effects of main hallucinogen drugs and their therapeutic potential. Classic hallucinogens such as LSD, dimethyltryptamine, psilocin, and mescaline have chemical structures similar to serotonin and directly activate 5-hydroxy-tryptamine (5-HT2A) receptors. Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic with antagonist effects at the glutamatergic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, indirectly activating 5-HT2A receptors. Ketamine has rapid antidepressant effects and reduces suicidal ideation, but its effects are short-lasting. Other hallucinogens are under study. It is necessary to continue this research with a more rigorous methodology and include studying the long-term effects of psychedelics use.

Devouring and Asphyxia: Paradigm Crisis, the Depletion of the Hero and Complex Thought1.

This article deals with the profound paradigm crisis that affects modernity and threatens the destiny of humanity. This crisis results from the lack of perspective offered by the paradigm of modernity with its emphasis on unilateral rationality, scientific objectivity, and exploitation of natural resources by a hyper development of an inflated Hero archetype. The emergence of a new paradigm of complexity, C. G. Jung's complex psychology, and Ameridian perspectivism, may offer new paths to approach these serious problems lived by modern man. A clinical vignette illustrates how complex psychology may also help with individual patients suffering from psychosomatic complaints.

Cet article traite de la profonde crise de paradigme qui affecte la modernité et qui menace le destin de l'humanité. Cette crise est le résultat du manque de perspective offert par le paradigme de la modernité, qui met l'accent sur la rationalité unilatérale, l'objectivité scientifique, et l'exploitation des ressources naturelles dans un hyper-développement de l'archétype du Héros, affecté par l'inflation. L'émergence d'un nouveau paradigme de la complexité, la psychologie complexe de C.G. Jung, et le perspectivisme Amérindien peuvent offrir de nouvelles ouvertures pour aborder ces problèmes sérieux que vit l'homme moderne. Une vignette clinique illustre comment la psychologie complexe peut aussi aider en ce qui concerne les patients individuels souffrants de problèmes psychosomatiques.

Este artículo aborda la profunda crisis de paradigma que afecta a la modernidad y amenaza el destino de la humanidad. Esta crisis es el resultado de la falta de perspectiva que ofrece el paradigma de la modernidad con su énfasis en la racionalidad unilateral, la objetividad científica y la explotación de los recursos naturales mediante el hiperdesarrollo de un arquetipo de Héroe inflado. La emergencia de un nuevo paradigma de la complejidad, la psicología compleja de C.G. Jung y el perspectivismo Amerindio pueden ofrecer nuevas vías para abordar estos graves problemas que vive el hombre moderno. Una viñeta clínica ilustra cómo la psicología compleja también puede ayudar con pacientes individuales que sufren dolencias psicosomáticas.

The Syzygy, Reformulation and New Perspectives: Dreams, Anima-Animus and Gender.

The main objective of this qualitative and quantitative research paper is to explore the occurrences and relations of the anima, animus and androgynous in dreams, with particular emphasis on the consideration of the androgynous in the human psyche. The sample consists of 9 series of dreams (141 dreams in total), from 9 dreamers, 7 women (female sex/gender) and 2 men (male sex/gender), aged 25-57, heterosexual, undergoing Jungian psychotherapy, and presenting couple-related themes. Statistical results and qualitative analysis offer new input for the re-vision of the classical anima-animus model, and the addition of in-depth explorations into the androgynous, paving the way for a new model of psychopathology and psychotherapeutic clinical work, in transition.

L'objectif principal de cette étude qualitative et quantitative est d'explorer les apparitions de l'anima, l'animus et l'androgyne dans les rêves, ainsi que les relations entre ces termes, avec un intérêt tout particulier pour l'androgyne dans la psyché humaine. L'échantillon est composé de 9 séries de rêves (au total 141 rêves), de 9 rêveurs dont 7 femmes (sexe et genre féminin) et 2 hommes (sexe et genre masculin) d'âge entre 25 et 57 ans, hétérosexuels, en analyse Jungienne, et montrant des thèmes en rapport avec le couple. Les résultats statistiques et l'analyse qualitative apportent de nouveaux éléments pour la ré-vision du modèle classique anima-animus, et pour l'ajout de recherches approfondies en ce qui concerne l'androgyne. Ceci afin de préparer le chemin pour un nouveau modèle de psychopathologie et de travail clinique de psychothérapie, en transition.

El objetivo principal de este trabajo de investigación cualitativa y cuantitativa es explorar las ocurrencias y relaciones del ánima, ánimus y andrógino en los sueños, con particular énfasis en la consideración del andrógino en el psiquismo humano. La muestra consiste en 9 series de sueños (141 sueños en total), de 9 soñadores, 7 mujeres (sexo/género femenino) y 2 hombres (sexo/género masculino), con edades comprendidas entre 25 y 57 años, heterosexuales, sometidos a psicoterapia junguiana, y que presentan temas relacionados con la pareja. Los resultados estadísticos y el análisis cualitativo ofrecen nuevas aportaciones para la revisión del modelo clásico ánima-ánimus, junto a nuevas exploraciones en profundidad sobre lo andrógino, allanando el camino para un nuevo modelo de psicopatología y trabajo clínico psicoterapéutico, en transición.

Soul, Myth and Cosmovision in a Changing World: Essentials of Analytical Psychology and the Descendent Path.

This essay addresses the key role of analytical psychology amid our changing world: to work towards an expansion of Humanity's worldview. In current times of utmost transformation, it becomes imperative that we embrace a total cosmovision, one that includes the 360 degrees of existence: not only the 180 diurnal degrees of ascent, light and order, yet also the descendent sphere, incorporating what is unconscious, nocturnal and mysterious. Integrating this lower realm in our psychic life, however, contrasts our Western worldview, in which these two domains are seemingly opposed and mutually excluding. Mythopoetic language, and the mythologems that manifest in different myths, provide the means of delving into the profound paradoxes at the core of the total cosmovision. Myths such as Añañuca (Chile), Osiris (Egypt), Dionysus (Greece) and Innana (Sumer), highlight the descending path, providing a symbolic narrative of an archetypical transformation or spin, a key moment of "turning on its own axis" that merges the realms of Life and Death, ascent and descent, birth and decay. To live this paradoxical and generative path of transformation, individuals must seek their personal myth not outside but within themselves, where springs the Suprasense.

Cet article étudie le rôle clé de la psychologie analytique dans notre monde en transformation: travailler à l'expansion de la vision du monde de l'humanité. Dans la période actuelle pleine de transformations radicales il devient essentiel d'avoir une cosmovision globale, qui inclue les 360 degrés de l'existence; non seulement les 180 degrés diurnes de l'ascension, de la lumière et de l'ordre, mais également la sphère descendante qui incorpore ce qui est inconscient, nocturne et mystérieux. L'intégration de ce royaume inférieur dans notre vie psychique, cependant, est en contraste avec la vision occidentale sur le monde, dans laquelle ces deux domaines sont considérés comme opposés et s'excluant mutuellement. Le langage mytho-poétique et les mythologèmes repérables dans les différents mythes fournissent les moyens de pénétrer dans les profonds paradoxes au noyau de la cosmovision totale. Les mythes tels ceux d'Ananuca (Chili), d'Osiris (Egypte), de Dionysos (Grèce), et d'Inanna (Sumer) montrent la voie descendante et offrent le récit symbolique d'une transformation archétypale, ou rotation, un moment clé de 'retournement sur son propre axe' qui fait fusionner les royaumes de Vie et de Mort, d'ascension et de descente, de naissance et de décomposition. Afin de vivre ce chemin de transformation paradoxal et fertile les personnes doivent chercher leur mythe personnel non pas à l'extérieur d'elles-mêmes mais à l'intérieur, d'où jaillit le Suprasens.

El presente artículo aborda el papel clave de la psicología analítica en medio de nuestro mundo cambiante: trabajar hacia una expansión de la cosmovisión de la humanidad. En los tiempos actuales de máxima transformación, se hace imperativo que abracemos una cosmovisión total, que incluya los 360 grados de la existencia: no sólo los 180 grados diurnos de ascenso, luz y orden, sino también la esfera descendente que incorpora lo inconsciente, lo nocturno y lo misterioso. Sin embargo, integrar este ámbito inferior en nuestra vida psíquica contrasta con nuestra visión occidental del mundo, en la que estos dos dominios se consideran opuestos y mutuamente excluyentes. El lenguaje mitopoético y los mitologemas que se manifiestan en los distintos mitos proporcionan los medios para ahondar en las profundas paradojas que se hallan en el núcleo de la cosmovisión total. Mitos como Añañuca (Chile), Osiris (Egipto), Dioniso (Grecia) o Innana (Sumeria) ponen de relieve el camino descendente, proporcionando una narrativa simbólica de una transformación o giro arquetípico, un momento clave de "giro sobre su propio eje" que fusiona los reinos de la Vida y la Muerte, el ascenso y el descenso, el nacimiento y la decadencia. Para vivir esta vía de transformación paradójica y generadora, el individuo debe buscar su mito personal no fuera de sí mismo, sino en su interior, de donde brota el Suprasentido.

Devouring and Asphyxia: Symptoms of a Cultural Complex in Present Times.

The article discusses dominance and oppression in society due to cultural complexes filled with collective memories of destructiveness and perpetration, implicit memories which have remained repressed. Individual personal complexes and traumas are intertwined with traumatizing historical circumstances, setting up pairs of perpetrator and victim. The metaphors of devouring and asphyxiation are used to denote interpersonal and group relationships in which feelings of imprisonment, suffocating anxiety and expulsion are predominant, all of which leads to painful projections and introjections, dissociation and suffering. Asphyxiating death symbolizes not only environmental devastation by fire, the pandemic and the plague, but is also seen as a symptom of acute anxiety in modern times. Devouring stands for the annulment of the objectified Other in a patriarchal society best revealed in fratricidal struggles, the oppression of women and, ultimately, wars.

L'article traite de la domination et de l'oppression dans la société, du fait de complexes culturels chargés de souvenirs de destruction et de culpabilité, de mémoires implicites qui sont restées refoulées. Les complexes personnels et les traumatismes des individus sont entremêlés avec les circonstances historiques traumatisantes. Ainsi se forment des couples coupable-victime. Les métaphores de dévoration et d'asphyxie sont utilisées pour désigner des relations interpersonnelles et de groupe dans lesquelles les sentiments d'emprisonnement, l'angoisse d'étouffement et l'expulsion sont prédominants, tout cela menant à des projections et des introjections douloureuses, à de la dissociation et de la souffrance. La mort par asphyxie symbolise non seulement la dévastation de l'environnement par l'incendie, la pandémie et la peste, mais est aussi comprise comme un symptôme d'anxiété aigüe à notre époque. La dévoration signifie l'annulation d'un Autre traité comme un objet dans une société patriarcale qui se dévoile dans des batailles fratricides, l'oppression des femmes et au final, les guerres.

El artículo analiza la dominación y la opresión en la sociedad debido a complejos culturales llenos de memorias colectivas de destructividad y perpetración, memorias implícitas que han permanecido reprimidas. Los complejos y traumas personales individuales se entrelazan con circunstancias históricas traumatizantes, estableciendo pares de perpetrador y víctima. Las metáforas de la devoración y la asfixia se utilizan para denotar relaciones interpersonales y grupales en las que predominan sentimientos de aprisionamiento, ansiedad sofocante y expulsión, todo lo cual conduce a proyecciones e introyecciones dolorosas, disociación y sufrimiento. La muerte asfixiante simboliza no sólo la devastación medioambiental por el fuego, la pandemia y la peste, sino que también se considera un síntoma de ansiedad aguda en los tiempos modernos. Devorar representa la anulación del Otro cosificado en una sociedad patriarcal que sobre todo se revela en las luchas fratricidas, la opresión de la mujer y, en última instancia, las guerras.

Collective Trauma, Implicit Memories, the Body, and Active Imagination in Jungian Analysis1.

This presentation attempts to show the healing potential underlying the inclusion of the patient's body in the analytic process, while honouring and revisiting the understanding of the psyche-body connection described by Jung in his early work. In addition, the author offers reflections on the impact of collective trauma whose aftermath, among others, has been the disappearance of thousands of people, consequently breaking the family genealogy, leaving hundreds of children stripped of their roots and true identity. Referencing clinical material, the author describes how the process of translation and integration-from the sensory-perceptual to the conceptual-symbolic-can be halted on account of collective trauma occurring at an early stage in development. Moreover, it is shown how the potential of the archetype or image schema, linked to the somatic-affective early experiences encoded as implicit memories, can be recovered, when Embodied Active Imagination is included in the analytic work. The patient's bodily gestures and somatic experience may bridge the gap between the preverbal-implicit knowledge and the emergence of emotions and images that allow for the creation of a new symbolic narrative.

Cette présentation vise à montrer le potentiel de guérison qu'il y a quand on inclut le corps du patient dans le processus analytique. En même temps la présentation fait honneur et revisite la compréhension du lien psyché-soma que Jung a décrite dans ses écrits précoces. De plus, l'auteur offre des réflexions sur l'impact de traumatismes collectifs dont les suites ont été - entre autres - la disparition de milliers de personnes, et en conséquence la cassure de la généalogie familiale, laissant des centaines d'enfants privés de leurs racines et de leur identité véritable. En faisant référence au matériel clinique l'auteur décrit comment le processus de traduction et d'intégration - du sensoriel-perceptuel au conceptuel-symbolique - peut être stoppé du fait d'un traumatisme collectif se produisant à un stade précoce du développement. D'autre part, il est montré comment le potentiel de l'archétype ou schéma-image, lié aux expériences précoces affectives et somatiques codées en tant que souvenirs implicites, peut être retrouvé quand on inclut l'Imagination Active Incarnée dans le travail analytique. Les mouvements du corps du patient et son expérience somatique peuvent agir comme une passerelle entre la connaissance implicite préverbale et l'émergence d'émotions et d'images qui permettent la création d'un récit symbolique nouveau.

Esta presentación propone mostrar el potencial curativo que subyace a la inclusión del cuerpo del paciente en el proceso analítico, al tiempo que honra y revisita la comprensión de la conexión psique-cuerpo descripta por Jung en sus primeros trabajos. Además, la autora ofrece reflexiones sobre el impacto del trauma colectivo cuyas secuelas, entre otras, han sido la desaparición de miles de personas, rompiendo en consecuencia la genealogía familiar y dejando a cientos de niños despojados de sus raíces y de su verdadera identidad. Tomando como referencia material clínico, la autora describe cómo el proceso de traducción e integración, de lo sensorio-perceptivo a lo conceptual-simbólico, puede detenerse debido a que el trauma colectivo se produce en una fase temprana del desarrollo. Se muestra, a su vez, cómo puede recuperarse el potencial del arquetipo o esquema-imagen, vinculado a las tempranas experiencias somato-afectivas codificadas como memorias implícitas, cuando se incluye la Imaginación Activa Corporizada en el trabajo analítico. Los gestos corporales y la experiencia somática del paciente pueden tender un puente entre el conocimiento preverbal-implícito y la emergencia de emociones e imágenes que permite la creación de una nueva narrativa simbólica.

Antitumor copper(II) complexes with hydroxyanthraquinones and N,N-heterocyclic ligands.

Five ternary copper(II) complexes, [Cu2(phen)2(L1)(ClO4)2] (1), [Cu2(phen)2(L1)(DMSO)2](PF6)2 (2), [Cu2(bpy)2(L1)(ClO4)2(H2O)2] (3), [Cu2(dmp)2(L1)(ClO4)2(H2O)2] (4), and [Cu(phen)(L2)]2(ClO4)2 (5), in which phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, dmp = 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline, H2L1 = 1,4-dihydroxyanthracene-9,10-dione and HL2 = 1-hydroxyanthracene-9,10-dione, DMSO = dimethylsulfoxide, were synthesized and fully characterized. Complex 2 was obtained through the substitution of perchlorate for DMSO. When two hydroxyquinone groups are present, L1 makes a bridge between two Cu(II) ions, which also bind two nitrogens of the respective diimine ligand. The compounds bind to calf thymus DNA and oxidatively cleave pUC19 DNA according to the following order of activity 1 > 4-5 > 3. Furthermore, complexes 1, 3, 4 and 5 inhibit topoisomerase-I activity and the growth of myelogenous leukemia cells with the IC50 values of 1.13, 10.60, 0.078, and 1.84 µmol L-1, respectively. Complexes 1 and 4 are the most active in cancer cells and in DNA cleavage.

Biofilm-forming microorganisms causing hospital-acquired infections from intravenous catheter: A systematic review.

The high prevalence of nosocomial infections is related to the use of medical insertion devices such as central venous catheters (CVCs). Most of the microorganisms causing nosocomial infections are biofilm producers, this characteristic allows them to adhere to abiotic surfaces and cause initial catheter infections that can lead to bloodstream infections. Our main goal in this systematic review was to evaluate the prevalence of biofilm among CVC-related infections, particularly among Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients, in the studies applying different in vitro and in vivo methodologies. All studies reporting clinical isolates from patients with catheter-related nosocomial infections and biofilm evaluation published up to 24 June 2022 in the PubMed and Scopus databases were included. Twenty-five studies met the eligibility criteria and were included in this systematic review for analysis. Different methodologies were applied in the assessment of biofilm-forming microorganisms including in vitro assays, catheter-infected in vitro, and in vivo mouse models. The present study showed that between 59 and 100% of clinical isolates were able to form biofilms, and the prevalence rate of biofilm formation varied significantly between studies from different countries and regions. Among the clinical isolates collected in our study set, a wide variety of microorganisms including Gram-positive strains, Gram-negative strains, and Candida albicans were found. Many authors studied resistance mechanisms and genes related to biofilm development and surface adherence properties. In some cases, the studies also evaluated biofilm inhibition assays using various kinds of catheter coatings.

Bases neuroquímicas de la transmetilación aberrante de neuroaminas y su relación con el metabolismo de la vitamina B12 y el ácido fólico / Neurochemical basis of the aberrant transmethylation of neuroamines and its relationship with the metabolism of vitamin B12 and folic acid / Bases neuroquímicas da transmetilação aberrante de neuroaminas e sua relação com o metabolismo da vitamina B12 e ácido fólico / Reconocimiento a la trayectoria del Prof. Dr. Juan Miguel Castagnino†

Resumen En este trabajo se analizan las alteraciones que pueden ocurrir en el proceso de metilación vía los ciclos de metionina y de folato, dando lugar a disfunciones que se manifiestan en problemas de salud mental, dentro de las cuales se incluye la esquizofrenia. Se discuten las alteraciones en los sistemas neurobiológicos observadas en el espectro esquizofrénico, en particular la transmetilación patológica, y se destacan las investigaciones que contribuyeron a demostrarla, incluyendo las de este grupo de investigación. Se abordan la disfunción mitocondrial, el estrés oxidativo, la proteómica y las regulaciones epigenéticas, como la metilación del ADN. Las disfunciones de la señalización de serotonina y del gen HTR2A participan en su desarrollo. Se han investigado las alteraciones neurometabólicas en cuadros psicóticos, fundamentalmente en indolalquilaminas. Se observó una correlación exhaustiva entre la actividad transmetilante, la hipoactividad de monoaminooxidasa (MAO), la alteración de las MAO intra y extracelulares y la presencia de indolalquilaminas metiladas en orina en varios fenotipos esquizofrénicos, con un 94,1% de actividad de transmetilación superior a la normal. Se demostró in vivo, en conejos, que la N,N-dimetiltriptamina permaneció en el cerebro hasta 7 días después de administrarla, a diferencia de la serotonina y la triptamina. Principalmente, los receptores sigma-1 y 5-HT2a-mGlu2 y los transportadores SERT y VMAT2 permitieron explicar el comportamiento.

Abstract Alterations that may occur in the methylation process via folate and methionine cycles, resulting in dysfunctions evidenced in psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia are analysed. The changes in neurobiological systems related to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, in particular pathological transmethylation, are discussed highlighting research that contributed to prove it, including those of this research group. Mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, proteomics, and epigenetic regulations such as DNA methylation are discussed. Dysfunctions of serotonin signaling and HTR2A gene are involved in the development of schizophrenia. The neurometabolic alteration of schizophrenia was investigated, focusing on indolealkylamines. An exhaustive correlation between transmethylation activity, monoamine oxidase (MAO) hypoactivity, intra- and extracellular MAOs alteration, and the occurrence of methylated indolealkylamines in urine of several schizophrenic phenotypes, with 94.1% transmethylation activity above normal were observed. It was demonstrated in vivo in rabbits that N,N-dimethyltryptamine remained in the brain, even 7 days after administration, unlike serotonin and tryptamine. Mainly sigma-1 and 5-HT2A-mGlu2 receptors as well as SERT and VMAT2 transporters made it possible to explain this behaviour.

Resumo As alterações que podem ocorrer no processo de metilação através de ciclos de folato e de metionina, resultando em disfunções reveladas em distúrbios psiquiátricos, tais como esquizofrenia, são analisadas. As alterações nos sistemas neurobiológicos relacionadas com a etiopatogenia da esquizofrenia, são discutidas, em particular a transmetilação patológica, destacando as pesquisas que contribuíram para demonstrá-la, incluido as deste grupo de investigação. A disfunção mitocondrial, estresse oxidativo, proteômica e regulação epigenética como metilação do DNA na esquizofrenia são discutidos. As disfunções da sinalização da serotonina e do gene HTR2A estão envolvidas na patogênese. Investigamos a alteração neurometabólica da esquizofrenia, com foco em indolalquilaminas. Houve uma correlação exaustiva entre a atividade transmetilante, a hipoatividade de MAO, a alteração das MAO intra e extracelular, e a presença na urina de indolalquilaminas metiladas em vários fenótipos esquizofrênicos, com 94,1% de atividade de transmetilação acima do normal. Demonstramos in vivo em coelhos como N,N-dimetiltriptamina permaneceu no cérebro 7 dias após administrá-la, ao contrário de serotonina e triptamina. Principalmente receptores sigma-1 e 5-HT2A-mGlu2 , e os transportadores SERT e VMAT2 permitiram explicar o comportamento.

On prophets and disciples: the case of Osho.

In times of crisis, prophets tend to emerge in different realms including that of religion. This paper undertakes a Jungian analysis of the phenomenon presented between spiritual leader Osho and his disciples in the 1970s and 1980s, as an example of the risks entailed in the type of group process where leader and followers inadvertently identify with the collective archetypes of prophet and follower. Psychosocial situations that predispose the appearance of prophets are analysed, and cases of collective suicides in recent decades are recalled. The paper also highlights the intervention of another psychological phenomenon: the conflict between the ethics of individuals versus that of groups, since large groups produce a decrease in responsibility and individual ethics.

Dans les périodes de crise, des prophètes ont tendance à faire leur apparition dans différents domaines, dont celui de la religion. Cet article entreprend une analyse Jungienne du phénomène que présentent le leader spirituel Osho et ses disciples dans les années 70 et 80, en tant qu'exemple des risques inhérents à ce genre de processus de groupe dans lequel leader et adeptes s'identifient par inadvertance aux archétypes collectifs de prophète et d'adepte. L'article analyse des situations psychosociales qui prédisposent à l'apparition de prophètes, et revisite des cas de suicides collectifs dans les décennies récentes. L'article souligne aussi l'intervention d'un autre phénomène psychologique: le conflit qui oppose l'éthique des individus à l'éthique des groupes, puisque les grands groupes produisent une diminution de responsabilité et d'éthique individuelle.

En tiempo de crisis, los profetas tienden a emerger en ámbitos diversos, incluyendo también el de la religión. El presente trabajo desarrolla un análisis Junguiano del fenómeno ocurrido entre el líder espiritual Osho y sus discípulos en las décadas del 70 y 80, como ejemplo del riesgo que conllevan ciertos procesos en un grupo en el cual líder y seguidores se identifican inadvertidamente con los arquetipos de profeta y seguidor del inconsciente colectivo. Se analizan situaciones psicosociales que predisponen la aparición de profetas, y se recuerdan casos de suicidios colectivos de las décadas recientes. El trabajo destaca también la intervención de otro fenómeno psicológico: el conflicto entre la ética del individuo versus la del grupo, debido a que grupos extensos producen una disminución de la responsabilidad y de la ética individual.

Em tempos de crise, os profetas tendem a surgir em diferentes reinos, incluindo o da religião. Este artigo empreende uma análise junguiana do fenômeno apresentado entre o líder espiritual Osho e seus discípulos nas décadas de 1970 e 1980, como um exemplo dos riscos envolvidos no tipo de processo grupal em que líder e seguidores se identificam inadvertidamente com os arquétipos coletivos de profeta e seguidor. Situações psicossociais que predispõem ao aparecimento de profetas são analisadas, e casos de suicídios coletivos nas últimas décadas são lembrados. O artigo também destaca a intervenção de outro fenômeno psicológico: o conflito entre a ética dos indivíduos versus a dos grupos, já que grandes grupos produzem uma diminuição na responsabilidade e na ética individual.

Introduction to an epistemology for analytical psychology in a civilization in transition.

This paper explores the epistemological sources of C.G. Jung's psychology over the course of its historical evolution. It considers whether his model should be seen as a scientific-philosophical, artistic, or an ethical-mystical model, or a combination of these; whether epistemological knowledge can come from getting a 'vision of the whole' or 'grasping the particulars thoroughly' (Jung 1939, para. 1012); as well as exploring the philosophers of science with whom Jung's epistemological model best coheres. The paper calls on the work of Joseph Henderson and his concept of the cultural unconscious, as well as exploring the contribution of Brazilian and Latin American civilization to the evolution of analytical psychology.

Cet article explore les sources épistémologiques de la psychologie de C.G. Jung au long de son évolution historique. L'article examine si son modèle devrait être considéré comme scientifique-philosophique, artistique, ou comme un modèle éthique-mystique, ou encore une combinaison de plusieurs de ces éléments. L'article s'intéresse également à la question suivante: le savoir épistémologique provient-il de l'obtention d'une « vision du tout ¼ ou bien « d'appréhender les details avec précision¼ (Jung 1939, para. 1012)? Il explore aussi l'apport des philosophes de la science avec lesquels le modèle épistémologique de Jung s'accorde le mieux. L'article s'appuie sur le travail de Joseph Henderson et son concept d'inconscient culturel, et étudie aussi l'apport des civilisations Brésilienne et d'Amérique Latine dans l'évolution de la psychologie analytique.

El presente trabajo explora las fuentes epistemológicas de la psicología de C.G. Jung a través de su evolución histórica. Considera si su modelo debiera ser visto como científico-filosófico, artístico, o como un modelo ético-místico, o una combinación de ambos; si el conocimiento epistemológico puede venir a través de 'una visión de la totalidad' o de 'aprehender las particularidades minuciosamente' (Jung 1939, para. 1012), También se exploran aquellos filósofos de la ciencia con quienes el modelo epistemológico de Jung coincide mejor. El escrito invoca el trabajo de Joseph Henderson y su concepto de inconsciente cultural, así como también explora la contribución de la civilización Brasilera y Latinoamericana a la evolución de la psicología analítica.

Este artigo explora as fontes epistemológicas de C.G. Jung. A psicologia de Jung ao longo de sua evolução histórica. Considera se seu modelo deve ser visto como um modelo científico-filosófico, artístico ou ético-místico, ou uma combinação destes; se o conhecimento epistemológico pode advir de obter uma "visão do todo" ou de "agarrar os detalhes completamente" (Jung 1939, parágrafo 1,012); bem como explorar os filósofos da ciência com quem o modelo epistemológico de Jung combina melhor. O artigo recorre ao trabalho de Joseph Henderson e seu conceito de inconsciente cultural, além de explorar a contribuição da civilização brasileira e latino-americana para a evolução da psicologia analítica.

Interculturality: a place to experience multiplicity.

The mobility of people around the world is nothing new and brings with it different impacts on interpersonal relationships. In this paper we will reflect on this subject starting from certain questions: what dialogues can be had from those who bring new ideas from their travels with the keepers of traditions in their communities? Is it possible to entertain the image of a pluralistic and globalized world? We begin by tracing the movement of peoples through the centuries, the two major ways in life which developed: nomadism and sedentarism - and how the differences generated conflicts and discrimination. Finally, we reflect on the attributes of the god Hermes from which there is the possibility of creating space to live out our intercultural encounters with reciprocity and generosity within the hospitality ritual of 'giving and receiving'.

La mobilité des personnes dans le monde entier n'a rien de nouveau et amène avec elle différents impacts sur les relations interpersonnelles. Dans cet article nous réfléchirons sur le sujet en partant de certaines questions: quels dialogues peuvent se produire nourris par ceux qui amènent de nouvelles idées de leurs voyages avec ceux qui sont les gardiens des traditions dans leurs communautés? Est-il possible de concevoir l'image d'un monde pluraliste et globalisé? Nous commençons par retracer le mouvement des peuples au travers des siècles, et les deux principales manières de vivre qui se sont développées: le nomadisme et la sédentarité - et comment les différences ont généré des conflits et de la discrimination. Finalement, nous attirons l'attention sur quelques épitaphes du dieu Hermès, qui nous donnent la possibilité de créer de l'espace pour vivre les rencontres interculturelles avec réciprocité et générosité au sein du rituel d'hospitalité: 'donner et recevoir'.

La movilidad de las personas alrededor del mundo no es algo nuevo y trae consigo impactos diferentes en las relaciones interpersonales. En el presente trabajo reflexionamos sobre este tema comenzando con algunas preguntas: ¿Cuáles son los diálogos posibles con quienes brindan nuevas ideas a partir de sus viajes con los cuidadores de la tradición en sus comunidades? ¿Es posible considerar la imagen de un mundo globalizado y plural? Comenzamos por trazar los movimientos de las personas a través de los siglos, los dos modos principales de vida que se han desarrollado: nomadismo y sedentarismo - y cómo las diferencias han generado conflictos y discriminación. Finalmente, ponemos de manifiesto algunos epitafios del dios Hermes, desde lo cual es posible crear espacio para vivir encuentros interculturales con reciprocidad y generosidad al interior del ritual de la hospitalidad del 'dar y recibir'.

A mobilidade de pessoas em todo o mundo não é novidade e traz consigo diferentes impactos nas relações interpessoais. Neste artigo, refletiremos sobre esse assunto a partir de certas perguntas: Quais diálogos podem ser tidos daqueles que trazem novas ideias de suas viagens com os guardiões das tradições em suas comunidades? É possível entreter a imagem de um mundo pluralista e globalizado? Começamos traçando o movimento dos povos ao longo dos séculos, os dois principais modos de vida que se desenvolveram: nomadismo e sedentarismo - e como as diferenças geraram conflitos e discriminação. Finalmente, trazemos à luz alguns epitáfios do deus Hermes, dos quais há a possibilidade de criar espaço para viver os encontros interculturais com reciprocidade e generosidade dentro do ritual de hospitalidade de "dar e receber".