Task force of the Brazilian Society of Otology - evaluation and management of peripheral facial palsy.

OBJECTIVE: To review key evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of peripheral facial palsy in children and adults. METHODS: Task force members were educated on knowledge synthesis methods, including electronic database search, review and selection of relevant citations, and critical appraisal of selected studies. Articles written in English or Portuguese on peripheral facial palsy were eligible for inclusion. The American College of Physicians' guideline grading system and the American Thyroid Association's guideline criteria were used for critical appraisal of evidence and recommendations for therapeutic interventions. RESULTS: The topics were divided into 2 main parts: (1) Evaluation and diagnosis of facial palsy: electrophysiologic tests, idiopathic facial palsy, Ramsay Hunt syndrome, traumatic peripheral facial palsy, recurrent peripheral facial palsy, facial nerve tumors, and peripheral facial palsy in children; and (2) Rehabilitation procedures: surgical decompression of the facial nerve, facial nerve grafting, surgical treatment of long-term peripheral facial palsy, and non-surgical rehabilitation of the facial nerve. CONCLUSIONS: Peripheral facial palsy is a condition of diverse etiology. Treatment should be individualized according to the cause of facial nerve dysfunction, but the literature presents better evidence-based recommendations for systemic corticosteroid therapy.

Task force of the Brazilian Society of Otology — evaluation and management of peripheral facial palsy

Abstract Objective To review key evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of peripheral facial palsy in children and adults. Methods Task force members were educated on knowledge synthesis methods, including electronic database search, review and selection of relevant citations, and critical appraisal of selected studies. Articles written in English or Portuguese on peripheral facial palsy were eligible for inclusion. The American College of Physicians' guideline grading system and the American Thyroid Association's guideline criteria were used for critical appraisal of evidence and recommendations for therapeutic interventions. Results The topics were divided into 2 main parts: (1) Evaluation and diagnosis of facial palsy: electrophysiologic tests, idiopathic facial palsy, Ramsay Hunt syndrome, traumatic peripheral facial palsy, recurrent peripheral facial palsy, facial nerve tumors, and peripheral facial palsy in children; and (2) Rehabilitation procedures: surgical decompression of the facial nerve, facial nerve grafting, surgical treatment of long-term peripheral facial palsy, and non-surgical rehabilitation of the facial nerve. Conclusions Peripheral facial palsy is a condition of diverse etiology. Treatment should be individualized according to the cause of facial nerve dysfunction, but the literature presents better evidence-based recommendations for systemic corticosteroid therapy.

Prospects for Improving the Extent of Recovery following Peripheral Nerve Trauma: A Review.

Restoring function to damaged peripheral nerves with a gap remains challenging, with <50% of patients who undergo nerve repair surgery recovering function. Further, despite enormous efforts to improve existing techniques and develop new ones, the percentage of patients who recover function and their extent of recovery has not increased in almost 70 years. Thus, although sensory nerve grafts remain the clinical "gold standard" technique for attempting to restore function to nerves with a gap, they have significant limitations. They are effective in restoring good to excellent function only for gaps <3-5 cm, repairs performed <3-5 months post-trauma, and patients <20-25 years old. As the value of any of these variables increases, the extent of recovery decreases precipitously, and if the values of two or all three variables increase, there is little to no recovery. Therefore, novel techniques are required that increase the percentage of patients who recover function and the extent of their recovery. This review discusses the limitations of sensory nerve grafts and other techniques currently being used to repair nerves. It also discusses the use of autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP), which appears to be the most promising technique for inducing sensory and motor recovery even when the values of all three variables are significantly greater than when sensory nerve grafts alone are not effective. Thus, there is finally the promise that patients who presently have limited to no chance of any recovery may recover good to excellent sensory and motor function.

Hypoglossal-Facial Anastomosis for Facial Nerve Reconstruction: Outcomes using the Side-to-End Surgical Technique

Introduction The side-to-end hypoglossal-facial anastomosis (HFA) technique is an excellent alternative technique to the classic end-terminal anastomosis, because itmay decrease the symptoms resulting from hypoglossal-nerve transection. Methods Patients with facial nerve palsy (House-Brackmann [HB] grade VI) requiring facial reconstruction from 2014 to 2017were retrospectively included in the study. Results In total, 12 cases were identified, with a mean follow-up of 3 years. The causes of facial paralysis were due to resection of posterior-fossa tumors and trauma. There was improvement in 91.6% of the patients (11/12) after the HFA. The rate of improvement according to the HB grade was as follows: HB III - 58.3%; HB IV - 16.6%; and HB II - 16.6%. The first signs of improvement were observed in the patients with the shortest time between the paralysis and the anastomosis surgery (3.5months versus 8.5 months; p » 0.011). The patients with HB II and III had a shorter time between the diagnosis and the anastomosis surgery (mean: 5.22 months), while the patients with HB IV and VI had a longer time of paresis (mean: 9.5 months; p » 0.099). We did not observe lingual atrophy or changes in swallowing. Discussion and Conclusion Hypoglossal-facial anastomosis with the terminolateral technique has good results and low morbidity in relation to tongue motility and swallowing problems. The HB grade and recovery appear to be better in patients operated on with a shorter paralysis time.

The role of magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of peripheral nerves following traumatic lesion: where do we stand?

BACKGROUND: Peripheral nerve injury is a common and important cause of morbidity and disability in patients who have suffered a traumatic injury, particularly younger people. Various different injuries can result in damage to specific nerves. In patients with multiple trauma, the prevalence of peripheral nerve injury is estimated at 2.8%, but can reach 5% with the inclusion of brachial plexus involvement. Physical examination, as well as the origin and location of the trauma, can indicate the nerve involved and the type of nerve damage. However, the depth and severity of damage, and the structures involved often cannot be determined initially, but depend on longer periods of observation to reach a definitive and accurate diagnosis for which treatment can be proposed. Current approaches to locate and assess the severity of traumatic nerve injury involve clinical and electrodiagnostic studies. From a clinical and neurophysiological point of view, nerve injuries are classified in an attempt to correlate the degree of injury with symptoms, type of pathology, and prognosis, as well as to determine the therapy to be adopted. OBJECTIVES: MRI in the diagnosis of traumatic peripheral nerve injury has increasingly been used by surgeons in clinical practice. In this article, we analyze the use of magnetic resonance (MR) for the evaluation of traumatic peripheral nerve diseases that are surgically treatable. We also consider basic concepts in the evaluation of technical and MR signs of peripheral nerve injuries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Studies were identified following a computerized search of MEDLINE (1950 to present), EMBASE (1980 to present), and the Cochrane database. The MEDLINE search was conducted on PUBMED, the EMBASE search was conducted on OVID, and the Cochrane database was conducted using their online library. A set was created using the terms: 'traumatic', 'nerve', and 'resonance'. RESULTS: The included articles were identified using a computerized search and the resulting databases were then sorted according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. This yielded 10,340 articles (MEDLINE, n = 758; EMBASE, n = 9564; and Cochrane, n = 18). A search strategy was then built by excluding articles that only concern plexus injury and adding the terms 'neuropathies', 'DTI' and 'neurotmesis'. In total, seven studies were included in the review effectively addressing the role of MRI in the evaluation of traumatic peripheral nerve injury. We extracted all relevant information on the imaging findings and the use of magnetic resonance in trauma. We did not include technical or specific radiological aspects of the imaging techniques. CONCLUSIONS: These seven articles were subsequently evaluated by analyzing their results, methodological approach, and conclusions presented.

Olfactory ensheathing glia cell therapy and tubular conduit enhance nerve regeneration after mouse sciatic nerve transection.

The regenerative potential of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is widely known, but functional recovery, particularly in humans, is seldom complete. Therefore, it is necessary to resort to strategies that induce or potentiate the PNS regeneration. Our main objective was to test the effectiveness of Olfactory Ensheathing Cells (OEC) transplantation into a biodegradable conduit as a therapeutic strategy to improve the repair outcome after nerve injury. Sciatic nerve transection was performed in C57BL/6 mice; proximal and distal stumps of the nerve were sutured into the collagen conduit. Two groups were analyzed: DMEM (acellular grafts) and OEC (1×105/2µL). Locomotor function was assessed weekly by Sciatic Function Index (SFI) and Global Mobility Test (GMT). After eight weeks the sciatic nerve was dissected for morphological analysis. Our results showed that the OEC group exhibited many clusters of regenerated nerve fibers, a higher number of myelinated fibers and myelin area compared to DMEM group. The G-ratio analysis of the OEC group showed significantly more fibers on the most suitable sciatic nerve G-ratio index. Motor recovery was accelerated in the OEC group. These data provide evidence that the OEC therapy can improve sciatic nerve functional and morphological recovery and can be potentially translated to the clinical setting.

Evaluation of nociception and edema in experimental sciatic nerve compression model in Wistar rats treated with cryotherapy / Avaliação da nocicepção e edema em modelo experimental de compressão do nervo isquiático em ratos Wistar tratados com crioterapia

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Considering the scarcity of studies addressing cryotherapy to treat peripheral nervous injuries, this study aimed at evaluating nociception and edema in an experimental sciatic nerve compression model with Wistar rats treated with cryotherapy. METHODS: Forty-two rats were randomly distributed in groups: G1 - control, euthanized in the 15th postoperative day; G2, G3 and G4 - submitted to sciatic nerve compression and euthanized in the 3rd, 8th and 15th postoperative day, respectively; G5, G6 and G7 - submitted to sciatic nerve compression and treated with cryotherapy, euthanized in the 3rd, 8th and 15th postoperative day, respectively. Nociception evaluation at injury site and plantar region, and observation of edema were performed before injury, in the 2nd postoperative day and in the day corresponding to euthanasia of each injured group. Mixed ANOVA was used for statistical analysis, considering significant 5%. RESULTS: There has been decreased pain threshold at injury site in injured groups, however there has been increase in the same groups with regard to evaluations in the 8th and 15th postoperative days. Nociception in the plantar region was similar to previous one, however threshold has not increased. With regard to edema, there has been significant difference in evaluations in the 3rd and 2nd postoperative days corresponding to G1, G4 and G7, which had higher values as compared to pre-injury. CONCLUSION: Cryotherapy has not increased nociceptive threshold or decreased the edema.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Considerando a carência de estudos a respeito da crioterapia como tratamento de lesão nervosa periférica, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a nocicepção e o edema em modelo experimental de compressão do nervo isquiático em ratos Wistar, tratados com crioterapia. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 42 ratos separados aleatoriamente nos grupos: G1 - controle, eutanasiado no 15º de pós-operatório; G2, G3 e G4 - submetidos à compressão do nervo isquiático, eutanasiados no 3º, 8º e 15º de pós-operatório, respectivamente; G5, G6 e G7 - submetidos à compressão do nervo isquiático e tratados com crioterapia, eutanasiados no 3º, 8º e 15º de pós-operatório, respectivamente. As avaliações da nocicepção no local da lesão e na região plantar, e a verificação do edema aconteceram nos momentos pré-lesão, 2º dia de pós-operatório e no dia correspondente a eutanásia de cada grupo lesionado. A análise estatística foi pela ANOVA mista, com nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: No local da lesão houve diminuição do limiar doloroso nos grupos lesionados, entretanto, apresentou aumento do mesmo nos grupos relacionados às avaliações do 8º e 15º de pós-operatório. Já a nocicepção realizada na região plantar foi semelhante à anterior, porém o limar não aumentou. Com relação ao edema, houve diferença significativa na avaliação realizada no 3º e no 2º dias de pós-operatório correspondentes ao G1, G4 e G7, que apresentaram valores maiores comparadas com a pré-lesão. CONCLUSÃO: A crioterapia não auxiliou no aumento do limiar nociceptivo e redução de edema.