Glaucoma neovascular y atrofia esencial de iris / Neovascular glaucoma and essential iris atrophy

Los glaucomas secundarios son de difícil manejo, independientemente de las causas. Entre ellos, el glaucoma neovascular representa un reto para los oftalmólogos por las causas que lo producen y la gran pérdida visual que provoca. De igual manera, el síndrome iridocorneoendotelial es una enfermedad poco frecuente. El glaucoma ocurre aproximadamente en el 50 por ciento de los casos en dependencia del síndrome que predomine, mucho más grave en la atrofia esencial del iris. Presentamos un caso clínico de una paciente femenina de 58 años de edad en quien aparecen en cada ojo, de manera independiente, estos dos tipos de glaucomas secundarios(AU)

Secondary glaucomas are always difficult to manage, no matter what their causes might be. Among them, neovascular glaucomas pose a challenge to ophthalmologists, due to the factors bringing them about and the great visual loss they produce. On the other hand, iridocorneal endothelial syndrome is an uncommon condition. Glaucoma develops in about 50 percent of the cases, depending on the prevailing syndrome, and is much more severe in essential iris atrophy. A clinical case is presented of a 58-year-old female patient with these two types of secondary glaucoma, one type in each eye(AU)

Neovascular Glaucoma: A Retrospective Review from a Tertiary Eye Care Center in Mexico.

AIM: To describe the demographic characteristics, ocular comorbidities, and clinical outcomes of patients with neovascular glaucoma (NVG) and to determine the number of patients who returned for a follow-up eye examination. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We examined the clinical data of patients with NVG, who attended a glaucoma clinic between July 2010 and November 2014. We collected information on the demographic characteristics of the patients to include the level of education, ocular comorbidities, NVG stage, visual acuity, glaucoma medications, intraocular pressure (IOP), and the number of patients who had a follow-up ocular examination at month 1, 3, 6, and 12. RESULTS: Data from 350 patients (473 eyes) with NVG were collected. We found 91% of the cohort had proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). We found blindness in both or one eye in 14% and 31% of the cohort respectively. Low vision was found in both or one eye in 14% and 32% of the eyes respectively. By 6 months follow-up, only 32% of the patients were seen at our clinic and by 12 months follow-up, this number decreased to 15%. Around 60% of the patients were on no IOP lowering drugs at the first visit. We found 53% of the cohort had an incomplete elementary school education. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that advanced NVG is a significant ocular problem for patients referred to our clinic with just over half of the patients presenting as blind. We also found that several socioeconomic factors that had an important role in the development of PDR and NVG, specifically, educational status. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: We described the characteristics of a large cohort of patients with very advanced NVG, reflecting the fact that the strict control of the underlying disease must be the main goal of the Mexican national health system. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Lazcano-Gomez G, Soohoo JR, Lynch A, Bonell LN, Martinez K, Turati M, González-Salinas R, Jimenez-Roman J, Kahook MY. Neovascular Glaucoma: A Retrospective Review from a Tertiary Eye Care Center in Mexico. J Curr Glaucoma Pract 2017;11(2):48-51.

Crioterapia panretinal como profilaxis del glaucoma neovascular en ancianos diabéticos operados de catarata / Panretinal cryotherapy as prophylaxis of the neovascular glaucoma in diabetic elderly undergoing cataract surgery

Se realizó un estudio de cohorte de 18 ancianos diabéticos, afectados por catarata y algún grado de retinopatía, asistidos en las respectivas consultas de Catarata y Retina del Centro Oftalmológico del Hospital General Docente "Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso" de Santiago de Cuba, desde julio de 2012 hasta marzo de 2013, con vistas a determinar la utilidad de la crioterapia panretinal como profilaxis del glaucoma neovascular. En la casuística predominaron las mujeres (66,6 %) y la media de edades de 68,1 años en el sexo femenino; entre los antecedentes patológicos personales y familiares primó la diabetes mellitus (con 100,0 y 88,8 %, respectivamente) y el síntoma más común fue la disminución progresiva de la visión en el período preoperatorio y la mala visión nocturna en el posoperatorio. Después de extraer el cristalino opacificado, la visión resultó superior a 0,4 en 83,3 % de los integrantes de la serie, lo cual posibilitó recuperar su capacidad funcional y, por tanto, aumentar sustancialmente su calidad de vida al prevenir la aparición del glaucoma neovascular.

A cohort study of 18 diabetic elderly, affected by cataract and some degree of retinitis, assistted in the respective Cataract and Retina services of the Ophthalmological Center of "Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso" Teaching General Hospital in Santiago de Cuba, was carried out from July, 2012 to March, 2013, aimed at determining the utility of panretinal cryotherapy as prophylaxis of the neovascular glaucoma. In the case material the women (66.6%) and the mean ages of 68.1 years in the female sex prevailed; among the personal and family pathological history, the diabetes mellitus prevailed (with 100.0 and 88.8%, respectively) and the most common symptom was the progressive decrease of vision in the preoperative period and the bad night vision in the postoperative period. After extracting the opaque lens, the vision was higher at 0.4 in 83.3% of the series members, which facilitated recovering its functional capacity and, therefore, their life quality increased substantially by preventing the emergence of neovascular glaucoma.

Glaucoma neovascular, complicación de la isquemia retiniana / Neovascular glaucoma, a retinal ischemia complication

Introducción: el glaucoma neovascular es un tipo de glaucoma secundario frecuente en los pacientes diabéticos, se produce por la formación de una membrana fibrovascular a nivel del ángulo camerular, como consecuencia de un estímulo angiogénico producido por enfermedades que generan isquemia ocular. Los pacientes con retinopatía diabética proliferativa pueden sufrir esta enfermedad de difícil tratamiento para el oftalmólogo, y que constituye una amenaza para la visión del paciente. Objetivo: revisar aspectos clínicos, patogenia, métodos para el diagnóstico y tratamiento terapéutico del glaucoma neovascular con vistas a prevenir o reducir la pérdida visual. Desarrollo: el glaucoma neovascular es una complicación de la diabetes mellitus y de otras enfermedades generales, que provoca una disminución importante de la visión, y en muchas ocasiones, ceguera. Las enfermedades oculares que con más frecuencia lo producen son la oclusión de la vena central de la retina, la retinopatía diabética proliferativa y el síndrome isquémico ocular, generando isquemia retiniana y coroidea con la consecuente formación de neovasos. Conclusiones: la educación al paciente diabético y el adecuado tratamiento terapéutico de la retinopatía diabética es importante para prevenir la aparición del glaucoma neovascular(AU)

Introduction: neovascular glaucoma is the type of secondary glaucoma common in diabetic patients; it is caused by the formation of fibrovascular membrane at the camerular angle as a result of angiogenic stimulus due to ocular ischemia-generating diseases. The proliferative diabetic retinopathy patients may suffer this difficult-to-treat disease that represents a threat to the vision of a patient. Objective: to review clinical aspects, pathogenenesis, diagnosis methods and treatment of the neovascular glaucoma with a view to preventing or reducing the vision loss. Development: neovascular glaucoma is a complication of diabetes mellitus and of other general diseases, which brings about significant reduction of vision and often blindness. The most frequent eye diseases responsible for this are central retinal vein occlusion, proliferative diabetic retinopathy and ocular ischemic syndrome, leading to retinal and choroid ischemia with resulting formation of neovessels. Conclusions: education aimed at diabetic patient and the adequate therapeutic treatment of the diabetic retinopathy is important to prevent the occurrence of neovascular glaucoma(AU)

Ciclofotocoagulación transescleral de contacto, una opción válida en el tratamiento del glaucoma neovascular / Contact transscleral cyclophotocoagulation, a valuable option for treatment of the neovascular glaucoma

Objetivo: describir los resultados de la ciclofotocoagulación tranescleral de contacto como opción de tratamiento en el glaucoma neovascular. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, longitudinal prospectivo, en 100 pacientes con glaucoma neovascular atendidos en la Consulta Provincial de Glaucoma de la provincia de Pinar del Río, que cumplían con las indicaciones de la ciclofotocoagulación transescleral con láser. Resultados: el 69 por ciento de los pacientes tratados se encontraron entre los 61 y 80 años de edad. Hubo un predominio del sexo masculino. La agudeza visual se mantuvo estable posterior al tratamiento y hubo una reducción de la presión intraocular en el 91 por ciento de los casos. En el 62 por ciento se reportaron cifras inferiores a los 21 mmHg a los 3 meses posoperatorio; en el 89 por ciento de los pacientes se logró alivio del dolor y en el 75 por ciento hubo regresión de los neovasos. Conclusiones: la ciclofotocoagulación transescleral de contacto proporciona una reducción de la presión intraocular con alivio del dolor y regresión de los neovasos en los pacientes con glaucoma neovascular, y no se produce variación de la agudeza visual(AU)

Objective: to describe the results of contact transscleral cyclophotocoagulation as therapeutical alternative in the neovascular glaucoma. Methods: prospective, longitudinal and descriptive study of one hundred patients with neovascular glaucoma, who had been seen at the provincial glaucoma service of Pinar del Rio province and met the criteria for transscleral cyclophotocoagulation using laser. Results: sixty nine percent of treated patients were 61-80 years old. Males predominated. Visual acuity remained stable after treatment and the intraocular pressure lowered in 91 percent of cases. Sixty two percent reported figures lower than 231 mmHg three months after surgery, 89 percent of patients relieved their pain and the regression of neovessels occurred in 75 percent of cases. Conclusions: contact transscleral cyclophotocoagulation achieves the reduction of the intraocular pressure with pain relief and regression of neovessels in patients with neovascular glaucoma; the visual acuity does not change(AU)

Surgical Outcome of Ahmed Valve Implantation in Mexican Patients with Neovascular Glaucoma.

PURPOSE: To describe clinical results of Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation in Mexican patients with neovascular glaucoma (NVG). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed records of 60 eyes of 60 patients with NVG who underwent Ahmed valve implantation, with a follow-up period of 1 year. We identified successful and failed cases and compared baseline and follow-up characteristics to identify possible differences between both groups. RESULTS: We classified 36 eyes (60%) as successful and 24 (40%) as failed cases. We found a significant difference in success rate in patients who had a hypertensive phase at any time during the follow-up period (OR = 5.15, CI = 1.49-20.15, p = 0.004). Patients in the success group showed a statistically significant decrease in the number of glaucoma medications 1 year after surgery (p <0.0001). We found a statistically significant difference in success rate in patients who had preoperative best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) better than logmar 0.70 (odds ratio 4.31, CI = 1.1-19.3, p = 0.03086). CONCLUSION: A hypertensive postoperative phase and a preoperative BCVA worse or equal to 20/100 seem to be risk factors for Ahmed valve surgical failure in patients with NVG. How to cite this article: Hernandez-Oteyza A, Lazcano-Gomez G, Jimenez-Roman J, Hernandez-Garciadiego C. Surgical Outcome of Ahmed Valve Implantation in Mexican Patients with Neovascular Glaucoma. J Curr Glaucoma Pract 2014;8(3):86-90.

Intravitreal ranibizumab as adjuvant treatment for neovascular glaucoma

The purpose of this study was to describe a prospective case series of 5 eyes treated with intravitreal ranibizumab injection for neovascular glaucoma (NVG). Five patients with clinically uncontrolled NVG secondary to proliferative diabetic retinopathy (4 patients) and central retinal vein occlusion (1 patient), non-responsive to maximal tolerable medication and panretinal photocoagulation, received intravitreal ranibizumab injection (0.5 mg). Patients were seen at 1st, 3rd and 7th day after the ranibizumab injection and when it was necessary. Success was defined as intraocular pressure (IOP) 21, despite maximal tolerable medication, underwent trabeculectomy with 0.5mg/ml mitomycin C (MMC) for 1 minute. Failure was defined as IOP > 21 mmHg, phthisis bulbi, loss of light perception or additional glaucoma surgery. The primary outcome was 6-month IOP control. Mean IOP before the ranibizumab injection was 37 mmHg (7 mmHg SD). Two out of five eyes underwent only ranibizumab injection, having an IOP control after the procedure. Three patients were submitted to trabeculectomy with MMC on the 7th day after the injection. At 6-month follow-up, the mean IOP was 12mmHg (3 mmHg SD). All eyes showed regression of rubeosis iridis and IOP control. Visual acuity improved in 2 eyes worsened in 1 eye, and remained stable in 2 eyes. These data suggest that intravitreal ranibizumab injection may be a useful tool in the treatment of NVG.

O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever uma série de casos prospectivos de 5 olhos tratados com ranibizumabe intravítreo para glaucoma neovascular (GNV). Cinco pacientes com GNV refratário, secundário a retinopatia diabética proliferativa (4 pacientes) e oclusão de veia central da retina (1 paciente), não responsivos a terapia medicamentosa máxima tolerada e panfotocoagulação da retina, receberam ranibizumabe intravítreo (0,5 mg). Os pacientes foram vistos no 1º, 3º e 7º dia após a aplicação e conforme necessário. O sucesso foi definido como pressão intraocular (PIO) d"21 mmHg, com ou sem uso de medicação antiglaucomatosa. Aqueles com PIO > 21 mmHg, apesar da medicação máxima tolerada, foram submetidos à trabeculectomia com mitomicina C (MMC) 0,5mg/mL por 1 minuto. Falência foi definida como PIO > 21 mmHg, phthisis bulbi, perda da percepção de luz ou necessidade de cirurgia antiglaucomatosa adicional. O resultado primário avaliado foi o controle da PIO após 6 meses do procedimento. A PIO média antes da injeção era de 37 mmHg (DP=7 mmHg). Dois pacientes foram submetidos somente a injeção intravítrea de ranibizumabe, obtendo controle da PIO após o procedimento. Três pacientes foram submetidos à trabeculectomia com MMC no 7º dia após a injeção. Após 6 meses de seguimento, a PIO média era de 12 mmHg (DP=3 mmHg). Todos os olhos mostraram regressão da rubeosis iriana e controle da PIO. A acuidade visual melhorou em 2 olhos, piorou em 1 olho e permaneceu estável em 2 olhos. Estas informações sugerem que a injeção intravítrea de ranibizumabe pode ser uma ferramenta útil no tratamento do GNV.

Glaucoma neovascular: presentación de caso / Neo-vascular glaucoma: a case report

El glaucoma neovascular es de las variantes de glaucoma más difíciles de detectar y tratar correctamente; es un glaucoma secundario de difícil manejo y tratamiento. Se reconoce por sus hallazgos clínicos, las enfermedades subyacentes asociadas y la dificultad de su tratamiento, hasta hace poco tiempo, el pronóstico era uniformemente grave y con frecuencia significaba la pérdida del globo ocular Se presenta secundario a una isquemia retiniana. Se expone el manejo y el tratamiento de un caso diagnosticado en la provincia de Pinar del Río, secundario a una trombosis de la vena central de la retina.

Neo-vascular glaucoma is one of the most complex variants of glaucoma to be accurately detected and treated; it is a secondary glaucoma of hard management. It is recognized by its clinical findings, associated with underlying diseases and difficult to be treated. Until not long ago, the prognosis was uniformly severe, and most of the time loss of eyeball was frequent, having a secondary onset after a retinal ischemia. The proceedings and treatment of a case, secondary to a thrombosis of the central vein of retina, that was diagnosed in Pinar del Rio province is presented.

Síndrome isquémico ocular / Ocular ischemic syndrome

El síndrome isquémico ocular es caracterizado por síntomas y signos oculares secundarios a la estenosis severa y prolongada ipsilateral de la arteria carótida interna extracraneal o de la arteria carótida común, ocasionalmente, se ha asociado a la oclusión de la arteria oftálmica. En general, se considera un diagnóstico poco usual y constituye la tercera causa más común de glaucoma neovascular con pobre pronóstico visual. Hallazgos oculares incluyen disminución progresiva de la visión, inflamación del segmento anterior, neovascularización del iris y del ángulo iridocorneal, glaucoma neovascular y retinopatía por hipoperfusión periférica. Describimos un paciente con severa estenosis carotídea ipsilateral y disminución progresiva de la visión por la isquemia ocular. Se realiza una revisión sobre el manejo de esta condición tan controversial

Ocular ischemic syndrome is characterized by ocular symptoms and signs that are secondary to prolonged and severe ipsilateral stenosis of extracranial internal carotid artery or of the common carotid artery; occasionally, ipsilateral ophthalmic artery obstruction can also be responsible. It is generally considered as an unusual diagnosis, and the 3rd most common cause in neovascular glaucoma with poor visual prognosis. Ocular findings include gradual onset of decreased vision, inflammation of the anterior segment, iris and iridocorneal angle neovascularization, neovascular glaucoma and peripheral hypoperfusion retinopathy. Here is a patient with l severe ipsilateral carotid stenosis and progressive visual loss due to ocular ischemia. A literature review on the best management of this so controversial condition was made

Glaucoma neovascular: reporte de un caso / Neovascular glaucoma: a case report

El glaucoma neovascular es una forma de glaucoma secundario, de difícil tratamiento y pronóstico, como consecuencia de una isquemia retiniana. Puede ser identificado con un mejor conocimiento de las características de la enfermedad. Se presenta un caso típico secundario probablemente a una retinopatía diabética, con manifestaciones clínicas y de medios diagnósticos evidentes, se expone su evolución, tratamiento y pronóstico.

The neovascular glaucoma is a form of secondary glaucoma, of difficult treatment and prognosis, as a result of an ischemia retinae. It can be identified with a better knowledge of the characteristics of the disease. A typical secondary case probably to a diabetic retinopathy is presented, with clinical manifestations and diagnostic evident means, it is exposed its evolution, treatment and prognosis.

Uso de la triamcinolona subtenoniana en pacientes con rubeosis del iris / Use of intravitreal triamcinolone in patients with iris rubeosis

Describir el comportamiento de la rubeosis del iris luego de la aplicación de triamcinolona subtenoniana. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte longitudinal con 25 pacientes para un total de 32 ojos con diferentes afecciones oculares. Se efectuaron pruebas estadísticas con las variables del estudio y en algunas se utilizó la prueba de los signos de comparación para datos pareados y en otras se aplicó chi cuadrado. Se caracterizaron las variables: edad, sexo, causa de rubeosis del iris y sus estadios, síntomas y tratamiento con láser de panfotocoagulación retiniana. La retinopatía diabética proliferativa fue la afección más frecuente en el 76 por ciento de los pacientes, seguida de la oclusión de la vena central retiniana. Del total de pacientes tratados, el 37,5 por ciento evolucionó satisfactoriamente el estado de la rubeosis del iris. Fue mayor el número de pacientes que mejoraron el grado de la rubeosis con tratamiento combinado de láser y triamcinolona subtenoniana, aunque estadísticamente no fue significativo. El estado de la rubeosis mejoró en más de la mitad de los pacientes con tiempo de evolución menor de 6 meses. En aquellos con un tiempo mayor de 6 meses y neovascularización del iris grado III, se pudo estabilizar el glaucoma neovascular. Se plantea que la triamcinolona subtenoniana constituye una alternativa para el manejo de este tipo de pacientes.

To describe the behaviour of iris rubeosis after using intravitreal triamcinolone. A longitudinal descriptive study was performed on 25 patients for a total number of 32 eyes with several ocular diseases. Statistical tests were made with the study variables; sign comparison for paired data and Chi square tests were applied. The variables were age, sex, cause of iris rubeosis and its staging, symptoms and treatment with retinal photocoagulation laser. Proliferative diabetic retinopathy was the most common disease in 76 percent of patients, followed by central retinal vein occlusion. Of the total number of treated patients, 37,5 percent had satisfactory recovery in terms of the iris rubeosis condition. The number of patients that improved rubeosis condition after a combined therapy of laser and intravitreal triamcinolone was higher but not statistically significant. Rubeosis condition improved in over 50 percent of patients whose rubeosis had developed in less than six months. However, in those patients with the disease affecting them for more than 6 months and third grade iris neovascularization, neovascular glaucoma could be stabilized. Intravitreal triamcinolone is an alternative for the management of this type of patients.