RESUMO
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a self-regulated physiological process required for tissue repair that, in non-controled conditions may lead to fibrosis, angiogenesis, loss of normal organ function or cancer. Although several molecular pathways involved in EMT regulation have been described, this process does not have any specific treatment. This article introduces a systematic review of effective natural plant compounds and their extract that modulates the pathological EMT or its deleterious effects, through acting on different cellular signal transduction pathways both in vivo and in vitro. Thereby, cryptotanshinone, resveratrol, oxymatrine, ligustrazine, osthole, codonolactone, betanin, tannic acid, gentiopicroside, curcumin, genistein, paeoniflorin, gambogic acid and Cinnamomum cassia extracts inhibit EMT acting on transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß)/Smads signaling pathways. Gedunin, carnosol, celastrol, black rice anthocyanins, Duchesnea indica, cordycepin and Celastrus orbiculatus extract downregulate vimectin, fibronectin and N-cadherin. Sulforaphane, luteolin, celastrol, curcumin, arctigenin inhibit ß-catenin signaling pathways. Salvianolic acid-A and plumbagin block oxidative stress, while honokiol, gallic acid, piperlongumine, brusatol and paeoniflorin inhibit EMT transcription factors such as SNAIL, TWIST and ZEB. Plectranthoic acid, resveratrol, genistein, baicalin, polyphyllin I, cairicoside E, luteolin, berberine, nimbolide, curcumin, withaferin-A, jatrophone, ginsenoside-Rb1, honokiol, parthenolide, phoyunnanin-E, epicatechin-3-gallate, gigantol, eupatolide, baicalin and baicalein and nitidine chloride inhibit EMT acting on other signaling pathways (SIRT1, p38 MAPK, NFAT1, SMAD, IL-6, STAT3, AQP5, notch 1, PI3K/Akt, Wnt/ß-catenin, NF-κB, FAK/AKT, Hh). Despite the huge amount of preclinical data regarding EMT modulation by the natural compounds of plant, clinical translation is poor. Additionally, this review highlights some relevant examples of clinical trials using natural plant compounds to modulate EMT and its deleterious effects. Overall, this opens up new therapeutic alternatives in cancer, inflammatory and fibrosing diseases through the control of EMT process.
RESUMO
The excessive use of acaricidal products induces environmental and human contamination, whereas there is also the selection of resistant ticks strains. Most of the chemical acaricides available in the market have low efficacy due intensive use and inadequate management of treatments. Thus, ecologically viable alternatives for the ticks control is a promising area of research. Herbal medicine has as fundamental issue the study of medicinal plants and their use in the control and treatment of human and animal diseases. This experiment has evaluated the in vitro efficacy of Ocimum basilicum essential oil on engorded teleogines of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Six concentrations of the oil (1; 5; 10; 25, 50; 100%) were tested, diluted in distilled water, using the engorged female immersion test. The inhibition of oviposition were 10; 26; 26; 33; 100 and 100%, the egg hatch were 75; 60; 80; 45; 0 and 0%, and the effectiveness of treatment 28; 38; 36; 62; 100 and 100%, respectively. The statistic evaluation was done by the linear regression test, and it was observed a significant association between the concentration of the oil and the inhibition of oviposition, egg hatch and effectiveness. The oil at 25% had higher than 50% of effectiveness, and at 50 and 100% had total inhibition of oviposition with maximum efficiency. According to the results, it is possible to conclude t
O uso excessivo de acaricidas predispõe a contaminação do meio ambiente, do homem e estimula a seleção de cepas de carrapatos resistentes. A maioria dos acaricidas químicos disponíveis no mercado apresenta eficácia reduzida devido ao intenso uso e manejo inadequado dos tratamentos. Sendo assim, alternativas ecologicamente viáveis utilizadas no controle dos carrapatos é uma área de pesquisa promissora. A fitoterapia tem como fundamento o estudo de plantas medicinais, assim como sua utilização no controle e tratamento de enfermidades tanto na área humana quanto na animal. Neste experimento foi avaliado o efeito in vitro do óleo essencial de manjericão (Ocimum basilicum) sobre fêmeas ingurgitadas de Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Para isso foram testadas 6 concentrações do óleo de manjericão (1; 5; 10; 25, 50; 100%), diluído em água destilada, seguindo a metodologia do exame de biocarrapaticidograma. Perante os resultados foi observada inibição de postura de 10; 26; 26; 33; 100 e 100%, eclosão larval de 75; 60; 80; 45; 0 e 0% e a eficiência do tratamento de 28; 38; 36; 62; 100 e 100%, respectivamente. A avaliação estatística foi realizada pela análise de regressão linear, onde foi constatada associação significativa entre a concentração do óleo e a inibição de postura, eclosão larval e eficiência do tratamento. O óleo de manjericão á 25% obteve acima de 50% de eficiência, e
RESUMO
The excessive use of acaricidal products induces environmental and human contamination, whereas there is also the selection of resistant ticks strains. Most of the chemical acaricides available in the market have low efficacy due intensive use and inadequate management of treatments. Thus, ecologically viable alternatives for the ticks control is a promising area of research. Herbal medicine has as fundamental issue the study of medicinal plants and their use in the control and treatment of human and animal diseases. This experiment has evaluated the in vitro efficacy of Ocimum basilicum essential oil on engorded teleogines of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Six concentrations of the oil (1; 5; 10; 25, 50; 100%) were tested, diluted in distilled water, using the engorged female immersion test. The inhibition of oviposition were 10; 26; 26; 33; 100 and 100%, the egg hatch were 75; 60; 80; 45; 0 and 0%, and the effectiveness of treatment 28; 38; 36; 62; 100 and 100%, respectively. The statistic evaluation was done by the linear regression test, and it was observed a significant association between the concentration of the oil and the inhibition of oviposition, egg hatch and effectiveness. The oil at 25% had higher than 50% of effectiveness, and at 50 and 100% had total inhibition of oviposition with maximum efficiency. According to the results, it is possible to conclude t
O uso excessivo de acaricidas predispõe a contaminação do meio ambiente, do homem e estimula a seleção de cepas de carrapatos resistentes. A maioria dos acaricidas químicos disponíveis no mercado apresenta eficácia reduzida devido ao intenso uso e manejo inadequado dos tratamentos. Sendo assim, alternativas ecologicamente viáveis utilizadas no controle dos carrapatos é uma área de pesquisa promissora. A fitoterapia tem como fundamento o estudo de plantas medicinais, assim como sua utilização no controle e tratamento de enfermidades tanto na área humana quanto na animal. Neste experimento foi avaliado o efeito in vitro do óleo essencial de manjericão (Ocimum basilicum) sobre fêmeas ingurgitadas de Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Para isso foram testadas 6 concentrações do óleo de manjericão (1; 5; 10; 25, 50; 100%), diluído em água destilada, seguindo a metodologia do exame de biocarrapaticidograma. Perante os resultados foi observada inibição de postura de 10; 26; 26; 33; 100 e 100%, eclosão larval de 75; 60; 80; 45; 0 e 0% e a eficiência do tratamento de 28; 38; 36; 62; 100 e 100%, respectivamente. A avaliação estatística foi realizada pela análise de regressão linear, onde foi constatada associação significativa entre a concentração do óleo e a inibição de postura, eclosão larval e eficiência do tratamento. O óleo de manjericão á 25% obteve acima de 50% de eficiência, e