Tutton salt (NH4)2Zn(SO4)2(H2O)6: thermostructural, spectroscopic, Hirshfeld surface, and DFT investigations.

CONTEXT: Ammonium Tutton salts have been widely studied in recent years due to their thermostructural properties, which make them promising compounds for application in thermochemical energy storage devices. In this work, a detailed experimental study of the Tutton salt with the formula (NH4)2Zn(SO4)2(H2O)6 is carried out. Its structural, vibrational, and thermal properties are analyzed and discussed. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) studies confirm that the compound crystallizes in a structure of a Tutton salt, with monoclinic symmetry and P21/a space group. The Hirshfeld surface analysis results indicate that the main contacts stabilizing the material crystal lattice are H···O/O···H, H···H, and O···O. In addition, a typical behavior of an insulating material is confirmed based on the electronic bandgap calculated from the band structure and experimental absorption coefficient. The Raman and infrared spectra calculated using DFT are in a good agreement with the respective experimental spectroscopic results. Thermal analysis in the range from 300 to 773 K reveals one exothermic and several endothermic events that are investigated using PXRD measurements as a function of temperature. With increasing temperature, two new structural phases are identified, one of which is resolved using the Le Bail method. Our findings suggest that the salt (NH4)2Zn(SO4)2(H2O)6 is a promising thermochemical material suitable for the development of heat storage systems, due to its low dehydration temperature (≈ 330 K), high enthalpy of dehydration (122.43 kJ/mol of H2O), and hydration after 24 h. METHODS: Computational studies using Hirshfeld surfaces and void analysis are conducted to identify and quantify the intermolecular contacts occurring in the crystal structure. Furthermore, geometry optimization calculations are performed based on density functional theory (DFT) using the PBE functional and norm-conserving pseudopotentials implemented in the Cambridge Serial Total Energy Package (CASTEP). The primitive unit cell optimization was conducted using the Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno (BFGS) algorithm. The electronic properties of band structure and density of states, and vibrational modes of the optimized crystal lattice are calculated and analyzed.

Coupling of the Feammox - Anammox pathways by using a sequential discontinuous bioreactor.

Treating nitrogenous compounds in wastewater is a contemporary challenge, prompting novel approaches for ammonium (NH4+) conversion to molecular nitrogen (N2). This study explores the classic anaerobic ammonium oxidation process (Anammox) coupled to the iron-dependent anaerobic ammonium oxidation process (Feammox) in a sequential discontinuous bioreactor (SBR) for NH4+ removal. Feammox and Anammox cultures were individually enriched and combined, optimizing the coupling, and identifying key variables influencing the enrichment process. Adding sodium acetate as a carbon source significantly reduces Fe3+ to Fe2+, indicating Feammox activity. Both Anammox and Feammox processes were successfully operated in SBRs, achieving efficient NH4+ removal (Anammox: 64.6 %; Feammox: 43.4 %). Combining these pathways in a single SBR enhances the NH4+ removal capacity of 50.8 %, improving Feammox efficiency. The Feammox process coupled with Anammox may generate the nitrite (NO2-) needed for Anammox. This research contributes to biotechnological advancements for sustainable nitrogenous compound treatment in SBRs.

Nitrogen atmospheric deposition driven by seasonal processes in a Brazilian region with agricultural background.

Understanding the seasonal patterns and influencing factors of nitrogen atmospheric deposition is essential to evaluate human impacts on the air quality and nitrogen biogeochemical cycle. However, evaluation of the nitrogen deposition flux, especially in South America agricultural regions, has not been fully investigated. In this paper, we quantified the atmospheric wet deposition fluxes of total dissolved nitrogen (TDN), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), in a region with agricultural and livestock predominance in the Southern Minas Gerais region, Brazil, from May 2018 to April 2019. Deposition fluxes of nitrogen species in the wet season (October-March) were on average 4.8-fold higher than those in the dry season, which revealed significant seasonal variations driven largely by the seasonality of rainfall and agricultural operations. We also found high NO3-/NH4+ ratios (average = 8.25), with higher values in dry season (NO3-/NH4+ = 12.8) in comparison with wet season (NO3-/NH4+ = 4.48), which revealed a higher relative contribution of NOx emissions from traffic sources in dry season. We also estimated the influence of atmospheric deposition of inorganic nitrogen (N-DIN) on environmental ecosystems, being 2.01 kgNha-1 year-1 with potential risk of acidification and eutrophication of 30%. Therefore, attention should be paid to the role of wet atmospheric deposition of nitrogen as a source of nitrogen environmental pollution in agricultural regions.

Validation of a simple liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of tacrolimus, sirolimus, everolimus and cyclosporin A in dried matrix on paper discs.

INTRODUCTION: Due to its high specificity and sensitivity, liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is the gold standard method for immunosuppressant quantification in therapeutic drug monitoring. In this context, dried blood spots (DBS) have become a promising strategy as a sample collection procedure. Although the advantages of DBS over venipuncture are well known, this approach has limitations that strongly influence the acceptance of analytical results. Among them, the most important is hematocrit (Ht). The easiest way of overcoming this problem is by analyzing complete spots. In this strategy, called dried matrix on paper discs (DMPD), blood is volumetrically applied on pre-punched discs. OBJECTIVES: To validate an LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of tacrolimus, sirolimus, everolimus and cyclosporin A using DMPD. METHODS: The procedure was validated according to international guidelines using a commercial kit. The following performance parameters were evaluated: selectivity, carryover, linearity, accuracy, precision, lower limit of quantitation, relative recovery, commutability and stability. In addition, a method comparison study was performed to evaluate the clinical influence of Ht on the results. RESULTS: All performance parameters were within acceptance criteria and, hence, it was determined that the validated method is fit for the intended purpose. Likewise, calculated bias values on medical decision levels showed that there was no clinical influence of Ht on the results. CONCLUSION: Unlike other similar methodologies that have been published, here, a simple method has been fully validated. This is the first LC-MS/MS methodology adapting a commercial kit to use DMPD as a sampling strategy.

Nitrification in multistage horizontal flow treatment wetlands for landfill leachate treatment.

One of the key challenges in landfill leachate treatment is removing organic matter (OM) and ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N) at a low cost. To evaluate the feasibility of treatment wetlands for diluted (3:10) landfill leachate treatment with OM and NH4+-N oxidation, a lab-scale shallow subsurface horizontal flow system (HF wetland) comprised of two units operated in series was assessed as post-treatment of partial ammonia stripping system. A HF wetland planted with Heliconia psittacorum (HP) and an unplanted HF wetland (control) were supplemented with micronutrients and monitored under the influence of hydraulic retention time (HRT), pH, and the plant presence on performance. With an HRT above 4 days, mean chemical oxygen demand removal for both HP and the control was less than 20%, without complete mineralization, probably due to the recalcitrance of OM. For NH4+-N, the mean global removal efficiencies with and without influent pH adjustment were, respectively, 74% and 54% for HP and 56% and 43% for the control, resulting in mean concentrations between 36 and 93 mg L-1. The NH4+-N removal was correlated with inorganic carbon consumption followed by NO3- production, which suggests that nitrification was the major route of removal. For both systems, nitrification was significantly higher in one of the units, when biodegradable OM was already consumed and competition between heterotrophic and autotrophic bacteria for dissolved oxygen was likely minimized. By balancing the organic load and availability of dissolved oxygen within each unit in series, a reduced HRT necessary for NH4+-N oxidation was achieved, an essential aspect for the design of high performance constructed wetlands for full scale landfill leachate treatment.

Testing the relationship between microbiome composition and flux of carbon and nutrients in Caribbean coral reef sponges.

BACKGROUND: Sponges are important suspension-feeding members of reef communities, with the collective capacity to overturn the entire water column on shallow Caribbean reefs every day. The sponge-loop hypothesis suggests that sponges take up dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and, via assimilation and shedding of cells, return carbon to the reef ecosystem as particulate organic carbon (POC). Sponges host complex microbial communities within their tissues that may play a role in carbon and nutrient cycling within the sponge holobiont. To investigate this relationship, we paired microbial community characterization (16S rRNA analysis, Illumina Mi-Seq platform) with carbon (DOC, POC) and nutrient (PO4, NOx, NH4) flux data (specific filtration rate) for 10 common Caribbean sponge species at two distant sites (Florida Keys vs. Belize, ~ 1203 km apart). RESULTS: Distance-based linear modeling revealed weak relationships overall between symbiont structure and carbon and nutrient flux, suggesting that the observed differences in POC, DOC, PO4, and NOx flux among sponges are not caused by variations in the composition of symbiont communities. In contrast, significant correlations between symbiont structure and NH4 flux occurred consistently across the dataset. Further, several individual symbiont taxa (OTUs) exhibited relative abundances that correlated with NH4 flux, including one OTU affiliated with the ammonia-oxidizing genus Cenarchaeum. CONCLUSIONS: Combined, these results indicate that microbiome structure is uncoupled from sponge carbon cycling and does not explain variation in DOC uptake among Caribbean coral reef sponges. Accordingly, differential DOC assimilation by sponge cells or stable microbiome components may ultimately drive carbon flux in the sponge holobiont.

Removing the by-products acetic acid and NH4 + from the L-tryptophan broth by vacuum thin film evaporation during L-tryptophan production

Background: During L-tryptophan production by Escherichia coli, the by-products, acetic acid and NH4 +, accumulate in the fermentation broth, resulting in inhibited cell growth and activity and decreased L-tryptophan production. To improve the L-tryptophan yield and glucose conversion rate, acetic acid and NH4 + were removed under low-temperature vacuum conditions by vacuum scraper concentrator evaporation; the fermentation broth after evaporation was pressed into another fermenter to continue fermentation. To increase the volatilisation rate of acetic acid and NH4 + and reduce damage to bacteria during evaporation, different vacuum evaporation conditions were studied. Results: The optimum operating conditions were as follows: vacuum degree, 720 mm Hg; concentration ratio, 10%; temperature, 60°C; and feeding rate, 300 mL/min. The biomass yield of the control fermentation (CF) and fermentation by vacuum evaporation (VEF) broths was 55.1 g/L and 58.3 g/L at 38 h, respectively, (an increase of 5.8%); the living biomass yield increased from 8.9 (CF) to 10.2 pF (VEF; an increase of 14.6%). L-tryptophan production increased from 50.2 g/L (CF) to 60.2 g/L (VEF) (an increase of 19.9%), and glucose conversion increased from 18.2% (CF) to 19.5% (VEF; an increase of 7.1%). The acetic acid concentrations were 2.74 g/L and 6.70 g/L, and the NH4 + concentrations were 85.3 mmol/L and 130.9 mmol/L in VEF and CF broths, respectively. Conclusions: The acetic acid and NH4 + in the fermentation broth were quickly removed using the vacuum scraper concentrator, which reduced bacterial inhibition, enhanced bacterial activity, and improved the production of L-tryptophan and glucose conversion rate.

Putative role of glutamine in the activation of CBL/CIPK signalling pathways during salt stress in sorghum.

The salt overly sensitive (SOS) pathway is the only mechanism known for Na+ extrusion in plant cells. SOS pathway activation involves Ca2+-sensing proteins, such as calcineurin B-like (CBL) proteins, and CBL-interacting protein kinases (CIPKs). In this signalling mechanism, a transit increase in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration triggered by Na+ accumulation is perceived by CBL (also known as SOS3). Afterward, SOS3 physically interacts with a CIPK (also known as SOS2), forming the SOS2/SOS3 complex, which can regulate the number downstream targets, controlling ionic homeostasis. For instance, the SOS2/SOS3 complex phosphorylates and activates the SOS1 plasmalemma protein, which is a Na+/H+ antiporter that extrudes Na+ out of the cell. The CBL-CIPK networking system displays specificity, complexity and diversity, constituting a critical response against salt stress and other abiotic stresses. In a study reported in the journal Plant and Cell Physiology, we showed that NH4+ induces the robust activation of transporters for Na+ homeostasis in root cells, especially the SOS1 antiporter and plasma membrane H+-ATPase, differently than does NO3-. Despite some studies having shown that external NH4+ ameliorates salt-induced effects on ionic homeostasis, there is no evidence that NH4+ per se or some product of its assimilation is responsible for these responses. Here, we speculate about the signalling role behind glutamine in CBL-CIPK modulation, which could effectively activate the SOS pathway in NH4+-fed stressed plants.

Spawning and multiple end points of the embryo-larval bioassay of the blue mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lmk).

Since the 1960s, little has been done to improve and simulate the use of short-duration chronic bioassays of bivalve embryos, particularly in mussels. However, these test organisms offer great advantages in relation to other groups, due to the ease of obtaining breeders in cultivation systems, in the environment and any time, and due to their high sensitivity to chemicals or contaminants. To contribute some methodological aspects, this study uses techniques to stimulate spawning or improve the obtaining of gametes for use in bioassays with the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. It also evaluates different criteria for determining the effect on the larvae, for estimation of EC50 and NOEC values, based on morphological analysis of developmental delay and the biometrics of the larvae. KCl proved to be a reliable inducer of spawning, with positive responses in 10 of the 12 months of the year tested. Moreover, this chemical, in association with NH4Cl, demonstrated the capacity to activate immature oocytes obtained from extirpated gonads, enabling an improvement in fertilization rates. The different criteria adopted to determine the effects on the larvae in the assays with reference toxicants (SDS and K2Cr2O7) resulted in EC50 and NOEC values without significant differences, indicating reliability in the results and freedom in the choice of criteria of effect to be adopted in the trials.

Gases de efeito estufa, ácidos graxos de cadeia curta e pH ruminal in vitro de coprodutos do biodiesel em substituição à silagem de milho / Greenhouse gases, short-chain fatty acids and ruminal pH in vitro of biodiesel byproducts to replace corn silage

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o potencial de produção de metano (CH4), dióxido de carbono (CO2), ácidos graxos de cadeia curta, nitrogênio amoniacal (N-NH3) e pH pela técnica semiautomática técnica in vitro a partir de coprodutos do biodiesel como torta de algodão (Gossypium hirsutum), torta de mamona (Ricinus communis), torta de moringa (Moringa oleifera), torta de pinhão manso (Jatropha curcas) e torta girassol (Helianthus annuus) em substituição a silagem de milho em níveis crescentes, 0, 30, 50 e 70%. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado, em um arranjo fatoria 5 x 4 (coprodutos and níveis de substituição). O inóculo para as incubações in vitro foi obtido a partir de três vacas da raça Holandesa com fístulas ruminais. No experimento, as condições foram verificadas para observer as diferenças na potencial produção de gás entre os ingredientes.O coproduto de algodão foi o ingrediente com o maior potencial para produção de acetato, butirato, CO2 e CH4. O coproduto de Moringa teve o menor potencial para a produção de acetato, butirato, CO2 e CH4 e digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca e um maior potencial para a produção de propionato. Entre os coprodutos estudados, a moringa destacou-se pela promoção da mitigação de CH4 e obtenção de níveis de pH e N-NH3 satisfatórias para a fermentação máxima no rúmen. Assim, recomenda-se utilizar o coproduto de moringa para

The aim of the study was evaluate the production potential for methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2), short-chain fatty acids, ammonia nitrogen (N-NH3) and pH by semi-automated technique in vitro from biodiesel byproducts cottonseed cake (Gossypium hirsutum), castor bean (Ricinus communis), moringa cake (Moringa oleifera), jatropha cake (Jatropha curcas) and sunflower cake (Helianthus annuus) substituting corn silage in increasing levels, 0, 30, 50 and 70%. The experimental design used was completely randomized in a 5 x 4 factorial arrangement (byproducts and substitution levels). The inoculum for the in vitro incubations was obtained from three Holstein cows with rumen fistulas. In the experiment, the conditions were verified for the differences in potential gas production among the ingredients. The byproduct of cotton was the ingredient with the greatest potential to produce acetate, butyrate, CO2 and CH4. The byproduct of moringa had the lowest potential for the production of acetate, butyrate, CO2 and CH4 from in vitro degraded dry matter and a greater potential for the production of propionate. Among the byproducts studied, moringa was distinguished for promoting mitigation of CH4 and obtaining levels of pH and N-NH3 satisfactory for maximum rumen fermentation; thus, it is recommended the byproduct of moringa to replace corn silage because reduces environmental impact

Gases de efeito estufa, ácidos graxos de cadeia curta e pH ruminal in vitro de coprodutos do biodiesel em substituição à silagem de milho / Greenhouse gases, short-chain fatty acids and ruminal pH in vitro of biodiesel byproducts to replace corn silage

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o potencial de produção de metano (CH4), dióxido de carbono (CO2), ácidos graxos de cadeia curta, nitrogênio amoniacal (N-NH3) e pH pela técnica semiautomática técnica in vitro a partir de coprodutos do biodiesel como torta de algodão (Gossypium hirsutum), torta de mamona (Ricinus communis), torta de moringa (Moringa oleifera), torta de pinhão manso (Jatropha curcas) e torta girassol (Helianthus annuus) em substituição a silagem de milho em níveis crescentes, 0, 30, 50 e 70%. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado, em um arranjo fatoria 5 x 4 (coprodutos and níveis de substituição). O inóculo para as incubações in vitro foi obtido a partir de três vacas da raça Holandesa com fístulas ruminais. No experimento, as condições foram verificadas para observer as diferenças na potencial produção de gás entre os ingredientes.O coproduto de algodão foi o ingrediente com o maior potencial para produção de acetato, butirato, CO2 e CH4. O coproduto de Moringa teve o menor potencial para a produção de acetato, butirato, CO2 e CH4 e digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca e um maior potencial para a produção de propionato. Entre os coprodutos estudados, a moringa destacou-se pela promoção da mitigação de CH4 e obtenção de níveis de pH e N-NH3 satisfatórias para a fermentação máxima no rúmen. Assim, recomenda-se utilizar o coproduto de moringa para(AU)

The aim of the study was evaluate the production potential for methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2), short-chain fatty acids, ammonia nitrogen (N-NH3) and pH by semi-automated technique in vitro from biodiesel byproducts cottonseed cake (Gossypium hirsutum), castor bean (Ricinus communis), moringa cake (Moringa oleifera), jatropha cake (Jatropha curcas) and sunflower cake (Helianthus annuus) substituting corn silage in increasing levels, 0, 30, 50 and 70%. The experimental design used was completely randomized in a 5 x 4 factorial arrangement (byproducts and substitution levels). The inoculum for the in vitro incubations was obtained from three Holstein cows with rumen fistulas. In the experiment, the conditions were verified for the differences in potential gas production among the ingredients. The byproduct of cotton was the ingredient with the greatest potential to produce acetate, butyrate, CO2 and CH4. The byproduct of moringa had the lowest potential for the production of acetate, butyrate, CO2 and CH4 from in vitro degraded dry matter and a greater potential for the production of propionate. Among the byproducts studied, moringa was distinguished for promoting mitigation of CH4 and obtaining levels of pH and N-NH3 satisfactory for maximum rumen fermentation; thus, it is recommended the byproduct of moringa to replace corn silage because reduces environmental impact(AU)

Tryptophan oxidation photosensitized by pterin.

Pterins are normal components of cells and they have been previously identified as good photosensitizers under UV-A irradiation, inducing DNA damage and oxidation of nucleotides. In this work, we have investigated the ability of pterin (Ptr), the parent compound of oxidized pterins, to photosensitize the oxidation of another class of biomolecules, amino acids, using tryptophan (Trp) as a model compound. Irradiation of Ptr in the UV-A spectral range (350 nm) in aerated aqueous solutions containing Trp led to the consumption of the latter, whereas the Ptr concentration remained unchanged. Concomitantly, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was produced. Although Ptr is a singlet oxygen ((1)O2) sensitizer, the degradation of Trp was inhibited in O2-saturated solutions, indicating that a (1)O2-mediated process (type II oxidation) was not an important pathway leading to Trp oxidation. By combining different analytical techniques, we could establish that a type I photooxidation was the prevailing mechanism, initiated by an electron transfer from the Trp molecule to the Ptr triplet excited state, yielding the corresponding radical ions (Trp(·+)/Trp(-H)· and Ptr(·-)). The Trp reaction products that could be identified by UPLC-mass spectrometry are in agreement with this conclusion.

Desempenho e rendimento de carcaça de frangos alimentados com diferentes fontes de sódio / Performance and carcass yield of chickens fed on three different sources of sodium

Para avaliar os efeitos de diferentes fontes de sódio sobre desempenho e rendimento de carcaça, utilizaram-se 414 fêmeas de corte Ross, de um a 42 dias de idade. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso, com seis repetições e três tratamentos, que consistiam de: T1 – cloreto de sódio; T2 – bicarbonato de sódio com cloreto de amônia; e T3 – formiato de sódio com cloreto de amônia. As variáveis analisadas foram: consumo de ração (CR), ganho de peso (GP), conversão alimentar (CA), viabilidade (VB) e índice de eficiência produtiva (IEP), peso corporal pré-abate (PCPa), rendimento de carcaça (RC), peso da coxa (PCx) e peso de sobrecoxa (PSCx). As aves do T1 e T2 consumiram mais ração (p<0,05), nos períodos de 1 a 21, 1 a 28 e 1 a 35 dias de idade, quando comparadas às do T3. As demais variáveis de desempenho, bem como as de rendimento de carcaça não apresentaram diferença significativa entre os tratamentos. Conclui-se que é possível substituir a fonte clássica de sódio por bicarbonato de sódio e formiato de sódio, fornecidos em conjunto com cloreto de amônia sem prejudicar o desempenho e a qualidade de carcaça de frangos de corte.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of three different sources of sodium for broilers’ performance and carcass yield. In total 414 female Ross broilers were fed on dietary treatments from one up to 42 days of age. A completely randomized experimental design was used. Broilers were distributed into a total of 6 replicates per treatment. Treatments consisted of T1- sodium chloride, T2-sodium bicarbonate with Ammonium chloride and T3-sodium formate with Ammonium chloride. Average body weight (ABW), feed consumption (FC), body weight gain (BWG), feed conversion (FE), viability (V) and European efficiency factor (EEF), preslaughtering body weight (PSBW), carcass yield (CY), thigh yield (TY) and drumstick yield (DY) were evaluated. Broilers fed on T1 and T2 showed higher feed conversion than those fed on T3 from 1 to 21, 1 to 28 and 1 to 35 days of age. Dietary treatments did not effect the remaining variables up to 35 days of age on the carcass yield. In conclusion, it is possible to substitute the traditional sodium for sodium bicarbonate and sodium formate, both supplied with Ammonium chloride, without affecting the performance or carcass yield.

Desempenho e rendimento de carcaça de frangos alimentados com diferentes fontes de sódio / Performance and carcass yield of chickens fed on three different sources of sodium

Para avaliar os efeitos de diferentes fontes de sódio sobre desempenho e rendimento de carcaça, utilizaram-se 414 fêmeas de corte Ross, de um a 42 dias de idade. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso, com seis repetições e três tratamentos, que consistiam de: T1 cloreto de sódio; T2 bicarbonato de sódio com cloreto de amônia; e T3 formiato de sódio com cloreto de amônia. As variáveis analisadas foram: consumo de ração (CR), ganho de peso (GP), conversão alimentar (CA), viabilidade (VB) e índice de eficiência produtiva (IEP), peso corporal pré-abate (PCPa), rendimento de carcaça (RC), peso da coxa (PCx) e peso de sobrecoxa (PSCx). As aves do T1 e T2 consumiram mais ração (p<0,05), nos períodos de 1 a 21, 1 a 28 e 1 a 35 dias de idade, quando comparadas às do T3. As demais variáveis de desempenho, bem como as de rendimento de carcaça não apresentaram diferença significativa entre os tratamentos. Conclui-se que é possível substituir a fonte clássica de sódio por bicarbonato de sódio e formiato de sódio, fornecidos em conjunto com cloreto de amônia sem prejudicar o desempenho e a qualidade de carcaça de frangos de corte.(AU)

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of three different sources of sodium for broilers performance and carcass yield. In total 414 female Ross broilers were fed on dietary treatments from one up to 42 days of age. A completely randomized experimental design was used. Broilers were distributed into a total of 6 replicates per treatment. Treatments consisted of T1- sodium chloride, T2-sodium bicarbonate with Ammonium chloride and T3-sodium formate with Ammonium chloride. Average body weight (ABW), feed consumption (FC), body weight gain (BWG), feed conversion (FE), viability (V) and European efficiency factor (EEF), preslaughtering body weight (PSBW), carcass yield (CY), thigh yield (TY) and drumstick yield (DY) were evaluated. Broilers fed on T1 and T2 showed higher feed conversion than those fed on T3 from 1 to 21, 1 to 28 and 1 to 35 days of age. Dietary treatments did not effect the remaining variables up to 35 days of age on the carcass yield. In conclusion, it is possible to substitute the traditional sodium for sodium bicarbonate and sodium formate, both supplied with Ammonium chloride, without affecting the performance or carcass yield.(AU)