Taxa-dependent temporal trends in the abundance and size of sea urchins in subtropical eastern Australia.

Subtropical reefs host a dynamic mix of tropical, subtropical, and temperate species that is changing due to shifts in the abundance and distribution of species in response to ocean warming. In these transitional communities, biogeographic affinity is expected to predict changes in species composition, with projected increases of tropical species and declines in cool-affinity temperate species. Understanding population dynamics of species along biogeographic transition zones is critical, especially for habitat engineers such as sea urchins that can facilitate ecosystem shifts through grazing. We investigated the population dynamics of sea urchins on coral-associated subtropical reefs at 7 sites in eastern Australia (28.196° S to 30.95° S) over 9 years (2010-2019), a period impacted by warming and heatwaves. Specifically, we investigated the density and population size structure of taxa with temperate (Centrostephanus rodgersii, Phyllacanthus parvispinus), subtropical (Tripneustes australiae) and tropical (Diadema spp.) affinities. Counter to expectation, biogeographic affinity did not explain shifts in species abundances in this region. Although we expected the abundance of tropical species to increase at their cold range boundaries, tropical Diadema species declined across all sites. The subtropical T. australiae also showed declines, while populations of the temperate C. rodgersii were remarkably stable throughout our study period. Our results show that temporal patterns of sea urchin populations in this region cannot be predicted by bio-geographic affinity alone and contribute critical information about the population dynamics of these important herbivores along this biogeographic transition zone.

Emergence of Poultry-Associated Human Salmonella enterica Serovar Abortusovis Infections, New South Wales, Australia.

Salmonella enterica serovar Abortusovis is a ovine-adapted pathogen that causes spontaneous abortion. Salmonella Abortusovis was reported in poultry in 2009 and has since been reported in human infections in New South Wales, Australia. Phylogenomic analysis revealed a clade of 51 closely related isolates from Australia originating in 2004. That clade was genetically distinct from ovine-associated isolates. The clade was widespread in New South Wales poultry production facilities but was only responsible for sporadic human infections. Some known virulence factors associated with human infections were only found in the poultry-associated clade, some of which were acquired through prophages and plasmids. Furthermore, the ovine-associated clade showed signs of genome decay, but the poultry-associated clade did not. Those genomic changes most likely led to differences in host range and disease type. Surveillance using the newly identified genetic markers will be vital for tracking Salmonella Abortusovis transmission in animals and to humans and preventing future outbreaks.

Members' experiences and perceptions of participating in an Australian Regional One Health Network.

BACKGROUND: The One Health framework is intended to optimise the interdependent health of humans, animals and ecosystems. It relies on effective collaborations across disciplines, sectors and communities. One Health networks have become increasingly important platforms for encouraging, creating and supporting collaborations. Their success is usually judged by evaluations of their outputs. However, there is also a need to understand member experiences and perceptions of the networks in which they participate. To that end, we undertook the first membership survey of a One Health network that was established in Australia in 2005. METHODS: An online membership survey was created, comprising closed and open-ended questions. RESULTS: Around one third of the Regional One Health Partnership ('the Network') participated in the study (33 members). Participants contributed a combined total of 170 years of experience in the Network and 414 years of combined experience working in/on One Health. The Network has provided excellent opportunities for cross sectoral collaboration that would otherwise not have been possible. Findings also highlighted the intangible benefits of membership such as the creation of a collaborative support group for emerging and established One Health practitioners. CONCLUSIONS: The Network plays an important role in One Health collaborations in New South Wales and further afield. Commensurate with the literature on One Health collaborations globally, we identified a need for greater diversity amongst members, especially from First Nations people, local communities, non-government organisations and wildlife/environment experts, as well as concerted attempts to identify policy implications. Our membership survey tool could be adapted for future One Health Network membership surveys in Australia and internationally.

Genome characterization of influenza A and B viruses in New South Wales, Australia, in 2019: A retrospective study using high-throughput whole genome sequencing.

BACKGROUND: During the 2019 severe influenza season, New South Wales (NSW) experienced the highest number of cases in Australia. This study retrospectively investigated the genetic characteristics of influenza viruses circulating in NSW in 2019 and identified genetic markers related to antiviral resistance and potential virulence. METHODS: The complete genomes of influenza A and B viruses were amplified using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced with an Illumina MiSeq platform. RESULTS: When comparing the sequencing data with the vaccine strains and reference sequences, the phylogenetic analysis revealed that most NSW A/H3N2 viruses (n = 68; 94%) belonged to 3C.2a1b and a minority (n = 4; 6%) belonged to 3C.3a. These viruses all diverged from the vaccine strain A/Switzerland/8060/2017. All A/H1N1pdm09 viruses (n = 20) showed genetic dissimilarity from vaccine strain A/Michigan/45/2015, with subclades 6B.1A.5 and 6B.1A.2 identified. All B/Victoria-lineage viruses (n = 21) aligned with clade V1A.3, presenting triple amino acid deletions at positions 162-164 in the hemagglutinin protein, significantly diverging from the vaccine strain B/Colorado/06/2017. Multiple amino acid substitutions were also found in the internal proteins of influenza viruses, some of which have been previously reported in hospitalized influenza patients in Thailand. Notably, the oseltamivir-resistant marker H275Y was present in one immunocompromised patient infected with A/H1N1pdm09 and the resistance-related mutation I222V was detected in another A/H3N2-infected patient. CONCLUSIONS: Considering antigenic drift and the constant evolution of circulating A and B strains, we believe continuous monitoring of influenza viruses in NSW via the high-throughput sequencing approach provides timely and pivotal information for both public health surveillance and clinical treatment.

A data-driven approach to multiple-stressor impact assessment for a marine protected area.

The coastal environment is not managed in a way that considers the impact of cumulative threats, despite being subject to threats from all realms (marine, land, and atmosphere). Relationships between threats and species are often nonlinear; thus, current (linear) approaches to estimating the impact of threats may be misleading. We developed a data-driven approach to assessing cumulative impacts on ecosystems and applied it to explore nonlinear relationships between threats and a temperate reef fish community. We used data on water quality, commercial fishing, climate change, and indicators of recreational fishing and urbanization to build a cumulative threat map of the northern region in New South Wales, Australia. We used statistical models of fish abundance to quantify associations among threats and biophysical covariates and predicted where cumulative impacts are likely to have the greatest impact on fish. We also assessed the performance of no-take zones (NTZs), to protect fish from cumulative threats across 2 marine protected area networks (marine parks). Fishing had a greater impact on fish than water quality threats (i.e., percent increase above the mean for invertivores was 337% when fishing was removed and was 11% above the mean when water quality was removed inside NTZs), and fishing outside NTZs affected fish abundances inside NTZs. Quantifying the spatial influence of multiple threats enables managers to understand the multitude of management actions required to address threats.

Una estrategia basada en datos para la evaluación de impacto de múltiples estresores en un área marina protegida Resumen Los ambientes costeros no se manejan de manera que se considere el impacto de las amenazas acumulativas, a pesar de que se enfrentan a amenazas de todos los entornos (marinas, terrestres y atmosféricas). Las relaciones entre las amenazas y las especies casi siempre son no lineales; por lo tanto, las estrategias actuales (lineales) para estimar el impacto de las amenazas pueden ser engañosas. Desarrollamos una estrategia basada en datos para evaluar el impacto acumulativo sobre los ecosistemas y la aplicamos para explorar las relaciones no lineales entre las amenazas y la comunidad de peces de arrecifes templados. Usamos datos de la calidad del agua, pesca comercial, cambio climático e indicadores de pesca recreativa y urbanización para construir un mapa acumulativo de amenazas de la región norte de Nueva Gales del Sur, Australia. Usamos modelos estadísticos de la abundancia de peces para cuantificar las asociaciones entre las amenazas y las covarianzas biofísicas y pronosticamos en dónde es probable que los impactos acumulativos sean mayores sobre los peces. También evaluamos el desempeño de las zonas de veda para así proteger a los peces de las amenazas acumulativas en dos redes de áreas marinas protegidas (parques marinos). La pesca tuvo un mayor impacto que la calidad del agua sobre los peces (es decir, el incremento del porcentaje por encima de la media de depredadores de invertebrados fue de 337% cuando se eliminó la pesca y fue de 11% por encima de la media cuando se eliminó la calidad del agua dentro de las zonas de veda) y la pesca fuera de las zonas de veda afectó la abundancia de los peces dentro de ellas. La cuantificación de la influencia espacial de las múltiples amenazas permite que los gestores entiendan la multitud de acciones de manejo que se requieren para abordar las amenazas.

The impact of COVID-19 on adult burns: A statewide review of epidemiology and clinical outcomes.

INTRODUCTION: The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted the clinical presentations of burns and the provision of services. This study aims to describe and analyse patterns and trends in adult burns across New South Wales (NSW) and the Australian Capital Territory. METHODS: A NSW statewide retrospective review was conducted from 2017 to 2022 for adult patients with burns. A comparative analysis was performed for the COVID-19 group (2020-2022) and control group between 2017 and 2019. RESULTS: We found a total of 11,433 patients (7102 non-COVID vs 4331 COVID-19). The average age in the COVID-19 group was 1.4 years older than counterparts (40.6 vs 42.0, p < 0.001). The 18 - 25 and 36 - 45 age groups experienced significantly lower proportions of presentations, whereas, the 76-85 years experienced significantly higher proportions. There was a significantly higher proportion of pressure injuries (0.1% vs 0.4%, p < 0.001) and contact burns (17.2% vs 18.7%), but lower explosions (1.3% vs 0.2%) for the COVID-19 group compared to their counterparts. The mean TBSA% was 0.4% greater in the COVID-19 group compared to their counterparts (2.4 vs 2.8, p < 0.001). There were significantly more operating sessions (0.2 vs 0.3, p < 0.001). The mean length of stay was significantly greater by 0.8 days for the COVID-19 group compared to their counterparts (1.5 vs 2.3, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Epidemiological changes were not greatly different to previous years from the impact of COVID-19. The shift in elderly presentations and operative interventions reflects the holistic care of burns units working in a new landscape with an invigorated focus on telehealth and outpatient care.

The New South Wales Sudden Cardiac Arrest Registry: A Data Linkage Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) in young people aged 1 to 50 years often occurs with no presenting symptoms or risk factors prompting screening for cardiovascular disease prior to their cardiac arrest. Approximately 3,000 young Australians suffer from sudden cardiac death (SCD) each year, making this a major public health issue. However, there is significant variation in the way incidence is estimated resulting in discrepancy across reporting which impacts our ability to understand and prevent these devastating events. We describe the New South Wales (NSW) Sudden Cardiac Arrest Registry: a retrospective, data linkage study which will identify all SCAs in the young in NSW from 2009 through to June 2022. OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence, demographic characteristics and causes of SCA in young people. We will develop an NSW-based registry that will contribute to a greater understanding of SCA including risk factors and outcomes. METHODS: The cohort will include all people who experience a SCA in the NSW community aged between 1 to 50 years. Cases will be identified using the following three datasets: the Out of Hospital Cardiac Arrest Register housed at NSW Ambulance, the NSW Emergency Department Data Collection, and the National Coronial Information System. Data from eight datasets will be collected, anonymised and linked for the entire cohort. Analysis will be undertaken and reported using descriptive statistics. CONCLUSIONS: The NSW SCA registry will be an important resource for the improved understanding of SCA and inform the widespread impacts it has on individuals, their families and society.

Impacts of Climate Change on Health and Health Services in Northern New South Wales, Australia: A Rapid Review.

Climate change is exposing populations to increasing temperatures and extreme weather events in many parts of Australia. To prepare for climate challenges, there is a growing need for Local Health Districts (LHDs) to identify potential health impacts in their region and strengthen the capacity of the health system to respond accordingly. This rapid review summarised existing evidence and research gaps on the impact of climate change on health and health services in Northern New South Wales (NSW)-a 'hotspot' for climate disaster declarations. We systematically searched online databases and selected 11 peer-reviewed studies published between 2012-2022 for the Northern NSW region. The most explored health outcome was mental health in the aftermath of floods and droughts, followed by increased healthcare utilisation due to respiratory, cardiovascular and mortality outcomes associated with bushfire smoke or heat waves. Future research directions were recommended to understand: the compounding impacts of extreme events on health and the health system, local data needs that can better inform models that predict future health risks and healthcare utilisation for the region, and the needs of vulnerable populations that require a whole-of-system response during the different phases of disasters. In conclusion, the review provided climate change and health research directions the LHD may undertake to inform future adaptation and mitigation policies and strategies relevant to their region.

Exclusive Breastfeeding at Discharge in Regional New South Wales, Australia: The Role of Antenatal Care (2011-2020).

Increasing the number of infants exclusively breastfeeding on discharge from the hospital after birth is a key goal of breastfeeding policy in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Despite consistent efforts, exclusive breastfeeding on discharge rates have declined over the past decade. Using pooled data from the New South Wales Perinatal Data Collection from 2011 to 2020, we examined the association between antenatal care (ANC) and exclusive breastfeeding at discharge from birth admission outcomes for mother-baby dyads in Southern New South Wales Local Health District (SNSWLHD). Our study confirmed that exclusive breastfeeding rates in SNSWLHD have declined over the past decade, providing local evidence to support action. Late entry to ANC and a failure to attend the recommended number of ANC visits were important predictors of a lower rate of exclusive breastfeeding on discharge. Improving accessibility to ANC visits for rural and regional mothers has potential to positively impact breastfeeding rates in SNSWLHD. We suggest that wider implementation of caseload midwifery models may have a positive impact on breastfeeding outcomes in the region for all mother-baby dyads, but particularly for Aboriginal mothers and infants, younger mothers and mothers experiencing disadvantage.

But wait, there's more! Descriptions of new species and undescribed sexes of flattie spiders (Araneae, Selenopidae, Karaops) from Australia.

Nineteen new species of Karaops are described: K.durrantorumsp. nov. (♂), K.morganoconnellisp. nov. (♀♂), K.joehaenerisp. nov. (♀), K.dalmanyisp. nov. (♀♂), K.garyodwyerisp. nov. (♂), K.dejongisp. nov. (♀♂), K.malumbusp. nov. (♀♂), K.conilurussp. nov. (♂), K.yumbubaarnjisp. nov. (♀♂), K.markharveyisp. nov. (♀♂), K.nitmiluksp. nov. (♀), K.kennerleyorumsp. nov. (♂), K.jawaywaysp. nov. (♀), K.mparntwesp. nov. (♀), K.larapintasp. nov. (♀), K.kwartatumasp. nov. (♂), K.madhawundusp. nov. (♀), and K.mareebasp. nov. (♀). The male of K.umiida Crews, 2013 was found to be misidentified and is now K.conilurussp. nov.Karaopsyindjibarndisyn. nov. is a new synonym of K.nyiyaparli. Selenopsaustraliensis L. Koch, 1875 is considered a nomen dubium because the holotype is an immature male, and the species previously referred to as K.australiensis (L. Koch, 1875) is here described as K.strayamatesp. nov. (♀♂). The males of K.marrayagong Crews & Harvey, 2011 and K.banyjima Crews, 2013 are described for the first time. To manage the growing diversity of the genus, most of the species have been placed in species groups, which are diagnosed. They are the Central Desert group, the strayamate group, the raveni group, the dawara group, the francesae group, the Kimberley group, and the Pilbara-Gascoyne group. New keys are provided to accommodate the new species, and new distribution maps and new records are provided for all species. Diagnoses and descriptions are emended where required. Images of live spiders, many not previously seen alive, and natural history information are also provided.

Trends in female sterilisations in New South Wales, 2010-2019.

BACKGROUND: Female sterilisation remains a common contraceptive method in many countries. AIMS: The aim is to analyse the recent changes in the incidence of female sterilisation in New South Wales (NSW). METHODS: Data were obtained from the NSW Admitted Patients Data Collection for all female patients who had undergone one of the five sterilisation procedures in a public or private hospitals in NSW during 2010 and 2019. Denominators for calculating sterilisation rates were estimated using census and other population data. RESULTS: The number of sterilisation cases dropped from 3407 in 2010 to 2561 in 2019, and the sterilisation rate declined from 22.6 per 10 000 females aged 20-49 in 2010 to 15.4 in 2019. Incidence was at its peak in the 35-39 age group in both years. Indigenous females had higher sterilisation rates than non-Indigenous females born in Australia or overseas. While some foreign-born females had higher sterilisation rates than for those who were in Australia or overseas on average their rates were lower than those who were born in Australia or overseas. There was a clear socio-economic gradient such that females living in the most disadvantaged areas had much higher sterilisation rates than those living in the least disadvantaged areas. The Indigenous, ethnic and socio-economic differences in sterilisation rates persisted in both years of this study. CONCLUSION: Although fertility rates in NSW changed little over the 10-year interval a steady decline in sterilisation occurred, consistent with other forms of contraception (particularly long-acting reversible types) increasing concurrently in popularity.

The Epidemiology of Infective Endocarditis in New South Wales, Australia: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study From 2001 to 2020.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the demographic differences amongst patients diagnosed with infective endocarditis (IE), predictors of adverse events, and the association between clinical decision-making and adverse health outcomes amongst patients with IE. DESIGN: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted using the New South Wales (NSW) Admitted Patient Data Collection (APDC) from the Centre for Health Record Linkage (CHeReL). PARTICIPANTS: All patients (N=18,044) from 2001 to 2020 in New South Wales who received a diagnosis of IE using ICD-10-AM diagnostic code 133.0 were included. METHODS: Categorical variables were compared using the chi-square test or Fisher's exact test, while the t-test was used for continuous variables. The association between clinical decision-making and adverse health outcomes amongst patients with IE were examined via generalised linear mixed models. RESULTS: Sex, age, birthplace and referral impacted clinical decision-making, in-hospital death and severity of the disease. Women experienced a higher risk of death and fewer escalations of care. Admission and mortality increased with age, with those aged 60 years and above responsible for 60.8% of hospitalisations. Despite octogenarians making up one-fifth of admissions and having the worst mortality rate (15.1%), they experienced only one in 10 intensive care (ICU) admissions. Overseas-born patients had fewer escalations of care and experienced less severe disease if referred by a medical practitioner. One out of 10 admissions that resulted in a hospital death were given non-emergency status, and one in two ICU patients died in hospital. CONCLUSIONS: Sex, age, place of birth, and clinical decision-making were important predictors of severe disease and death in hospital, lending weight that health care clinical decisions may adversely impact health outcomes for populations of interest.

Protecting mental health in quarantine: Exploring lived experiences of healthcare in mandatory COVID-19 quarantine, New South Wales, Australia.

Objectives: In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, Australia implemented mandatory hotel quarantine for returned international travellers from March 2020-November 2021. Healthcare was rapidly transformed and scaled up to facilitate delivery of face-to-face and virtual healthcare within quarantine facilities. We sought to understand, from the patient perspective, what a virtual model of healthcare may need to be aware of to respond to, protect, and mitigate people's mental health within a 'public health protection' context of quarantine. Design: Qualitative study design using in-depth semi-structured interviews exploring experiences of the virtual model of healthcare in quarantine. Setting: Special Health Accommodation (SHA) quarantine facilities following Australian Federal and New South Wales (NSW) State quarantine policy, NSW, Australia. Participants: 25 returned international travellers aged 18 years or older of any COVID-19 status who quarantined within SHA between October 2020-March 2021. Results: Participants identified three broad areas of concern. Firstly, their potential to transmit COVID-19, that created anxiety for all participants. Secondly, the effects of losing personal freedoms in quarantine to protect the wider Australian community. Thirdly, many participants entered quarantine during intense biographical moments in their lives, compounding the stress of their experience. Participants felt lost within the 'faceless' quarantine administrative system they navigated prior to their actual arrival in Australia and during their mandated quarantine period. This cumulative experience compromised their expectations and experiences of person-centred care once in quarantine. Conclusions: Quarantine has been a critical public health measure for managing COVID-19 in Australia. The pandemic provides opportunities to learn from quarantine implementation. Participants struggled to separate healthcare provision from the broader quarantine systems and processes. Due to this confusion, blame was directed at healthcare providers for many, and in some cases all difficulties, including those encountered getting into and once within quarantine. Valuable lessons can be learnt from engaging with patients' perspectives to adapt and strengthen future quarantine to deliver responsive, person-centred healthcare.

Impact of Antenatal Care on Perinatal Outcomes in New South Wales, Australia: A Decade-Long Regional Perspective.

Low birth weight (LBW) and preterm birth are adverse perinatal outcomes that pose a significant risk to a child's healthy beginning. While antenatal care (ANC) is an established intervention for pregnancy care, little is understood about how the number and timing of ANC visits can impact these adverse health outcomes. This study aimed to examine the impact of the number and timing of ANC visits on LBW and preterm birth in a regional setting. A decade-long perinatal dataset related to singleton live births that took place in the Southern New South Wales Local Health District (SNSWLHD) was utilized. The outcomes of interest were LBW and preterm birth, and the exposure variables were based on the Australian pregnancy guidelines on the number and timing of ANC visits. A multivariable logistic regression was performed to measure the association between outcome and exposure while adjusting for potential confounders. A greater level of protection against LBW and preterm birth was observed among mothers who had an adequate number of visits, with early entry (first trimester) into ANC. The protective effect of an adequate number of ANC visits against LBW and preterm birth among mothers with late entry into ANC (third trimester) was found to be statistically non-significant.

Implementation of a successful infection prevention and control governance structure and capacity building strategies during COVID-19 pandemic - A brief report.

An analysis of the Clinical Excellence Commissions response to COVID-19 prevention and protection measures identified the need to build on the existing governance process to achieve a more structured and methodical approach. The infection prevention and control measures and strategies implemented within health and nonhealth care, proved to be effective and sustainable with the ability to build additional clinician capacity even during an ongoing pandemic.

Food system policy making and innovation at the local level: Exploring the response of Australian local governments to critical food systems issues.

ISSUES ADDRESSED: Urgent action is required by all levels of government to create a food system capable of nourishing a rapidly growing population while remaining within planetary boundaries. This study investigated policies and programs implemented by Australian local governments (LGs) that aim to contribute to a healthy, sustainable and equitable food system. METHODS: An online survey was completed by LGs (n = 64) in New South Wales and Victoria, Australia. Questions focused on LGs' food system-related policies and programs, barriers to and enablers of engaging in food system work and organisational responsibilities for food system work. RESULTS: Preventing food waste, organising food-related social/cultural events and providing potable water were the most commonly reported activities. Few LGs reported policies/activities on market gardening or sustainable agricultural practices, or strengthening food system resilience. LGs implemented a wide range of initiatives, such as hosting food forums, using research to identify and address food access issues and providing healthy food and drink options within LG-owned/managed facilities. Enablers of food system work included internal LG support, human resources, external funding and partnerships. Barriers included lack of community interest, short-term and/or project-based funding, internal governance issues and restrictive state government planning frameworks. CONCLUSION: Australian LGs undertake a wide range of actions addressing diverse food system issues; however, internal and external barriers constrain their involvement in creating a healthy, sustainable and equitable food system. SO WHAT?: Legislative reform, combined with increased financial and human resource capacity, would support LGs to expand, strengthen and sustain their food system work.

Occurrence and molecular identification of nematodes from blue mackerel Scomber australasicus Cuvier in Australian waters.

This study determines the occurrence and molecular identification of nematodes from blue mackerel Scomber australasicus Cuvier (Perciformes: Scombridae), an edible fish from Australian waters. A total of 150 fish were sourced from the New South Wales and Victorian coasts. Nematodes were initially classified morphologically as 10 morphotypes belonging to the families Anisakidae (Anisakis morphotypes I and II, Contracaecum morphotype II, Terranova morphotypes I and II), Raphidascarididae (Hysterothylacium morphotypes IV, VI, VIII, and XIV), and Capillariidae (Capillaria sp.), followed by molecular identification through sequencing of their internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1, 5.8S, ITS-2) region. Anisakis morphotype I was confirmed as A. pegreffii Campana-Rouget & Biocca, 1955 and A. berlandi Mattiucci, Cipriani, Webb, Paoletti, Marcer, Bellisario, Gibson & Nascetti, 2014. Anisakis morphotype II and Contracaecum morphotype II were confirmed as A. physeteris Baylis, 1923 and C. ogmorhini Johnston & Mawson, 1941, respectively. Terranova morphotypes I and II were identified as Pulchrascaris australis Shamsi, Barton & Zhu, 2020 and Euterranova pectinolabiata n. comb. (Shamsi, Barton & Zhu, 2019) Moravec & Justine, 2020, respectively. The specific identification of Hysterothylacium morphotypes IV, VI, and VIII was not possible as no comparable adult Hysterothylacium species sequences were available in GenBank, with the exception of morphotype XIV which was confirmed as H. persicum Shamsi, Ghadam, Suthar, Mousavi, Soltani & Mirzargar, 2016. Seven nematode morphotypes were identified for the first time in Australian blue mackerel. The outcomes of the study provide a basis for future research into the community structure, life cycles, and distribution of nematode species in Australian mackerel and to analyse and clarify their importance for public health.

A survey to understand farmers' perceptions and risk factors for hoof diseases including footrot in sheep in New South Wales, Australia.

The aims of this study were to develop an understanding of farmers' perceptions and risk factors for footrot, including its less severe forms, and other hoof diseases in sheep in New South Wales (NSW). A questionnaire was developed and administered to sheep farmers in Local Land Services (LLS) regions across NSW. LLS staff selected sheep farmers who met the inclusion criteria which included farmers with a minimum of 100 sheep, a history of having had foot problems in their flock or having expressed an interest in improving sheep health and production. Farmers completed the questionnaire either by telephone or via the REDCap online survey platform. Descriptive analyses and multivariable logistic regression models were created. The survey was completed by 43 sheep farmers with a median farm size of 1,500 Ha and flock size of 2,300; footrot was present on 39% of farms while 75.6% had other hoof diseases. A flock of >3,000 sheep were more likely to have footrot than a smaller flock (OR = 11.99, 90% CI = 3.02-63.92, P-value = 0.005) and footrot was less likely to be present on farms when an Animal Health Statement was requested while purchasing sheep (OR = 0.10, 90% CI = 0.01-0.56, P-value = 0.04). Hoof conditions other than footrot were likely to be present in flocks when foot inspections were conducted at a time other than weekly inspections (OR = 0.13, 90% CI = 0.01-0.68, P-value = 0.04) and flocks kept on undulating ground were more likely to have diseases other than footrot compared to those kept on flat ground (OR = 3.72, 90% CI = 1.02-15.80, P-value = 0.09). Most farmers agreed that footrot including its less severe forms can cause production losses and negatively affect animal health and welfare. Limitations of the study were the sample size and dry environmental conditions prior to and during study period in many regions of NSW which limited the expression of footrot.

Viability of Lactobacillus delbrueckii in chocolates during storage and in-vitro bioaccessibility of polyphenols and SCFAs.

This study evaluated the viability of encapsulated Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus in chocolate during storage and in-vitro gastrointestinal transit. Flavonoid contents and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production during gastrointestinal transit were also assessed. Encapsulated L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus survived well in chocolates >7 logs both after 120 days of storage at 4 °C and 25 °C, and during in-vitro gastrointestinal transit. The release of SCFAs through in-vitro gastrointestinal digestion and colonic fermentation revealed that probiotic-chocolates could be an excellent source of nutrients for the gut microbiota. Encapsulated probiotic in chocolates with 70% cocoa produced significantly (P < 0.05) more acetic, propionic, isobutyric, butyric and isovaleric acids than that with 45% cocoa. The bioconversion results of a specific polyphenol by L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus exhibited that chocolate polyphenols could be utilized by probiotics for their metabolism. These findings confirmed that chocolate could be successfully fortified with L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus encapsulation to improve health promoting properties of chocolates.