Evolución clínica en neuromielitis óptica comparando el manejo con azatioprina o rituximab / Clinical evolution in neuromyelitis optica when comparing management with azathioprine and rituximab

RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN: El espectro de trastornos de neuromielitis óptica (NMOSD) es un grupo de enfermedades desmielinizantes, inflamatorias y autoinmunes, caracterizadas por episodios recurrentes de neuritis óptica y mielitis transversa longitudinal extensa, entre otras manifestaciones clínicas. Su tratamiento crónico se basa en el uso de terapias inmunosupresoras como azatioprina (AZA), micofenolato mofetilo (MFM) o rituximab (RTX). El objetivo del presente estudio es realizar un análisis comparativo de la respuesta al tratamiento con AZA o RTX. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio observacional, analítico, retrospectivo, en el cual se incluyeron inicialmente 69 pacientes con diagnóstico confirmado de NMOSD. Tras aplicar los criterios de inclusión y exclusión 59 pacientes fueron incluidos en el análisis final. RESULTADOS: En el grupo de RTX se evidenció una mejoría importante en el estado funcional en comparación con el grupo de AZA, en el que se vio un empeoramiento de este al año de seguimiento. El perfil de seguridad fue similar entre ambos grupos, con una adherencia significativamente superior en el grupo de RTX. DISCUSIÓN: Los hallazgos del presente estudio respecto a las ventajas del uso de RTX sobre AZA se encuentran en concordancia con resultados de estudios previos reportados en la literatura. CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados respaldan el uso de RTX sobre AZA como terapia de mantenimiento para pacientes con NMOSD, al estar asociado principalmente con una mejoría notable en la funcionalidad de los pacientes, al igual que una mayor adherencia al tratamiento.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (NMOSD) is a group of inflammatory, autoimmune, and demyelinating disorders. Its hallmark behavior is characterized by recurrent episodes of optic neuritis and longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis, among other clinical manifestations. Chronic therapy is based primarily in immunosuppressive therapies such as azathioprine (AZA), mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), or rituximab (RTX). The goal of this study is to perform a comparative analysis of response rates to chronic treatment with either AZA or RTX. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective observational analytic study was designed with an initial cohort of 69 patients with a diagnosis of NMOSD. After application of the inclusion and exclusion criteria a total of 59 patients were finally included in the analysis. RESULTS: The RTX group had an improved functional status when compared to the AZA group; in the latter this feature worsened after a one-year follow-up. There was also a comparable safety profile between the two groups with a significantly greater adherence to RTX regimes. DISCUSSION: The findings of the current study as to the benefits of RTX in comparison to AZA are similar to the results of previous studies. CONCLUSION: These results favor the use of RTX as maintenance treatment of NMOSD, because of its greater benefit mainly in the improvement in functional status of patients, as well as a greater adherence to treatment.

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: do patients positive and negative for anti-aquaporin-4 antibodies present distinct entities? A Colombian perspective.

INTRODUCTION: Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system characterised by attacks of optic neuritis and longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis. The discovery of anti-aquaporin-4 (anti-AQP4) antibodies and specific brain MRI findings as diagnostic biomarkers have enabled the recognition of a broader and more detailed clinical phenotype, known as neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with NMO/NMOSD with and without seropositivity for anti-AQP4 antibodies, in 2 quaternary-level hospitals in Bogotá. METHODS: Our study included patients > 18 years of age and diagnosed with NMO/NMOSD and for whom imaging and serology results were available, assessed between 2013 and 2017 at the neurology departments of hospitals providing highly complex care. Demographic, clinical, and imaging data were gathered and compared in patients with and without seropositivity for anti-AQP4 antibodies. RESULTS: The sample included 35 patients with NMO/NMOSD; the median age of onset was 46.5 years (P25-P75, 34.2-54.0); most patients had sensory (n = 25) and motor manifestations (n = 26), and a concomitant autoimmune disease was identified in 6. Twenty patients were seropositive for anti-AQP4 antibodies. Only age and presence of optic nerve involvement showed statistically significant differences between groups (P = .03). CONCLUSIONS: Clinical, imaging, and laboratory variables showed no major differences between patients with and without anti-AQP4 antibodies, with the exception of age of onset and presence of optic nerve involvement (uni- or bilateral); these factors should be studied in greater detail in larger populations.

Neuromielitis óptica y lupus eritematoso sistémico: caso clínico

La neuromielitis óptica (NMO) es una enfermedad desmielinizante del sistema Nervioso Central, con morbilidad, mortalidad alta, con respuesta favorable al tratamiento inmunosupresor y asociación infrecuente a enfermedades inmunológicas como Lupus Eritematoso Sistémico. Se reporta caso de un adolescente con diagnóstico de Neuromielitis óptica que presento durante su evolución Lupus Eritematoso Sistémico. Su evolución fue adecuada por la respuesta favorable a terapia inmunosupresora.

Optic neuromyelitis (NMO) is a demyelinating disease of the Central Nervous System, with morbidity, high mortality, favorable response to immunosuppressive treatment and infrequent association to immunological diseases such as Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. We report the case of a teenager with a diagnosis of Optic Neuromyelitis who presented Systemic Lupus Erythematosus during his evolution. Its evolution was adequate due to the favorable response to immunosuppressive therapy.

Optic neuromyelitis in relation with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: A case report

Optic neuromyelitis (ONM), also called neuromyelitis optica spectrum (Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders, NMOSD) is recognized as an inflammatory autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, mediated by autoantibodies against the aquaporin-4 receptor (AQP4-IgG). It predominantly affects the optic nerves and the spinal cord.1-3 It is known that patients with immune disorders are more likely to present other autoimmune diseases, but the relation between juvenile idiopathic arthritis and ONM has not been completely described.5 In this paper, we report a case of a patient with juvenile idiopathic arthritis, presenting with a rapidly progressive neurological condition, who is treated with biological drugs.1-4

La neuromielitis óptica (NMO), también llamada espectro de la neuromielitis óptica (neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders) se reconoce como una enfermedad inflamatoria, autoinmune, desmielinizante del sistema nervioso central, mediada por autoanticuerpos contra el receptor de acuaporina 4 (AQP4-IgG) que afecta predominantemente a los nervios ópticos y la médula espinal1-3. Es conocido que los pacientes con trastornos inmunitarios tienen más probabilidades de presentar otras enfermedades autoinmunes; sin embargo, no está completamente descrita la asociación entre artritis idiopática juvenil y NMO5. En este escrito se reporta el caso de una paciente que cursa con artritis idiopática juvenil, inició con compromiso neurológico rápidamente progresivo, y es tratada con medicamentos biológicos1-4.

The prevalence, incidence, and clinical assessment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder in patients with demyelinating diseases.

BACKGROUND: Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is characterised by recurrent attacks of optic neuritis and transverse myelitis. The purpose of this work was to identify the incidence and prevalence of NMOSD and its clinical characteristics in the population treated for demyelinating diseases in Western Mexico. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A descriptive, retrospective study was carried out in the Department of Neurology, at the Sub-specialty Medical Unit, Specialties Hospital (known by its Spanish abbreviation UMAE-HE), of the National Western Medical Center (CMNO), Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS). A review of the electronic files for all patients with a diagnosis of NMOSD in 2019, was carried out in the State of Jalisco, Mexico. RESULTS: Fifty-eight patients with NMOSD were included in the study. The incidence was 0.71/100 000 (CI 0.60-0.85) and the prevalence was 1.09/100 000 (CI 0.84-1.42). There were 79.3% women, and 20.6% were men (P = .01). All (100%) patients presented with anti-aquaporin-4 immunoglobulin G, and 89.6% showed seropositivity for anti-aquaporin-4 (CI 82.6-94.9). Magnetic resonance imaging was performed on 100% of patients, where 34.4% were normal, and 65.5% (38) abnormal, presenting with non-specific subcortical lesions (P = 0.04). The initial clinical presentation was optic neuritis (ON) in 58.6%; where 31.0% was bilateral ON, 20.7% was left ON, and 6.9% were right ON; transverse myelitis in 26.0%, area postrema syndrome (APS) in 10.3%, among others. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of NMOSD exceeds 0.71/100 000, the prevalence is low at 1.09/100 000, and NMOSD is predominantly found in women.

Síntomas gastrointestinales como manifestación de neuromielitis óptica: un reporte de caso / Gastrointestinal symptoms as a manifestation of Neuromyelitis Optica: A Case Report / Sintomas gastrointestinais como manifestação de neuromielite óptica: um reporte de caso

Se presenta el caso de una mujer en la quinta década de la vida que ingresa al servicio de urgencias con manifestaciones gastrointestinales consistentes en vómito e hipo. Después de múltiples estudios e intervenciones por especialistas, se piensa en el origen central de los síntomas. Se realiza una resonancia magnética nuclear (RMN) cerebral que permite el enfoque del caso y posterior confirmación del diagnóstico de una enfermedad dentro del espectro de la neuromielitis óptica, positiva para anticuerpos anti-acuaporinas-4. El tratamiento con esteroide y anticuerpo monoclonal (Rituximab) llevan a un control adecuado de la enfermedad.

We present a case report of a woman in her 50s admitted to the emergency room with gastrointestinal manifestations consisting of vomiting and hiccups. After a series of studies and interventions by specialists, a brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is performed in order to find the central origin of the symptoms. This allows the approach of the case and subsequent confirmation of the diagnosis of Neuromyelitis optica, positive for anti-acuaporin-4 antibodies. Finally, it seems that treatment with steroids and monoclonal antibodies leads to proper control of the disease.

Se apresenta o caso de uma mulher na quinta década de vida que ingressa ao serviço de urgências com manifestações gastrointestinais consistentes em vômito e soluço. Depois de múltiplos estudos e intervenções por especialistas, se pensa na origemcentral dos sintomas. Se realiza uma ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN) cerebral que permite o enfoque do caso e posterior confirmação do diagnóstico de uma doença dentro do espectro da neuromielite óptica, positiva para anticorpos anti-acuaporinas-4. O tratamento com esteroide e anticorpo monoclonal (Rituximab) levam a um controle adequado da doença.

Seasonal variation in attacks of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders and multiple sclerosis: Evaluation of 794 attacks from a nationwide registry in Argentina.

BACKGROUND: Identification of triggers that potentially instigate attacks in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) and multiple sclerosis (MS) has remained challenging. We aimed to analyze the seasonality of NMOSD and MS attacks in an Argentinean cohort seeking differences between the two disorders. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted in a cohort of NMOSD and MS patients followed in specialized centers from Argentina and enrolled in RelevarEM, a nationwide, longitudinal, observational, non-mandatory registry of MS/NMOSD patients. Patients with complete relapse data (date, month and year) at onset and during follow-up were included. Attack counts were analyzed by month using a Poisson regression model with the median monthly attack count used as reference. RESULTS: A total of 551 patients (431 MS and 120 NMOSD), experiencing 236 NMOSD-related attacks and 558 MS-related attacks were enrolled. The mean age at disease onset in NMOSD was 39.5 ± 5.8 vs. 31.2 ± 9.6 years in MS (p < 0.01). Mean follow-up time was 6.1 ± 3.0 vs. 7.4 ± 2.4 years (p < 0.01), respectively. Most of the included patients were female in both groups (79% vs. 60%, p < 0.01). We found a peak of number of attacks in June (NMOSD: 28 attacks (11.8%) vs MS: 33 attacks (5.9%), incidence rate ratio 1.82, 95%CI 1.15-2.12, p = 0.03), but no differences were found across the months in both disorders when evaluated separately. Strikingly, we observed a significant difference in the incidence rate ratio of attacks during the winter season when comparing NMOSD vs. MS (NMOSD: 75 attacks (31.7%) vs MS: 96 attacks (17.2%), incidence rate ratio 1.82, 95%CI 1.21-2.01, p = 0.02) after applying Poisson regression model. Similar results were observed when comparing the seropositive NMOSD (n = 75) subgroup vs. MS. CONCLUSIONS: Lack of seasonal variation in MS and NMOSD attacks was observed when evaluated separately. Future epidemiological studies about the effect of different environmental factors on MS and NMOSD attacks should be evaluated prospectively in Latin America population.

Perfil clínico y epidemiológico de los pacientes con diagnóstico de neuromielitis óptica / Clinical and epidemiological profile of patients with neuromyelitis optica diagnosis

INTRODUCCIÓN. El trastorno del espectro de neuromielitis óptica, enfermedad inflamatoria, desmielinizante, afecta al sistema nervioso central, frecuente en poblaciones no caucásicas como la ecuatoriana. El retraso en su diagnóstico y tratamiento provoca discapacidad que se puede prevenir. OBJETIVO. Determinar el perfil clínico y epidemiológico de los pacientes con diagnóstico de trastorno del espectro de neuromielitis óptica. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS. Estudio descriptivo transversal. Población de 45 Historias Clínicas y una muestra de 41 de pacientes con diagnóstico de trastorno del espectro de neuromielitis óptica atendidos en la Unidad de Neurología del Hospital de Especialida-des Carlos Andrade Marín, período enero 2005 a diciembre 2019. Se realizó análisis univarial. Se aplicó el programa estadístico International Business Machines Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, versión 25. RESULTADOS. El 76,0% (31; 41) fueron mujeres. Datos promedios: edad 48,9 años; diagnóstico definitivo demoró 4,12 años, desde el inicio de los síntomas; tiempo de diagnóstico fue 3,17 años; 3,7 brotes en total; el 87,8% (36; 41) con un fenotipo recurrente. La media de duración de la enfermedad fue de 6,8 años. En el 70,7% (29; 41), se identificaron anticuerpos anti-AQP4 en suero mediante inmunofluorescencia directa, el 51,2% requirieron para la marcha apoyo uni o bilateral. El 43,9% (18; 41) debutó con neuritis óptica; el 31,7% (13; 41) presentaron mielitis como primer síntoma y el 24,4% (10; 41) la combinación de neuritis óptica y mielitis fueron los síntomas iniciales. CONCLUSIÓN. Se determinó el perfil clínico y epi-demiológico de los pacientes con diagnóstico de trastorno del espectro de neuromielitis óptica. Existió demora en el diagnóstico definitivo de los pacientes desde el inicio de los síntomas, lo que se tradujo en un aumento de la discapacidad.

INTRODUCTION. Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, an inflammatory, demyelinating disease, affects the central nervous system, common in non-Caucasian popu-lations such as Ecuadorians. The delay in its diagnosis and treatment causes disabi-lity that can be prevented. OBJECTIVE. To determine the clinical and epidemiological profile of patients diagnosed with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Cross-sectional descriptive study. Population of 45 Medical Records and a sample of 41 patients with a diagnosis of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disor-der seen at the Neurology Unit of the Carlos Andrade Marín Specialties Hospital, period from January 2005 to December 2019. Univariate analysis was performed. The statistical program International Business Machines Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 25 was used. RESULTS. 76,0% (31; 41) were women. Average data: age 48,9 years; definitive diagnosis took 4,12 years from the onset of symptoms; time to diagnosis was 3,17 years; 3,7 outbreaks in total; 87,8% (36; 41) with a recurrent phenotype. The average disease duration was 6,8 years. In 70,7% (29; 41), anti-AQP4 antibodies were identified in serum by direct immunofluorescence, 51,2% required uni- or bilateral su-pport for walking. Optic neuritis started in 43,9% (18; 41); 31,7% (13; 41) had myelitis as the first symptom and 24,4% (10; 41) the combination of optic neuritis and myelitis were the initial symptoms. CONCLUSION. The clinical and epidemiological profile of patients diagnosed with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder was determined. There was delay in the conclusive diagnosis of patients from the beginning of symptoms, which resulted in increased disability.

Neuromielitis óptica: reporte de un caso clínico / Optic neuromyelitis: a clinical case report

La neuromielitis óptica (NMO) y los trastornos del espectro de neuromielitis óptica (NMOSD) son trastornos poco frecuentes, mediados por anticuerpos del sistema nervioso central (SNC) con predilección por la médula espinal y los nervios ópticos. Existe una fuerte predilección femenina. En el caso de la forma recurrente más común de la enfermedad, que representa del 80% al 90% de los casos, las mujeres están sobrerrepresentadas con una proporción de 5 a 10: 1.6. La edad media de inicio es de 39,7 años. Objetivo: Determinar la causa de neuromielitis óptica en paciente femenina de 24 años de edad. Materiales y métodos: Es una investigación enmarcada en el paradigma positivista, con enfoque cuantitativo. Con un estudio de campo-descriptivo, no experimental, en la modalidad de caso clínico único. El método utilizado fue la historia clínica y consentimiento informado. Resultado: Se presenta el caso de una paciente de sexo femenino de 24 años de edad, sin antecedentes patológicos personales. Presentó pérdida progresiva de la visión de 2 meses de evolución, que se acompañaba de dolor en región cervical de moderada intensidad y en 24 horas presentó parestesia en brazo derecho, afasia, cuadro neurológico que evolucionó hasta presentar cuadriparesia, insuficiencia respiratoria aguda. Conclusión: En IRM de columna cervical se evidencia cambio anormal de la señal medular cervical evidente en secuencias T2 flair lesión hiperintensa longitudinalmente extensa que abarca más de 3 cuerpos vertebrales. Fue tratada con corticoides y plasmaféresis(AU)

Neuromielitis optic (NMO) and neuromielitis optic spectrum disorders (NMOSD) are rare disorders mediated by antibodies of the central nervous system (CNS) with a predilection for the spinal cord and optic nerves. There is a strong female predilection. In the case of the most common recurrent form of the disease, which accounts for 80% to 90% most of the cases are women with a ratio of five to 10: 1.6. The mean age of onset is 39.7 years. Objective: To determine the cause of neuromielitis optica in a 24-year-old female patient. Materials and methods: It is an investigation framed in the positivist paradigm, with a quantitative approach. With a descriptive field study, not experimental, in the single clinical case modality. The method used was the medical history and informed consent. Result: The case of a 24-year-old female patient with no presented personal pathological history. She presented progressive loss of vision of 2 months of evolution, accompanied by pain in the cervical region of moderate intensity and within 24 hours, she presented paresthesia in the right arm, aphasia, a neurological picture that evolved until presenting cuadriparesia, acute respiratory failure. Conclusion: An MRI of the cervical spine shows an abnormal change in the cervical spinal signal evident in T2 sequences flair a longitudinally extensive hiperintensa lesion that encompasses more than 3 vertebral bodies. Her treatment was corticosteroids and plasmapheresis(AU)

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: Do patients positive and negative for anti-aquaporin-4 antibodies present distinct entities? A Colombian perspective. / Espectro de neuromielitis óptica: ¿seropositivo para la anticuaporina es una entidad diferente de los pacientes que son seronegativos? Una perspectiva de Colombia.

INTRODUCTION: Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system characterised by attacks of optic neuritis and longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis. The discovery of anti-aquaporin-4 (anti-AQP4) antibodies and specific brain MRI findings as diagnostic biomarkers have enabled the recognition of a broader and more detailed clinical phenotype, known as neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with NMO/NMOSD with and without seropositivity for anti-AQP4 antibodies, in 2 quaternary-level hospitals in Bogotá. METHODS: Our study included patients > 18 years of age and diagnosed with NMO/NMOSD and for whom imaging and serology results were available, assessed between 2013 and 2017 at the neurology departments of hospitals providing highly complex care. Demographic, clinical, and imaging data were gathered and compared in patients with and without seropositivity for anti-AQP4 antibodies. RESULTS: The sample included 35 patients with NMO/NMOSD; the median age of onset was 46.5 years (P25-P75, 34.2-54.0); most patients had sensory (n = 25) and motor manifestations (n = 26), and a concomitant autoimmune disease was identified in 6. Twenty patients were seropositive for anti-AQP4 antibodies. Only age and presence of optic nerve involvement showed statistically significant differences between groups (p = .03). CONCLUSIONS: Clinical, imaging, and laboratory variables showed no major differences between patients with and without anti-AQP4 antibodies, with the exception of age of onset and presence of optic nerve involvement (uni- or bilateral); these factors should be studied in greater detail in larger populations.

Mielopatía por causa dual: neurosífilis y deficiencia de ácido fólico: reporte de caso / Dual cause myelopathy: neurosyphilis and folic acid deficiency: case report

RESUMEN La mielitis transversa es una lesión de la médula espinal que causa déficit completo (sensitivo, motor y esfinteriano) desde el nivel en el cual se presenta. Existe una variante denominada longitudinalmente extensa, la cual en la imagen por resonancia magnética (RM) afecta a tres o más cuerpos vertebrales. Se presenta el caso de un paciente con un síndrome medular secundario a neurosífilis y deficiencia de ácido fólico con lesiones medulares extensas.

SUMMARY Transverse myelitis is the spinal cord injury that causes complete deficit (sensory and motor) from the level in which it is present, classically associated with the loss of sphincter control. There is a variant known as longitudinally extensive, which in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) affects three or more vertebral segments. We present the case of a patient with a medullary syndrome secondary to neurosyphilis with folate deficiency and extensive spinal cord injuries.

Mielitis longitudinal extensa de presentación muy tardía: Una entidad del espectro de la neuromielitis óptica / Extensive longitudinal myelitis of very late presentation. An entity of the spectrum of optic neuromyelitis

Las enfermedades del espectro neuromielitis óptica son trastornos inflamatorios del sistema nervioso central caracterizados por una grave desmielinización y daño axonal inmunomediado que afecta principalmente a los nervios ópticos y médula espinal. Suelen presentars e en edades tempranas, aunque existen algunas comunicaciones en la literatura de pacientes con presentaciones tardías. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 78 años que consultó por un cuadro de paraparesia grave, trastornos sensitivos y retención urinaria. Se realizó una resonancia magnética de columna cervicodorsal que evidenció una lesión medular longitudinal extensa. Se descartaron otras causas secundarias, basadas en la clínica y en resultados de laboratorio. El dosaje de anticuerpos anti-acuaporina 4 resultó positivo. Se indicó tratamiento con glucocorticoides a altas dosis y plasmaféresis, y mantenimiento con rituximab, obteniendo escasa respuesta clínica. En pacientes con lesiones medulares extensas se deben contemplar múltiples diagnósticos diferenciales según la presentación clínica, hallazgos mediante estudios por imágenes y epidemiología. Asimismo, debe incluir la búsqueda de anticuerpos anti-acuaporina 4 y contra la glicoproteína de la mielina del oligodendrocito, ya que el pronóstico funcional de estos pacientes suele ser desfavorable debido al gran componente destructivo de las lesiones. En consecuencia, el tratamiento temprano es fundamental a fin de limitar el daño agudo y prevenir futuras recaídas, lo cual es especialmente importante en presentaciones tardías de esta entidad debido a la escasa reserva funcional y baja capacidad de remielinización.

Optic neuromyelitis spectrum diseases are inflammatory disorders of the central nervous system characterized by severe demyelination and immunomediated axonal damage that mainly affects the optic nerves and spinal cord. They usually appear at an early age, although there are some reports in the literature of patients with late presentations. We present the case of a 78-year-old woman who consulted for severe paraparesis, sensory disorders, and urinary retention. An MRI of the cervicodorsal spine was performed, showing extensive longitudinal spinal injury. Secondary causes based on clinical observations and laboratory studies were ruled out. The dosage of anti-aquaporin 4 antibodies was positive. Acute treatment with high-dose glucocorticoids and plasmapheresis was indicated, and maintenance with rituximab, obtaining little clinical response. In patients with extensive spinal injuries, multiple differential diagnoses should be considered according to the clinical presentation, findings through imaging studies and epidemiology. Likewise, it should include the search for anti-aquaporin 4 antibodies and against the oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein, since the functional prognosis of these patients is usually unfavourable due to the large destructive component of the lesions. Consequently, early treatment is essential in order to limit acute damage and prevent future relapses, which is especially important in late presentations of this entity due to the low functional reserve and low remyelination capacity.

Bases Fisiopatológicas Del Espectro De Neuromielitis Óptica: ¿Qué Sabemos? / Pathophysiological Basis Of Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders: What do we know?

Resumen El espectro de Neuromielitis óptica (NMOSD por su sigla en inglés) corresponde a un conjunto de manifestaciones clínicas derivadas de un proceso inflamatorio y desmielinizante del sistema nervioso central, que causa lesiones primariamente en la médula espinal y nervios ópticos, pero también en otras regiones como tronco encefálico, diencéfalo o áreas cerebrales específicas. La mayoría de los pacientes con NMOSD son seropositivos para autoanticuerpos contra AQP4, el principal canal de agua de los astrocitos, sin embargo, existe un porcentaje no despreciable de pacientes, cercano al 25%, quienes son seronegativos para estos anticuerpos y en quienes la presencia de anticuerpos dirigidos contra mielina (anti-MOG) podrían tener un rol patogénico, el cual a la fecha no ha sido bien dilucidado. La evidencia científica actual, ha permitido reconocer que AQP4-IgG es patogénico en NMOSD, probablemente por un mecanismo que involucra citotoxicidad celular dependiente de la activación del complemento, generando infiltración leucocitaria, liberación de citokinas y disrupción de la barrera hemato-encefálica, lo cual lleva a muerte de oligodendrocitos, pérdida de mielina y muerte neuronal. Este artículo presenta una revisión basada en la evidencia, la cual enfatiza los principales aspectos de la patogénesis de NMOSD.

Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (NMOSD) is a set of clinical manifestations derived from an inflammatory and demyelinating process of the central nervous system that causes lesions primarily in spinal cord and optic nerves but also in other regions such as brainstem, diencephalon or specific brain areas. Most patients with NMOSD are seropositive for autoantibodies against AQP4, the major water channel of astrocytes, however there is a non-negligible percentage of patients, close to 25%, who are seronegative for these antibodies and in whom the presence of antibodies directed against myelin (anti-MOG) could have a pathogenic role that to date has not been well elucidated. Current scientific evidence has allowed recognize that AQP4-IgG is pathogenic in NMOSD, probably by a mechanism involving complement dependent cellular cytotoxicity, causing leucocyte infiltration, cytokine release and blood-brain barrier disruption, which leads to oligodendrocyte death, myelin loss and neuron death. This article presents an evidence-based review, which emphasizes the main aspects in NMOSD pathogenesis.

Clinical, Paraclinical and Imaging Characterization of a Population of Colombian Patients with Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder at the Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia / Caracterización clínica, paraclínica e imaginológica de una población de pacientes Colombianos con espectro de Neuromielitis óptica del Hospital Universitario San Ignacio

SUMMARY INTRODUCTION: Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO) is an inflammatory syndrome of the central nervous system, different from multiple sclerosis, that is associated with aquaporin-4 IgG antibodies (AQP4-IgG). The new nomenclature defines a unified term of Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (NMOSD), seropositive or seronegative according to the AQP4-IgG positivity. OBJECTIVES: Demographic, clinical, imaging and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytochemistry characterization of patients diagnosed with NMOSD at the Hospital Universitario San Ignacio (HUSI), Bogotá, Colombia, during 2006-2017. METHODS: A descriptive observational longitudinal study of patients diagnosed with NMO according to the International consensus diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders 2015 evaluated in HUSI during 2006-2017. An analysis of quantitative variables was performed with mean, standard deviation, median and interquartile range (IQR), and of qualitative variables with absolute numbers and percentages. A Wilcoxon sign-rank sum test was performed for paired data to evaluate the correlation between visual acuity (VA) and EDSS disability scale at admission and discharge after treatment. RESULTS: Data was collected for 37 patients. The mean age was 42 years-old. The form of presentation was optic neuritis (ON) in 81.1% of the cases. In patients who presented as ON, it was typical in 21.6%, atypical in 43.2% and bilateral in 18.9% of them. An average of 4.6 plasmapheresis (PPH) were performed; at discharge 45.9% presented a visual acuity (VA) lower than 20/800. The mean Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) on admission was 2.8 (SD 1,4) and 2.2 (SD: 1,4). at discharge. CONCLUSION: Colombian NMOSD patients have shown an increasingly frequent phenotype variability Including a higher proportion of patients with bilateral optic neuritis, smaller number of patients with oligoclonal bands pattern II and with typical lesions of multiple sclerosis (MS) in MRI with seropositive NMO and a greater number of cases debuting with partial segment partial myelitis.

RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN: La Neuromielitis óptica (NMO) es un síndrome inflamatorio del sistema nervioso central diferente a la esclerosis múltiple que se asocia con anticuerpos IgG acuaporina-4 (AQP4-IgG). La nueva nomenclatura define el termino unificado de trastornos del espectro de Neuromielitis óptica (NMOSD), seropositiva o negativa de acuerdo a la positividad de AQP4-IgG. OBJETIVOS: Caracterización demográfica, clínica, imaginológica y del citoquímico de líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR) en los pacientes con diagnóstico de NMOSD en el Hospital Universitario San Ignacio (HUSI), Bogotá, Colombia del año 2006-2017. MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional descriptivo longitudinal, pacientes con diagnóstico de NMO según criterios de Wingerchuck 2015, valorados en el HUSI, del 2006-2017. Se realizó análisis de variables cuantitativas con promedio, desviación estándar, mediana y percentil 25-75, las variables cualitativas con frecuencia absoluta y porcentajes. Se realizó prueba de Wilcoxon Signrank sum test para datos pareados para evaluar la correlación entre agudeza visual (AV) y escala de discapacidad de EDSS (Escala Expandida del Estado de Discapacidad) de ingreso y egreso posterior al tratamiento. RESULTADOS: 37 pacientes participaron. La edad promedio fue de 42 años. La forma de presentación fue neuritis óptica (NO) en el 81,1% de los casos. En los pacientes que se presentaron como NO fue típica en el 21,6%, atípica en 43,2% y bilateral 18,9% de los casos. Se realizó un promedio de 4,6 plasmaféresis (PMF), al egreso el 45,9% presentaron una agudeza visual (AV) menor de 20/800. EDSS de ingreso promedio 2,8 y el de egreso posterior a tratamiento fue de 2,2. CONCLUSIÓN: Existe variabilidad fenotípica, cada vez mas frecuente, en los pacientes con NMOSD. Incluyendo una mayor frecuencia de neuritis óptica bilateral, menor numero de pacientes con bandas oligoclonales patrón II positivas y con lesiones típicas de EMN en RMN con NMO seropositiva y una mayor presentación de casos debutando con mielitis parcial de segmento corto

Neuritis óptica recurrente posterior a encefalomielitis diseminada aguda en pediatría. Reporte de un caso / Recurrent optic neuritis after acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in pediatrics. A case report

Abstract: Optic Neuritis (ON) is a condition caused by the inflammation of the optic nerve, causing diminished visual acuity and ocular pain. It is tightly related to Multiple Sclerosis (MS), often being the first demyelinating event. There is a 31% risk of recurrence during the first 10 years after the diagnosis, and 48% of the patients end up being diagnosed with Multiple Sclerosis1. Imaging studies like brain MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) have a critical role in the diagnosis and prognosis of ON, as well as in the recognition of MS.2 The patient is a 11-year-old girl with recurrent ON and past medical history of Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM) when she was 5 years old. ON diagnosis was based on clinical findings as well as on ophtalmologic, electrophysiologic and imaging studies. The recurrent episodes of ON improved after the use of high dose steroids. Recurrences were observed after titration of the dose, but remission was achieved after adjustment of treatment. During one of the recurrent episodes, blood work was performed to evaluate possible underlying infectious, demyelinating or autoinmmune process. Anti-MOG antibodies were found positive. The patient at the moment is not presenting with any other criteria suggesting MS or Optic Neuromyelitis, but long term follow up is adviced. Key words: Optic neuritis (ON), multiple sclerosis (MS), acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), right eye (RE); visual acuity (VA), optic neuromyelitis (ONM)

Neuromielitis óptica / Neuromyelitis optica

La neuromielitis óptica (NMO) es un trastorno autoinmune, inflamatorio y desmielinizante del sistema nervioso central con predilección por los nervios ópticos y médula espinal. En el año 2004 se publicó la asociación de NMO con un anticuerpo contra el canal de agua acuaporina 4 (anti-AQP4), como una enfermedad diferente de la esclerosis múltiple (EM). Actualmente se propone el término trastornos del espectro NMO (NMOSD), debido a que las manifestaciones de la enfermedad pueden ser más extensas, afectando además del nervio óptico y médula espinal, al área postrema del bulbo raquídeo, tronco encefálico, diencéfalo y áreas cerebrales típicas (periependimarias, cuerpo calloso, cápsula interna y sustancia blanca subcortical). NMOSD se aplica también a pacientes que cumplen los criterios de NMO y son negativos para anti-AQP4. Dentro de este último grupo se ha detectado en un 20% la presencia de otro anticuerpo, anti-MOG (Glicoproteína oligodendrocítica de mielina) con un mecanismo fisiopatológico diferente pero con una clínica, en algunos casos, similar, y en general con mejor pronóstico. El tratamiento inmunosupresor en la crisis, así como el tratamiento a largo plazo en los casos que esté indicado, es fundamental para evitar secuelas y recidivas. El diagnóstico correcto de esta entidad es fundamental ya que puede ser agravado con el uso de fármacos útiles en el tratamiento de EM. En esta publicación haremos una revisión de la fisiopatología, clínica y criterios diagnósticos de NMOSD, y discutiremos las distintas opciones terapéuticas.

Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is an autoimmune, inflammatory and de myelinat ing disorder of the central nervous system with a predilection for the optic nerves and spinal cord. In 2004 the association of NMO with an antibody against the water channel aquaporin 4 (anti-AQP4) was published as a different pathology from multiple sclerosis (MS). Currently the term NMO spectrum disorders (NMOSD) is proposed, because the manifestations of the disease can be more extensive, affecting in addition to the optic nerve and spinal cord, the area postrema of the dorsal medulla, brainstem, diencephalon and typical brain areas (periependymal, corpus callosum, internal capsule and subcortical white matter). NMOSD is also applied to patients who meet the NMO criteria and are negative for AQP4-IgG. Within the latter group, the presence of another antibody, anti-MOG, has been detected in 20%, with a different physiopathological mechanism, but with a similar clinic and a better prognosis. The immunosuppressive treatment in the attack, as well as the long-term treatment in the cases that are indicated, is fundamental to avoid sequelaes and recurrences. The correct diagnosis of this entity is essential since it can be aggravated with the use of drugs useful in the treatment of MS. In this publication we will review the pathophysiology, clinical and diagnostic criteria of NMOSD, and discuss the different therapeutic options.

Enfermedad de Devic con respuesta favorable a rituximab: reporte de un caso / Devic disease with favorable response to rituximab: report of a case

La enfermedad de Devic, también llamada neuromielitis óptica, es una entidad autoinmune desmielinizante del Sistema Nervioso Central, poco común que compromete los nervios ópticos y la médula espinal, ocasio-nando pérdida de la agudeza visual y afección motora. A continuación, se presenta el caso clínico de una mujer de 25 años, que presenta signos de mielopatía y amaurosis súbitas, cumpliendo criterios para neuromielitis óptica. Se inicia tratamiento con bolos de metilprednisolona sin mejoría, decidiéndose administrar Rituximab con respuesta favorable temprana. El Rituximab pertenece al grupo de anticuerpos monoclonales anti ­ CD20, una opción importante ante la falta de respuesta a la primera línea de tra-tamiento.

Devic's disease, is also called neuromyelitis optica, it is a demyelinating autoimmune entity of the central nervous system, it is uncommon and it compromises the optic nerves and the spinal cord, causing loss of visual acuity and motor impairment. A clinical case of a 25-year-old woman with signs of sudden myelopathy and amaurosis is presented. It is fulfilling crite-ria for neuromyelitis optica. The treatment with methylprednisolone boluses started without any improvement, and Rituximab was applied with an early favorable response. Rituximab belongs to the group of anti-CD20 monoclo-nal antibodies, it was an important option in the absence of response to the first line of treatment.

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder in pediatrics. case report

ABSTRACT Introduction: Neuromyelitis optica is an inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system that accounts for 5% of demyelinating diseases in pediatrics. Its clinical presentation is variable and associated to the involved area of the central nervous system. Case presentation: This is the case of a 15-year-old patient who consulted several times for nonspecific neurological symptoms. During his last visit to the Clínica Universitaria Colombia in Bogotá, he presented with bilateral optic neuritis, associated with frontal and parietal headache. Immunophenotyping studies were carried out, reporting positive IgG anti-aquaporin 4 antibodies (anti-AQP4 antibody), thus leading to a diagnosis of seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). Management with methylprednisolone pulses was initiated with subsequent outpatient management with rituximab that allowed stabilizing the disease. Discussion: This is an interesting case due to its insidious and uncertain onset in a pediatric patient. It was possible to evaluate clinical and diagnostic differences in relation to its presentation in adults. NMOSD mediated by anti-AQP4 is rare; brain and bone marrow MRI are essential for diagnosis. The treatment of choice for acute conditions consists of high doses of methylprednisolone. Conclusion: This disorder may result in irreversible neurological damage; for this reason, high suspicion is required for early diagnosis and timely treatment.

RESUMEN Introducción. La neuromielitis óptica es un trastorno inflamatorio del sistema nervioso central que representa el 5% de las enfermedades desmielinizantes en pediatría. Su presentación clínica es variable y está ligada al área del sistema nervioso central comprometida. Presentación de caso. Paciente masculino de 15 años quien consulta en varias oportunidades por síntomas neurológicos inespecíficos y que en su última visita a la Clínica Universitaria Colombia, en Bogotá, presenta un cuadro de neuritis óptica bilateral, asociado a cefalea frontal y parietal. Se realizan estudios de in-munotipificación que documentan positividad para anticuerpos IgG y anti acuaporina 4 (ACS anti-AQP4), permitiendo así el diagnóstico de desorden del espectro de neuromielitis óptica (NMOSD, por su sigla en inglés) seropositivo; se inicia manejo con pulsos de metilprednisolona a dosis de 1g intravenoso cada 24 horas, con posterior manejo ambulatorio con Rituximab, que permiten estabilización de la enfermedad. Discusión. Se presenta un caso interesante por su inicio insidioso e incierto en un paciente pediátrico. Este caso permite evaluar las diferencias clínicas y diagnósticas en relación a su presentación en adultos. El NMOSD mediado por ACS anti-AQP4 es poco común; para su diagnóstico es esencial la resonancia magnética cerebral y de médula ósea. El tratamiento de elección para cuadros agudos consiste en altas dosis de metilprednisolona. Conclusión. El NMOSD puede producir daño neurológico irreversible, por esto requiere un alto índice de sospecha para su diagnóstico temprano y tratamiento oportuno.

Neuromielitis óptica durante el embarazo: Reporte de caso / Neuromyelitis optica during pregnancy: A case report

Neuromyelitis optica is a demyelinating autoimmune inflammatory disorder that affects the spinal cord and the optic nerves. The disease mechanism consists in the production of immunoglobulin G antibodies, which mainly target the aquaporin-4 channel, thus initiating an inflammatory and demyelinating process in the hypothalamic regions. Prognosis is poor. It has a prominent female predominance. Many of these patients are in childbearing age and pregnancy seems to be a factor that worsens the disease. We present a case of neuromyelitis optica during pregnancy in a 41-year-old patient with 23 weeks of gestation who suffered from cutaneous hypersensitivity, acute visual decrease of her right eye together with pain in eye movements, paresthesia and bilateral neuropathic pain of the lower and upper limbs. Magnetic resonance imaging showed an increase in the optic nerve and spinal cord uptake from C2 to C6 and the patient tested positive for aquaporin-4 antibodies. The patient was treated effectively with corticosteroids.

La neuromielitis óptica es un trastorno inflamatorio autoinmune desmielinizante que afecta a la médula espinal y los nervios ópticos. El mecanismo de la enfermedad es la producción de anticuerpos de inmunoglobulina G cuyo objetivo principal es el canal de aquaporina-4 que desencadena un proceso inflamatorio y desmielinizante en las regiones hipotalámicas. Los pacientes tienen mal pronóstico. Tiene un predominio femenino prominente; muchos de estos pacientes están en edad fértil y el embarazo parece ser un factor que empeora la enfermedad. Se presenta un caso de neuromielitis óptica durante el embarazo en paciente de 41 años con 23 semanas de gestación, quien presentó hipersensibilidad cutánea, disminución visual aguda de su ojo derecho, dolor en los movimientos oculares, parestesias y dolor neuropático bilateral de miembros inferiores y superiores. La resonancia magnética mostró incremento de la captación del nervio óptico y médula espinal desde C2 hasta C6, y la determinación de anticuerpo aquaporina-4 fue positiva. La paciente fue tratada efectivamente con corticosteroides.

Ensayo pictórico: diagnóstico diferencial radiológico en esclerosis múltiple / Pictory essay: radiological differential diagnosis of multiple sclerosis

La esclerosis múltiple (EM) es la enfermedad inflamatorio-desmielinizante del Sistema nervioso central más prevalente en adultos. La resonancia magnética (RM) juega un rol cada vez más importante en el estudio de esta patología, en especial en su diagnóstico precoz, por lo que la diferenciación imagenológica de variantes frecuentes e infrecuentes de EM con otras patologías de sustancia blanca que comprometen encéfalo y médula espinal es esencial. Mediante una revisión pictórica se ilustrarán características típicas en RM del compromiso por EM y de variantes menos habituales de lesión desmielinizante, y se ilustrarán hallazgos característicos de lesiones relacionadas a vasculopatías inflamatorias y no inflamatorias, encefalomielitis diseminada aguda (ADEM), neuromielitis óptica (NMO) y enfermedades vasculares de la médula espinal que pueden simular EM, con énfasis en el diagnóstico diferencial radiológico.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most prevalent inflammatory-demyelinating disease of the central nervous system in adult population. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has an increasingly important role, especially in early diagnosis, so the imaging differentiation of frequent and infrequent variants of MS with other white matter diseases of brain and spinal cord is essential. Through a pictorial essay we show typical MR features of MS and more infrequent variants of demyelinating lesions and illustrate characteristic imaging findings of inflammatory and non-inflammatory vasculopathies, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), neuromyelitis optica (NMO) and vascular diseases of spinal cord that may simulate MS, with emphasis on imaging differential diagnosis.