Land use to agriculture and planted forests strongly affect the genetic diversity of Baccharis crispa Spreng., a native herb of South America.

Human population growth constantly requires an increase in the production of food and products from the timber industry. To meet this demand, agriculture and planted forests are advancing over natural areas. In view of this, it is necessary to know the effects of land use for different purposes (grain production, pastures, planted forests, fruit production and among other uses) on the genetic diversity of populations of native species. This knowledge can assist in land use planning as well as in the development of conservation strategies for native species. In this study, we evaluated the effect of land use for agriculture (mainly for cereal production) and planted forests on the genetic diversity of Baccharis crispa Spreng., a herb native to South America. To achieve our goals, we compared population genetic data obtained with three molecular markers (microsatellites, inter-simple sequence repeat and isoenzymes) with data on land use for agriculture and planted forests from 15 different locations. Our results showed that regardless of the molecular marker used, the greater the use of land for agriculture and planted forests, the lower was the genetic diversity of B. crispa populations. Baccharis crispa is a semi-perennial species that needs at least one year to reach its reproductive period, which is prevented in agricultural areas due to the land being turned over or dissected with herbicides every 6 months. In the studied regions, the planted forests are of eucalypt and/or pine, which besides being species with a high production of allelopathic substances, produce strong shading and B. crispa is a species that inhabits open grassland that needs a high incidence of sunlight for development. The data obtained in our study can assist in the decision-making to use land in order to reconcile the production of supplies for humanity and for the conservation of nature.

Ecological networks in savannas reflect different levels of hydric stress in adjacent palm swamp forest ecosystems.

Palm swamp forests are wetland ecosystems typical of the Brazilian Cerrado, which in recent decades have undergone intense changes due to land use alterations and climate change. As a result of these disturbances, many palm swamps have been experiencing significant drying, which can also affect adjacent vegetation. In the present study, we evaluated whether the drying of palm swamps affects the structure of plant-herbivore networks located in adjacent savanna areas in Brazil. Our results show that savanna areas adjacent to dry zones of palm swamps have fewer interactions, fewer interacting species, and a less specialized topology, which corroborates our expectations. Our findings indicate that the drying of palm swamps also has propagated impacts on adjacent savanna vegetation, impairing more specialized interactions in these environments. On the other hand, contrary to expectations, plant-herbivore networks in dry zones displayed higher modularity, lower nestedness and lower robustness than those in wet zones, suggesting that in dry environments, species tend to compartmentalize their interactions, even with lower interaction specialization. This is the first study to investigate the impacts of environmental drying on the structure of plant-herbivore networks in tropical ecosystems, highlighting the complexity of these effects and their differential impact on specialized and generalized interactions. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for developing effective conservation and management strategies in the face of ongoing environmental changes.

A time with e-Natureza (e-Nature): a model of nature-based health interventions as a complex adaptive system.

Discussions surrounding the positive impacts of nature on human health and strategies to enhance our connection with the natural world have been ongoing. However, a limited number of theoretical models are available to guide research and practice in this area. Therefore, there is a pressing need for a systematic framework that outlines clear steps for conducting research implementing nature-based interventions. In this study, we investigate the relationship between health and nature through the lens of Complex Adaptive Systems. This approach involves examining the dynamic interactions between multiple interconnected elements to understand the complex emergent behaviors that arise from such relationships. Our model is designed to support nature-based interventions, considering the essential interdependence between humans and nature. This perspective aims to improve both human health and biodiversity conservation in a mutually beneficial manner. The underlying interactions that drive nature-based health interventions are thoroughly explored, leading us to propose a novel intervention model named "A time with e-Natureza" (e-Nature). This model encompasses four types of experiences, drawing from scientific literature and insights from authors engaged in an interdisciplinary research group: (1) Aesthetic and emotional experience; (2) Multisensory integration experience; (3) Knowledge experience; and (4) Engagement experience. Each experience within the model targets affective, cognitive, and behavioral aspects, with a specific focus on fostering a deeper connection with nature. Distinct activities are incorporated within each experience to promote successful outcomes. The model is grounded in existing theories that address the human-nature relationship and is informed by Nursing theories that support health promotion interventions. By presenting this new model, our aim is to contribute to the effective implementation of nature-based interventions that not only enhance human well-being but also support the conservation of nature. This integrated approach recognizes the mutual benefits of human-nature interaction and offers valuable insights for future research and practical applications in the fields of nature and health.

Assessing factors influencing students' perceptions towards animal species conservation.

Background: The way humans perceive and interact with non-human animals is particular to each person, from antipathetic interactions evidenced by fear, aversion or repulsion, to empathy evidenced by feelings of affection, enchantment and interest in the animal. In this sense, herein we investigated the perception of university students about species belonging to different classes of wild vertebrates and the influence of social and educational factors on that. Methods: Data were obtained through online forms answered by 700 university students from nine Brazilian states, 328 females and 372 males, aged between 18 and 65 years. The form had eight sentences to be answered in relation to 17 species of wild vertebrates. The agreement level for each of these sentences was to be indicated using a five-point Likert scale. The sentences were designed to assess aesthetic, risk, utilitarian, and preservation perceptions attributed to each species by students. Results: We found that species perceived as useful by the students are generally also perceived as beautiful and as those that should be preserved. On the other hand, we found similarity between the species perceived as ugly and those that should not be preserved; and between the species perceived as harmful and those considered dangerous. Female and lower-income students more often agree that animals are harmful. We found that perceptions of danger in relation to animals were predominantly associated with younger respondents. However, this did not lead to less support for conservation among these students, as students of all age groups agree that species should be preserved. Our results show that students' knowledge area was an important predictor associated with empathetic and antipathetic perceptions. Environmental area students showed greater empathy in all analyzed categories (beauty, usefulness, harmlessness, and preservation) than non-environmental areas students. On the other hand, students from the area of the exact sciences showed greater dislike in all analyzed categories than students from other areas. We found a strong relationship between the areas "Environmental" and "Humanities, Languages and Arts" for the attitudinal factors associated with utility and preservation, suggesting a similar empathetic worldview for students in these areas. Conclusions: We found that the perception directed towards wild vertebrates varies according to the gender, age, income and study area of the students, in addition to the taxon considered. Finally, our results indicate that negative perceptions should be taken into account in environmental education efforts, educational policies and in planning fauna conservation plans which should incorporate the most diverse audiences, and not only encompass charismatic species but extend to animals that arouse great aversion from the part of people.

A time with e-Natureza (e-Nature): a model of nature-based health interventions as a complex adaptive system

Discussions surrounding the positive impacts of nature on human health and strategies to enhance our connection with the natural world have been ongoing. However, a limited number of theoretical models are available to guide research and practice in this area. Therefore, there is a pressing need for a systematic framework that outlines clear steps for conducting research implementing nature-based interventions. In this study, we investigate the relationship between health and nature through the lens of Complex Adaptive Systems. This approach involves examining the dynamic interactions between multiple interconnected elements to understand the complex emergent behaviors that arise from such relationships. Our model is designed to support nature-based interventions, considering the essential interdependence between humans and nature. This perspective aims to improve both human health and biodiversity conservation in a mutually beneficial manner. The underlying interactions that drive nature-based health interventions are thoroughly explored, leading us to propose a novel intervention model named “A time with e-Natureza” (e-Nature). This model encompasses four types of experiences, drawing from scientific literature and insights from authors engaged in an interdisciplinary research group: (1) Aesthetic and emotional experience; (2) Multisensory integration experience; (3) Knowledge experience; and (4) Engagement experience. Each experience within the model targets affective, cognitive, and behavioral aspects, with a specific focus on fostering a deeper connection with nature. Distinct activities are incorporated within each experience to promote successful outcomes. The model is grounded in existing theories that address the human-nature relationship and is informed by Nursing theories that support health promotion interventions. By presenting this new model, our aim is to contribute to the effective implementation of nature-based interventions that not only enhance human well-being but also support the conservation of nature. This integrated approach recognizes the mutual benefits of human-nature interaction and offers valuable insights for future research and practical applications in the fields of nature and health.

Hide-and-Seek with Tiny Neotenic Beetles in One of the Hottest Biodiversity Hotspots: Towards an Understanding of the Real Diversity of Jurasaidae (Coleoptera: Elateroidea) in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest.

Jurasaidae are a family of neotenic elateroid beetles which was described recently from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest biodiversity hotspot based on three species in two genera. All life stages live in the soil, including the larviform females, and only adult males are able to fly. Here, we report the discovery of two new species, Jurasai miraculum sp. nov. and J. vanini sp. nov., and a new, morphologically remarkable population of J. digitusdei Rosa et al., 2020. Our discovery sheds further light on the diversity and biogeography of the group. Most species of Jurasaidae are known from the rainforest remnants of the Atlantic Forest, but here for the first time we report a jurasaid species from the relatively drier Atlantic Forest/Caatinga transitional zone. Considering our recent findings, minute body size and cryptic lifestyle of all jurasaids, together with potentially high numbers of yet undescribed species of this family from the Atlantic Forest and possibly also other surrounding ecoregions, we call for both field research in potentially suitable localities as well as for a detailed investigation of a massive amount of already collected but still unprocessed materials deposited in a number of Brazilian institutes, laboratories and collections.

What are the factors influencing the aversion of students towards reptiles?

BACKGROUND: Reptiles form a paraphyletic group with significant roles for human society, including species that are considered important for food, medicinal and mystical use and as pets. Some species are considered to be aversive, whereas others are captivating among people. Aversion is an important factor which should be considered in the conservation policies of these animals. As such, here, we investigate the demographic, educational, perceptives and behavioural factors of students related to their aversion and non-conservationist attitudes directed towards different reptile species and evaluated the effect of educational exhibition of animals as a strategy of mitigating these attitudes. METHODS: The data were obtained through forms on the aversion and conservation of reptiles represented by three species, a chelonian, a snake and a lizard. The form was given in two instances, before and after a visit to a private zoo (Museu Vivo Répteis da Caatinga), where the students had contact with the aforementioned species. A total of 133 students participated in the study, among these, 43 from elementary school (21 females and 22 males), 29 from high school (16 females and 13 males), 37 from university biology students (22 females and 15 males) and 24 university mathematics students (6 females and 18 males). RESULTS: Among all evaluated species, snakes were considered to be the most aversive species. The aversion attitudes differed between the three evaluated species when correlated to age and type of university courses. However, this pattern did not differ between student sexes. Older students had a lower aversion to the chelonian compared to the younger ones, but for snakes and lizards, the aversion was high among students of all ages. The university biology students had a lower aversion compared to the university mathematics students for the three species. The recognition and handle of the tested species and previous visits to educational exhibitions of animals were negatively related to aversion. The comparative analysis of the forms applied before and after the visit to the Museu Vivo Répteis da Caatinga showed that this visit influenced the decrease of aversion, but not in non-conservationist attitudes, for which the attitude scores had always been low. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that reptile aversion varies in accordance with the taxon, being snakes the most disliked by students. The visit to the educational exhibition of animals contributed to the reduction of the observed aversion. This is especially true when the acquisition of educational information about species is associated with practical activities which includes contact with the animals. Finally, the fact that non-conservationist attitudes had been low towards all species perhaps demonstrates a conservationist tendency even for the most aversive species.

Vascular plant checklist in an area of extreme biological importance: filling gaps in the Caparaó National Park-ES, Brazil / Checklist de plantas vasculares em uma área de extrema importância biológica: preenchendo lacunas no Parque Nacional do Caparaó-ES, Brasil

Abstract Regional floristic lists are essential for defining biodiversity conservation strategies and are key to assist in filling knowledge gaps. They aim to provide a data source for applying tools to reduce extinction rates and to conserve ecosystems. Herein we present the results of an inventory of vascular plants in a rainforest in the Caparaó National Park (CNP) and approach their implications for conservation and management of this protected area and the surrounding communities. We conducted botanical expeditions between the years 2012 and 2017 in a montane and upper-montane forest of the CNP. We found 361 species distributed in 78 families and 181 genera. The study area is home to new species for science that have recently been described in other publications outside that location, and 4 new records for Espírito Santo State; also 43 species listed in different extinction threat categories (VU, EN and CR) and another 190 categorized with lesser concerns (LC and NT). The families with the highest species richness were: Melastomataceae (41 spp.), Lauraceae and Myrtaceae (30), Orchidaceae (26), Rubiaceae (24), and Asteraceae (20). Our results contribute to greater knowledge of the CNP flora, of the montane environments in Brazil and the vegetation of Espírito Santo state, in addition to demonstrate the importance of this protected area to the conservation Atlantic Forest biodiversity.

Resumo As listas florísticas regionais são essenciais para definir estratégias de conservação da biodiversidade e importantes instrumentos para preencher lacunas de conhecimento. O objetivo foi fornecer uma base de dados a partir de uma listagem de espécies como ferramenta para conservação e manejo do ecossistema. Apresentamos aqui os resultados de um inventário de plantas vasculares em uma Floresta Ombrófila Densa no Parque Nacional Caparaó e abordamos suas implicações para a conservação e manejo desta área protegida e das comunidades do entorno. Realizamos expedições botânicas entre os anos de 2012 e 2017 na vertente capixaba dessa floresta ombrófila no parque. Foram encontradas 361 espécies distribuídas em 78 famílias e 181 gêneros. A área de estudo abriga novas espécies para ciência que foram recentemente descritas em outras publicações fora dessa localidade, e 4 novos registros para o Espírito Santo; também 43 espécies listadas em diferentes categorias de ameaça de extinção (VU, EN, CR) e outras 190 categorizadas com menores preocupações (LC e NT). As famílias com maior riqueza de espécies foram: Melastomataceae (41 spp.), Lauraceae e Myrtaceae (30), Orchidaceae (26), Rubiaceae (24) e Asteraceae (20). Nossos resultados contribuem para um maior conhecimento da flora do Parque, dos ambientes montanos no Brasil e da vegetação do Espírito Santo, além de demonstrar a importância dessa área protegida para a conservação da biodiversidade da Mata Atlântica.

Evaluating the conservation state of the páramo ecosystem: An object-based image analysis and CART algorithm approach for central Ecuador.

Ecuadorian páramo ecosystems (EPEs) function as water sources, contain large soil carbon stores and high levels of biodiversity, and support human populations. The EPEs are mainly herbaceous páramo (HP). To inform policy and management and help drive ecological science toward a better understanding of the HP ecosystem, and the relationships among its multiple ecosystem services, we asked: (1) What is the state of the HP regarding its land use/land cover (LULC)?; and (2) Is the HP being pushed away from its natural state or it is regenerating? To answer these questions, we assessed the LULC in central EPEs using Landsat 8 imagery, Object-Based Image Analysis (OBIA) and a Classification and Regression Trees (CART) algorithm. Results show that two-fifths of the paramo ecosystem remain as native HP (NHP) and two-fifths as anthropogenic HP (AHP). Although the anthropic alteration of the pedogenesis of young paramo soil leads to the establishment of AHP, we found evidence of regeneration and resilience of the NHP. The results of this study will be useful to scientists and decision-makers with interest in páramo ecosystems in central Ecuador. The proposed methodology is simple, fast, and could be implemented in other landscapes to establish comprehensive monitoring systems useful in landscape assessment and planning.

Combining pre-treatment strategies for broilers industry waste valorization.

aiming at expanding the possibilities for broiler slaughter wastes valorization, composting piles were submitted, at different time points (T0, T10, T20, T30 and Control) representing the treatments, to a solid-liquid fraction separation (FS), after being submerged in water (2:1, water:compost, in the fresh weight). After FS, solid material separated with a strain was again placed in piles for the final stage of composting, being evaluated the organic composts obtained after the stabilization phase (65 days) and maturation (95 days), in the different treatments. Reductions in mass (60-62%) and volume (56-64%) were greater in piles submitted to FS in comparison to control piles (52% and 54%). On the other hand, the FS induced greater losses of C (70.3-71.3%), N (55-62%), P (41.7-54.4%) and K (62.3-72.1%) in comparison to the control (65.2%, 48.0%, 28.1%, and 37.6%, respectively). We conclude that, as a way of integrating bioprocesses, FS does not have negative effects on the composting process. Moreover, compost mixtures from FS-treated piles, when used as substrate, yield better seedlings in comparison to mixtures from control.

Los bosques de Abies guatemalensis Rehder de San Marcos, Guatemala: una oportunidad para su restauración ecológica / The forests of Abies guatemalensis Rehder of San Marcos, Guatemala: an opportunity for ecological restoration

El pinabete, Abies guatemalensis Rehder, es una especie distribuida en las montañas altas de Guatemala. Según elConsejo Nacional de Áreas Protegidas (Conap), sus poblaciones se encuentran severamente fragmentadas. Porsu rareza y fragmentación, esta especie se encuentra protegida por el Convenio sobre el Comercio Internacional deEspecies Amenazadas de Fauna y Flora Silvestre (Cites), lo que pone en relieve la importancia de la recuperaciónde sus bosques para su debida conservación. El éxito de su establecimiento puede mejorase al sembrarla junto a plantas nodriza, que le ayudarían a sobrevivir a las condiciones secas del año y las heladas que se presentan en las zonas de mayor altitud del país durante los meses de noviembre a febrero. Este trabajo muestra las características físicas, químicas y de vegetación del área de tres bosques de pinabete (A. guatemalensis) de la parte alta de San Marcos. Además, presenta la propuesta de restauración ecológica estimulada simulando la sucesión vegetal del área. Se elaboraron mapas, y describieron tres bosques de pinabete y sus alrededores; se presenta el estudio de la composición química del suelo y la vegetación y su representación en diferentes etapas de sucesión vegetal. Además, se propone la recuperación de áreas alrededor de parches de bosque, consistente en establecer plantas arbustivas en lugares abiertos donde aún no hay; por su parte en aquellas áreas donde ya se encuentren arbustos, se propone utilizarlos como plantas nodriza para establecer árboles de varias especies buscando mantener biodiversidad deespecies arbóreas, en donde la teoría de la sucesión indica que el pinabete va a dominar al final. Esta propuesta hademostrado viabilidad porque es una práctica conocida fuera de bosques naturales en áreas de San Marcos paraestablecer el pinabete con fines comerciales, que aprovecha la sucesión vegetal natural del área.

The fir, Abies guatemalensis Rehder, is distributed in the highlands of Guatemala. According to the NationalProtected Areas Council (Conap), their populations are severely fragmented. For its rarity and fragmentation,it is protected by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora species(Cites), indicating the importance of the recovery of their forests for the proper conservation of the species. Thesuccess of his establishment may be enhanced to sow with nurse plants, which would help to survive the dryconditions of the year and frosts that occur in the higher elevations of the country during the months of Novemberto February. This work shows the features physical and chemical and vegetation in the area of three forests of fir (A. guatemalensis) of the top of San Marcos. In addition, the proposal of ecological restoration simulating plantsuccession in the area. Maps were drawn, and three fir forests and surrounding described; it is shown the study the chemical composition of soil and vegetation and their representation in different ages of plant succession. Further, it is proposed the recovery of areas around patches of forest, consting of which is establish shrubby plants in open spaces where there are not yet; in areas where bushes already are, it is proposed to use it as nurse plants to establish trees of various species seeking to maintain biodiversity of tree species, where the theory of succession indicates that the fir will dominate in the end. This proposal is feasible because as it is known outside natural forests inareas of San Marcos to establish the fir for commercial purposes, which uses the natural plant succession the area.

Áreas de preservação permanente na legislação ambiental brasileira / Areas of permanent preservation in brazilian environmental legislation

A Área de Preservação Permanente (APP), principal área protegida instituída por norma jurídica no Brasil, foi criada pelo Código Florestal (Lei 4.771) em 1965. Por sua importância ecológica e fornecimento de bens e serviços ambientais ao homem, as APPs são reconhecidas por suas funções técnicas como áreas que devem ser preservadas. Muitas interpretações divergem do espírito da criação da Lei, seja pelo preciosismo linguístico ou pelo uso distorcido da hermenêutica O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar os principais pontos conflituosos do entendimento, da interpretação e da instituição das Áreas de Preservação Permanente. Concluiu-se que há, na literatura, pertinentes interpretações contrárias ao espírito da norma jurídica que institui as APPs; as APPs devem ser preservadas e, em caso de degradação, a legislação deixa patente que o passivo ambiental deve ser sanado; a intocabilidade das APPs não é inexorável, pois o CONAMA, em alguns casos, pode definir critérios para sua utilização; as intervenções em APP, permitidas por lei nos casos de utilidade pública, interesse social e atividade eventual e de baixo impacto ambiental necessitam de melhor regulamentação.

The Permanent Preservation Area (PPA), the main protected area established by law in Brazil, was established by the Forest Code (Law 4771) in 1965. Due to their ecological importance and provision of environmental goods and services to humans, the PPAs are recognized for their technical functions as areas that should be preserved. Many of these differing interpretations of the spirit of the law occur depending on the language preciosism and the distorted use of hermeneutics. The objective of this research was to analyze the main points of conflict in the interpretation, understanding and establishment of permanent preservation areas. It was concluded that there is in literature interpretations contrary to the spirit of the legal rule establishing the PPAs; the PPAs should be preserved and, in case of degradation, the legislation makes it clear that environmental liabilities should be corrected; the untouchability of the PPA is not inexorable, as the CONAMA, in some cases, may establish criteria for its use; intervention in PPA permitted by law in cases of public interest, social interest and activity and low potential environmental impact need better regulation.

Áreas de preservação permanente na legislação ambiental brasileira

The Permanent Preservation Area (PPA), the main protected area established by law in Brazil, was established by the Forest Code (Law 4771) in 1965. Due to their ecological importance and provision of environmental goods and services to humans, the PPAs are recognized for their technical functions as areas that should be preserved. Many of these differing interpretations of the spirit of the law occur depending on the language preciosism and the distorted use of hermeneutics. The objective of this research was to analyze the main points of conflict in the interpretation, understanding and establishment of permanent preservation areas. It was concluded that there is in literature interpretations contrary to the spirit of the legal rule establishing the PPAs; the PPAs should be preserved and, in case of degradation, the legislation makes it clear that environmental liabilities should be corrected; the untouchability of the PPA is not inexorable, as the CONAMA, in some cases, may establish criteria for its use; intervention in PPA permitted by law in cases of public interest, social interest and activity and low potential environmental impact need better regulation.

A Área de Preservação Permanente (APP), principal área protegida instituída por norma jurídica no Brasil, foi criada pelo Código Florestal (Lei 4.771) em 1965. Por sua importância ecológica e fornecimento de bens e serviços ambientais ao homem, as APPs são reconhecidas por suas funções técnicas como áreas que devem ser preservadas. Muitas interpretações divergem do espírito da criação da Lei, seja pelo preciosismo linguístico ou pelo uso distorcido da hermenêutica O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar os principais pontos conflituosos do entendimento, da interpretação e da instituição das Áreas de Preservação Permanente. Concluiu-se que há, na literatura, pertinentes interpretações contrárias ao espírito da norma jurídica que institui as APPs; as APPs devem ser preservadas e, em caso de degradação, a legislação deixa patente que o passivo ambiental deve ser sanado; a intocabilidade das APPs não é inexorável, pois o CONAMA, em alguns casos, pode definir critérios para sua utilização; as intervenções em APP, permitidas por lei nos casos de utilidade pública, interesse social e atividade eventual e de baixo impacto ambiental necessitam de melhor regulamentação.

Áreas de preservação permanente na legislação ambiental brasileira

The Permanent Preservation Area (PPA), the main protected area established by law in Brazil, was established by the Forest Code (Law 4771) in 1965. Due to their ecological importance and provision of environmental goods and services to humans, the PPAs are recognized for their technical functions as areas that should be preserved. Many of these differing interpretations of the spirit of the law occur depending on the language preciosism and the distorted use of hermeneutics. The objective of this research was to analyze the main points of conflict in the interpretation, understanding and establishment of permanent preservation areas. It was concluded that there is in literature interpretations contrary to the spirit of the legal rule establishing the PPAs; the PPAs should be preserved and, in case of degradation, the legislation makes it clear that environmental liabilities should be corrected; the untouchability of the PPA is not inexorable, as the CONAMA, in some cases, may establish criteria for its use; intervention in PPA permitted by law in cases of public interest, social interest and activity and low potential environmental impact need better regulation.

A Área de Preservação Permanente (APP), principal área protegida instituída por norma jurídica no Brasil, foi criada pelo Código Florestal (Lei 4.771) em 1965. Por sua importância ecológica e fornecimento de bens e serviços ambientais ao homem, as APPs são reconhecidas por suas funções técnicas como áreas que devem ser preservadas. Muitas interpretações divergem do espírito da criação da Lei, seja pelo preciosismo linguístico ou pelo uso distorcido da hermenêutica O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar os principais pontos conflituosos do entendimento, da interpretação e da instituição das Áreas de Preservação Permanente. Concluiu-se que há, na literatura, pertinentes interpretações contrárias ao espírito da norma jurídica que institui as APPs; as APPs devem ser preservadas e, em caso de degradação, a legislação deixa patente que o passivo ambiental deve ser sanado; a intocabilidade das APPs não é inexorável, pois o CONAMA, em alguns casos, pode definir critérios para sua utilização; as intervenções em APP, permitidas por lei nos casos de utilidade pública, interesse social e atividade eventual e de baixo impacto ambiental necessitam de melhor regulamentação.