Design of new lipids from bovine milk fat for baby nutrition.

The lipid phase of infant formulas is generally composed of plant-based lipids structured with a high concentration of palmitic acid (C16:0) esterified at the sn-2 position of triacylglycerol since this structure favors the absorption and metabolism of fatty acids. Palm oil is commonly used to make up the lipid phase of infant formulas due to its high concentration of palmitic acid and solids profile and melting point similar to human milk fat. However, the addition of palm oil to infant formulas has been associated with the presence of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) esters, a group of glycerol-derived chemical contaminants (1,2,3-propanotriol), potentially toxic, formed during the refining process of vegetable oil. Bovine milk fat obtained from the complex biosynthesis in the mammary gland has potential as a technological alternative to replace palm oil and its fractions for the production of structured lipids to be used in infant formulas. Its application as a substitute is due to its composition and structure, which resembles breast milk fat, and essentially to the preferential distribution pattern of palmitic acids (C16:0) with approximately 85% distributed at the sn-1 and sn-2 position of triacylglycerol. This review will address the relationship between the chemical composition and structure of lipids in infant nutrition, as well as the potential of bovine milk fat as a basis for the production of structured lipids in substitution for the lipid phase of vegetable origin currently used in infant formulas.

Clinical Impact of Heritable Thrombophilia on Neonatal-Onset Thromboembolism: A Nationwide Study in Japan.

OBJECTIVE: To clarify the incidence and genetic risk of neonatal-thromboembolism, we conducted a nationwide study exploring the impact of thrombophilia on neonatal-thromboembolism in Japan. STUDY DESIGN: A questionnaire survey was conducted for perinatal centers in Japan, focusing on the clinical expression, genotype, treatment, and outcome of patients who developed thromboembolism within 28 days of birth from 2014 to 2018. RESULTS: The estimated incidence of neonatal-thromboembolism was 0.39 cases per 10 000 live births. Intracranial lesions and purpura fulminans occurred in 66 and 5 of 77 patients, respectively. Fifty-eight (75.3%) infants presented within 3 days after birth. Four (5.2%) died, and 14 (18.2%) survived with disability. At the diagnosis, <20% plasma activity of protein C was noted in 16 infants, protein S (in 2), and antithrombin (in 1). Thirteen genetic tests identified 4 biallelic and 5 monoallelic protein C-variants but no protein S- or antithrombin-variants. Protein C-variants had purpura fulminans (P < .01), ocular bleeding (P < .01), positive-family history (P = .01), and death or disability (P = .03) more frequently than others. Protein C-variants were independently associated with disability (OR 5.74, 95% CI 1.16-28.4, P = .03) but not death. Four biallelic variants had serious thrombotic complications of neurologic disability, blindness, and/or amputation. Three monoallelic variants survived without complications. The only protein C-variant death was an extremely preterm heterozygote infant. CONCLUSIONS: Monoallelic protein C-variants had a higher incidence of neonatal-thromboembolism than biallelic variants. Thrombophilia genetic testing should be performed in the setting of neonatal-thromboembolism and low protein C to identify the underlying genetic defect.

Hospital Care Cost and Resource Use of Early Discharge of Healthy Late Preterm and Term Singletons: A Population-based Cohort Study and Cost Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the hospital care cost and resource use associated with discharge timings after late preterm and term births. STUDY DESIGN: This population-based cohort study and cost analysis included all healthy singleton late preterm (35-36 weeks gestational age) and term infants (37-41 weeks gestational age) born vaginally in hospitals in Ontario, Canada, from 2003 to 2012. Early, late, and very late discharge (<48, 48-71, and 72-95 hours after birth, respectively) were compared using generalized linear models. The primary outcome was the total hospital care cost (hospitalizations and emergency department visits) per infant within 28 days of birth. RESULTS: Among 860 693 singletons (3.7% late preterm), early discharge increased significantly over 10 years for term infants (from 69% to 82%; P < .001), but not late preterm infants (from 32% to 35%; P = .75). The mean total cost within 28 days after birth was not significantly different for late preterm infants between early discharge and late discharge after adjustment. However, for term infants, the adjusted cost was higher with early discharge than late discharge (aMCD $311 [95% CI, $211-$412] per infant; $366 [95% CI, $355-$377] per mother-infant dyad). The neonatal readmission rates were higher after early than late discharge for late preterm and term infants. CONCLUSIONS: Early discharge was not associated with cost savings for vaginally born healthy singleton late preterm infants, and instead was associated with a cost increase for term infants. Early discharge was associated with higher neonatal readmission rates. Individualized approach balancing the risk and benefit is appropriate to determine the discharge timings.

Increased DNA Methylation of ABCB1, CYP2D6, and OPRM1 Genes in Newborn Infants of Methadone-Maintained Opioid-Dependent Mothers.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether in utero opioid exposure, which has been linked to adverse neurodevelopmental and social outcomes, is associated with altered DNA methylation of opioid-related genes at birth. STUDY DESIGN: Observational cohort study of 21 healthy methadone-maintained opioid-dependent mother-infant dyads consecutively delivered at >36 weeks of gestation, and 2 comparator groups: smoking, "deprived" opioid-naïve mother-infant dyads (n = 17) and nonsmoking, "affluent" opioid-naïve mother-infant dyads (n = 15). DNA methylation of ABCB1, CYP2D6, and OPRM1 genes for mothers and babies was determined from buccal swabs. Plasma methadone concentrations were additionally measured for methadone-maintained opioid-dependent mothers. RESULTS: DNA methylation for ABCB1 and CYP2D6 was similar in opioid-naïve infants compared with their mothers, but was less for OPRM1 (3 ± 1.6% vs 8 ± 1%, P < .0005). Opioid-exposed newborns had similar DNA methylation to their mothers for all genes studied and greater methylation of ABCB1 (18 ± 4.8% vs 3 ± 0.5%), CYP2D6 (92 ± 1.2% vs 89 ± 2.4%), and OPRM1 (8 ± 0.3% vs 3 ± 1.6%) compared with opioid-naïve newborns (P < .0005 for all 3 genes). Infant DNA methylation was not related to birth weight, length of hospital stay, maternal smoking, dose or plasma concentration of methadone at delivery, or postcode of residence. CONCLUSIONS: In utero exposure to opioids is associated with increased methylation of opioid-related genes in the newborn infant. It is not clear whether these findings are due to opioid exposure per se or other associated lifestyle factors.

Expectativas de crianza en madres de recién nacidos a término y pretérmino / Parenting expectations in mothers of term and preterm infants

Introducción: cuando la mujer vive la experiencia del nacimiento de un hijo se ve enfrentada a una serie de tareas nuevas relacionadas con el rol de madre; el nivel de seguridad que ella tenga en el inicio de su maternidad puede estar fuertemente ligado a su visión de futuro en la forma de criar a su hijo. Objetivo: determinar las expectativas de crianza en madres de recién nacidos a término y pretérmino. Métodos: estudio de corte transversal realizado durante septiembre de 2013 y enero de 2014. Muestra no probabilística, conformada por 340 madres: 162 (47,65 por ciento) madres de recién nacidos a término y 178 (52, 35 por ciento) madres de recién nacidos pretérmino, nacidos en Bucaramanga (Colombia). La información se recolectó mediante el Inventario de Paternidad para Adultos y Adolescentes. Se utilizó el programa Stata versión 12R para el procesamiento y análisis de la información según instructivo. Resultados: el grupo de madres de recién nacidos pretérmino presentaron mejores expectativas de crianza que el grupo de las madres de recién nacidos a término, cuyos puntajes en las cuatro dimensiones se ubicaron en alto riesgo de negligencia en el cuidado. Conclusiones: el conocimiento de las expectativas de crianza de las madres, tanto de recién nacidos a término como de recién nacidos pretérmino, permitirá establecer intervenciones de enfermería para el fortalecimiento del rol materno(AU)

Introduction: When women live the experience of childbirth is faced with a number of new tasks related to the role of mother; the level of security that she has at the start of her maternity may be strongly linked to its vision on how to raise your child. Objective: To determine parenting expectations of mothers of term and preterm infants. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted between September 2013 and January 2014. The sample was non-probabilistic and included 340 mothers: 162 (47,65 percent) mothers of term infants and 178 (52,35 percent) mothers of preterm infants, from Bucaramanga (Colombia). The information was collected using the Adult-Adolescent Parenting Inventory. The Stata version 12R program was used for data processing and analysis according to the instructions. Results: The group of mothers of preterm infants had better parenting expectations than the group of mothers of term infants, whose scores on the four dimensions indicated a high risk of negligence in child care. Conclusions: Knowing the parenting expectations of mothers of term and preterm infants will allow to establish nursing interventions aimed at strengthening the maternal role(AU)

Alterações nos parâmetros fisiológicos dos recém-nascidos sob oxigenoterapia na coleta de gasometria / Alterations in the physiological parameters of newborns using oxygen therapy in the collection of blood gases

Objetivo: Identificar as alterações que ocorrem nos parâmetros fisiológicos dos recém-nascidos sob oxigenoterapia na coleta de gasometria arterial, comparando os momentos imediatamente antes, imediatamente depois, e cinco minutos depois do procedimento. Métodos: Estudo longitudinal, do tipo antes e depois,. Amostra composta por 67 recém-nascidos sob oxigenoterapia que receberam punção arterial para gasometria. Resultados: O grupo de recém-nascidos em Oxi-Hood sofreu alterações significativas (p<0,05) na frequência cardíaca, pulso e saturação de oxigênio. Os recém-nascidos em ventilação mecânica obtiveram alterações de frequência respiratória e pulso e aqueles sob CPAP nasal não mostraram instabilidade dos parâmetros fisiológicos. Conclusão: O estímulo doloroso causado pela coleta de gasometria nos recém-nascidos mostrou variações de todos os parâmetros fisiológicos, porém, para tal procedimento, as alterações foram diferentes em cada modalidade de oxigenoterapia. .

Objective: To identify the changes that occur in the physiological parameters of newborns under oxygen therapy during the collection of arterial blood gases, comparing the moments immediately before, immediately after, and five minutes after the procedure. Methods: A longitudinal study, of the before and after research design. The sample was composed of 67 newborns under oxygen therapy that had an arterial puncture for blood gas analysis. Results: The group of newborns in an Oxyhood experienced significant alterations (p<0.05) in heart rate, pulse and oxygen saturation. Newborns on mechanical ventilation had alterations in respiratory rate and pulse, while those with nasal CPAP showed no instability in physiological parameters. Conclusion: The painful stimulus caused by the collection of blood gases in newborns showed changes in all physiological parameters, however, for such a procedure, the changes were different for each mode of oxygen therapy. .

Analysis of acylcarnitine profiles in umbilical cord blood and during the early neonatal period by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry

Acylcarnitine profiling by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) is a potent tool for the diagnosis and screening of fatty acid oxidation and organic acid disorders. Few studies have analyzed free carnitine and acylcarnitines in dried blood spots (DBS) of umbilical cord blood (CB) and the postnatal changes in the concentrations of these analytes. We have investigated these metabolites in healthy exclusively breastfed neonates and examined possible effects of birth weight and gestational age. DBS of CB were collected from 162 adequate for gestational age neonates. Paired DBS of heel-prick blood were collected 4-8 days after birth from 106 of these neonates, the majority exclusively breastfed. Methanol extracts of DBS with deuterium-labeled internal standards were derivatized before analysis by ESI-MS/MS. Most of the analytes were measured using a full-scan method. The levels of the major long-chain acylcarnitines, palmitoylcarnitine, stearoylcarnitine, and oleoylcarnitine, increased by 27, 12, and 109%, respectively, in the first week of life. Free carnitine and acetylcarnitine had a modest increase: 8 and 11%, respectively. Propionylcarnitine presented a different behavior, decreasing 9% during the period. The correlations between birth weight or gestational age and the concentrations of the analytes in DBS were weak (r £ 0.20) or nonsignificant. Adaptation to breast milk as the sole source of nutrients can explain the increase of these metabolites along the early neonatal period. Acylcarnitine profiling in CB should have a role in the early detection of metabolic disorders in high-risk neonates.

Endotracheal and upper airways suctioning: changes in newborns’ physiological parameters / Aspiração do tubo orotraqueal e de vias aéreas superiores: alterações nos parâmetros fisiológicos em recém-nascidos / Aspiración del tubo endotraqueal y de las vías aéreas superiores: alteraciones en los parámetros fisiológicos en recién nacidos

This study investigated which physiological parameters change when endotracheal and upper airway suctioning is performed immediately before, immediately after and five minutes after this procedure is performed in newborns hospitalized in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). This is a quantitative and longitudinal study, before and after type, performed in the NICU of a public institution in the city of Fortaleza, CE, Brazil. The sample was composed of 104 newborns using oxigenotherapy and who needed endotracheal and upper airway suctioning. The results showed significant alterations in respiratory and heart rates (p<0.05) in neonates using Oxyhood and nasal CPAP while the pulse significantly changed (p<0.05) in newborns placed in oxyhood, using nasal CPAP and Mechanical Ventilation; oxygen saturation was the only parameter that did not alter significantly. We propose that nurses develop non-pharmacological interventions to reduce potential alterations caused in newborns’ physiological parameters due to this procedure.

Objetivou-se investigar quais são os parâmetros fisiológicos que se alteram na execução da aspiração do tubo orotraqueal (TOT) e das vias aéreas superiores (VAS), comparando-os imediatamente antes, imediatamente depois e cinco minutos após a realização do referido procedimento. Trata-se de estudo quantitativo, longitudinal, do tipo antes e depois, realizado em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal (Utin) de uma instituição pública em Fortaleza, CE, Brasil. A amostra constou de 104 recém-nascidos em uso de oxigenoterapia, e que necessitaram de aspiração do tubo orotraqueal e das vias aéreas superiores. Os resultados mostraram alterações significativas (p<0,05) nas frequências respiratória (FR) e cardíaca (FC) dos recém-nascidos, em uso de tenda de oxigênio (Oxi-Hood) e pressão contínua das vias aéreas (CPAP nasal), e também de pulso (p<0,05) para os recém-nascidos em Oxi-Hood, CPAP nasal e ventilação mecânica (VM), sendo a saturação de oxigênio (SpO2) o único parâmetro que não foi estatisticamente significante. Propõe-se aos profissionais enfermeiros o desenvolvimento de intervenções não farmacológicas para reduzir possíveis alterações dos parâmetros fisiológicos dos recém-nascidos, decorrentes desse procedimento.

Se objetivó investigar cuales son los parámetros fisiológicos que se alteran en la ejecución de la aspiración del tubo endotraqueal (TOT) y de las vías aéreas superiores (VAS), comparándolos inmediatamente antes, inmediatamente después y cinco minutos después de la realización del referido procedimiento. Se trata de un estudio cuantitativo, longitudinal, del tipo antes y después, realizado en una Unidad de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal (UTIN) de una institución pública en Fortaleza, CE, Brasil. La muestra constó de 104 recién nacidos que usaban oxigenoterapia, y que necesitaron de aspiración del tubo endotraqueal y de las vías aéreas superiores. Los resultados mostraron, alteraciones significativas (p<0,05) en las frecuencias respiratorias (FR) y cardíaca (FC) de los recién nacidos en uso de Oxi-Hood y CPAP nasal, y también del pulso (p<0,05) para los recién nacidos en Oxi-Hood, CPAP nasal y Ventilación Mecánica (VM), siendo la saturación de oxígeno (SpO2), el único parámetro que no fue estadísticamente significativo. Se propone a los enfermeros desarrollar intervenciones no farmacológicas para reducir posibles alteraciones de los parámetros fisiológicos de los recién nacidos provenientes de este procedimiento.

Desenvolvimento motor de prematuros em unidade neonatal: fatores determinantes e avaliação precoce / Motor development of premature infants in neonatal unit: Determining factors and early evalution

Esta revisão se refere aos fatores biológicos e ambientais envolvidos no atraso do desenvolvimento motor de recém-nascidos prematuros internados em unidades de neonatologia, destacando a importância do diagnóstico precoce e do acompanhamento em longo prazo. As referências foram obtidas por meio dos bancos de dados Medline / Pubmed e SciELO, abrangendo o período de 1998 a 2010, a partir dos descritores recém-nascido prematuro, desenvolvimento infantil, fatores de risco e UTI neonatal, pesquisados de forma isolada e cruzada. O recém-nascido prematuro apresenta imaturidade global de órgãos e sistemas que lhe confere maior vulnerabilidade biológica, com maior predisposição às morbidades, inclusive neurológicas. Assim, muitas vezes necessita de longos períodos de internação em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva, cujo ambiente estressante pode atuar como fator deletério adicional, contribuindo para o comprometimento da maturação e organização do sistema nervoso e, consequentemente, prejudicando seu desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor. Uma série de morbidades maternas e neonatais, além dos longos períodos de internação dos recém-nascidos prematuros em unidades neonatais, pode levar ao atraso do desenvolvimento motor. Diante dessa problemática, torna-se essencial o reconhecimento dos fatores associados a esse atraso, bem como a realização de um diagnóstico precoce. Uma vez que os déficits podem perdurar até a adolescência ou vida adulta, o seguimento em longo prazo é fundamental para o reconhecimento de problemas tardios e para encaminhamento dos casos suspeitos à intervenção interdisciplinar.

This review refers to biological and environmental factors involved in delayed motor development in premature newborn infants hospitalized in neonatal units, highlighting the importance of early diagnosis and long-term monitoring. References were obtained from Medline/Pubmed and SciELO databases, covering the period from 1998 to 2010, using the uniterms premature newborn infants, infant development, risk factors and neonatal intensive care unit, which were investigated in isolated and cross-matched manner. Premature newborn infants suffer from organ and system immaturity, rendering them biologically vulnerable, with greater predisposition to morbidities, including neurological ones. Thus, it is very often necessary for the infant to spend extended periods in intensive care units, where a stressful atmosphere may bring about further deleterious effects, contributing to the impairment of the maturation and organization of the nervous system and, consequently, hinder neuropsychomotor development. A series of maternal and neonatal morbidities, as well as extended hospitalization periods in neonatal units for premature newborn infants may lead to delayed motor development. Given such a situation, it is not only essential to identify the factors associated to this delay, but also to make an early diagnosis. SInce neuromotor deficits persist into adolescence or adulthood, then long-term monitoring is essential in order to identify any future problems that may occur and refer suspected cases for interdisciplinary intervention.

Desenvolvimento motor de prematuros em unidade neonatal: fatores determinantes e avaliação precoce / Motor development of premature infants in neonatal unit: Determining factors and early evalution

Esta revisão se refere aos fatores biológicos e ambientais envolvidos no atraso do desenvolvimento motor de recém-nascidos prematuros internados em unidades de neonatologia, destacando a importância do diagnóstico precoce e do acompanhamento em longo prazo. As referências foram obtidas por meio dos bancos de dados Medline / Pubmed e SciELO, abrangendo o período de 1998 a 2010, a partir dos descritores recém-nascido prematuro, desenvolvimento infantil, fatores de risco e UTI neonatal, pesquisados de forma isolada e cruzada. O recém-nascido prematuro apresenta imaturidade global de órgãos e sistemas que lhe confere maior vulnerabilidade biológica, com maior predisposição às morbidades, inclusive neurológicas. Assim, muitas vezes necessita de longos períodos de internação em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva, cujo ambiente estressante pode atuar como fator deletério adicional, contribuindo para o comprometimento da maturação e organização do sistema nervoso e, consequentemente, prejudicando seu desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor. Uma série de morbidades maternas e neonatais, além dos longos períodos de internação dos recém-nascidos prematuros em unidades neonatais, pode levar ao atraso do desenvolvimento motor. Diante dessa problemática, torna-se essencial o reconhecimento dos fatores associados a esse atraso, bem como a realização de um diagnóstico precoce. Uma vez que os déficits podem perdurar até a adolescência ou vida adulta, o seguimento em longo prazo é fundamental para o reconhecimento de problemas tardios e para encaminhamento dos casos suspeitos à intervenção interdisciplinar.(AU)

This review refers to biological and environmental factors involved in delayed motor development in premature newborn infants hospitalized in neonatal units, highlighting the importance of early diagnosis and long-term monitoring. References were obtained from Medline/Pubmed and SciELO databases, covering the period from 1998 to 2010, using the uniterms premature newborn infants, infant development, risk factors and neonatal intensive care unit, which were investigated in isolated and cross-matched manner. Premature newborn infants suffer from organ and system immaturity, rendering them biologically vulnerable, with greater predisposition to morbidities, including neurological ones. Thus, it is very often necessary for the infant to spend extended periods in intensive care units, where a stressful atmosphere may bring about further deleterious effects, contributing to the impairment of the maturation and organization of the nervous system and, consequently, hinder neuropsychomotor development. A series of maternal and neonatal morbidities, as well as extended hospitalization periods in neonatal units for premature newborn infants may lead to delayed motor development. Given such a situation, it is not only essential to identify the factors associated to this delay, but also to make an early diagnosis. SInce neuromotor deficits persist into adolescence or adulthood, then long-term monitoring is essential in order to identify any future problems that may occur and refer suspected cases for interdisciplinary intervention.(AU)

Identificação precoce de sinais neuromotores alterados em crianças nascidas pré-termo / Early identification of altered neuromotor signals in preterm infants

O objetivo deste estudo retrospectivo e descritivo foi identificar, em lactentes nascidos pré-termo, o período mais precoce em que foram observados sinais neurológicos motores comumente presentes em paralisia cerebral (PC) e discutir a rotina de retornos, com a finalidade de detecção e vigilância desses sinais. A amostra foi composta por 28 bebês nascidos com menos de 37 semanas e peso inferior a 2.500g, de ambos os sexos, internados na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, no período de junho de 2006 a dezembro de 2007, e acompanhados no Ambulatório de Neurodesenvolvimento dessa instituição. Foram coletadas informações dos prontuários referentes à idade gestacional dos bebês, ao processo diagnóstico de PC, quando houvesse, e às idades das principais aquisições posturais. Os resultados mostraram que, em 19 das 28 crianças, foi observado algum sinal de risco ou sequela até o último retorno. Desses 19 pacientes, seis tiveram diagnóstico de PC definido, três pacientes, diagnóstico a definir, cinco apresentaram sinais transitórios de lesão corticoespinhal, e cinco lactentes apresentaram somente atraso postural. Concluiu-se que a rotina de retornos para detectar e vigiar os sinais indicativos de PC nessa amostra revelou a necessidade de um protocolo de avaliação específico e da criação de uma dinâmica de acompanhamento e estimulação de todas as crianças nascidas pré-termo até a idade de marcha sem apoio, independentemente de apresentarem sinais neurológicos perinatais.

This retrospective descriptive study was developed to identify the earlier stages when neuromotor signals commomnly found in cerebral palsy (CP) were registered for preterm infants, as well as to discuss the current follow-up practice I order to detect and monitor such signals. The sample consisted of 28 babies born at less than 37 weeks and weighing less than 2500g, of both genders, admitted to the Intensive Care Unit Neonatal Hospital of the Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, in the period from June 2006 to December 2007, and followed at Neurodevelopment Service of this institution. We collected the medical information regarding the gestational age of these babies, the diagnosis process of CP, when was the case, and the ages when major postural acquisitions occurred. In 19 out of 28 children, signs of risk or sequel were observed until the last follow-up consultation. Among these 19 patients, six were diagnosed with CP, three were to be diagnosed, five showed signs of transient corticospinal lesion, and five infants showed only postural delay. The routine follow-up to detect and monitor signals indicative of PC in this sample revealed need for a more specific assessment protocol, and for the creation of a monitoring and stimulation dynamics for all preterm infants up to the age of walking without support, regardless of presenting perinatal altered neurological signs.

Identificação precoce de sinais neuromotores alterados em crianças nascidas pré-termo / Early identification of altered neuromotor signals in preterm infants

O objetivo deste estudo retrospectivo e descritivo foi identificar, em lactentes nascidos pré-termo, o período mais precoce em que foram observados sinais neurológicos motores comumente presentes em paralisia cerebral (PC) e discutir a rotina de retornos, com a finalidade de detecção e vigilância desses sinais. A amostra foi composta por 28 bebês nascidos com menos de 37 semanas e peso inferior a 2.500g, de ambos os sexos, internados na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, no período de junho de 2006 a dezembro de 2007, e acompanhados no Ambulatório de Neurodesenvolvimento dessa instituição. Foram coletadas informações dos prontuários referentes à idade gestacional dos bebês, ao processo diagnóstico de PC, quando houvesse, e às idades das principais aquisições posturais. Os resultados mostraram que, em 19 das 28 crianças, foi observado algum sinal de risco ou sequela até o último retorno. Desses 19 pacientes, seis tiveram diagnóstico de PC definido, três pacientes, diagnóstico a definir, cinco apresentaram sinais transitórios de lesão corticoespinhal, e cinco lactentes apresentaram somente atraso postural. Concluiu-se que a rotina de retornos para detectar e vigiar os sinais indicativos de PC nessa amostra revelou a necessidade de um protocolo de avaliação específico e da criação de uma dinâmica de acompanhamento e estimulação de todas as crianças nascidas pré-termo até a idade de marcha sem apoio, independentemente de apresentarem sinais neurológicos perinatais. (AU)

This retrospective descriptive study was developed to identify the earlier stages when neuromotor signals commomnly found in cerebral palsy (CP) were registered for preterm infants, as well as to discuss the current follow-up practice I order to detect and monitor such signals. The sample consisted of 28 babies born at less than 37 weeks and weighing less than 2500g, of both genders, admitted to the Intensive Care Unit Neonatal Hospital of the Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, in the period from June 2006 to December 2007, and followed at Neurodevelopment Service of this institution. We collected the medical information regarding the gestational age of these babies, the diagnosis process of CP, when was the case, and the ages when major postural acquisitions occurred. In 19 out of 28 children, signs of risk or sequel were observed until the last follow-up consultation. Among these 19 patients, six were diagnosed with CP, three were to be diagnosed, five showed signs of transient corticospinal lesion, and five infants showed only postural delay. The routine follow-up to detect and monitor signals indicative of PC in this sample revealed need for a more specific assessment protocol, and for the creation of a monitoring and stimulation dynamics for all preterm infants up to the age of walking without support, regardless of presenting perinatal altered neurological signs. (AU)

Presence of maternal anti-HBs antibodies does not influence hepatitis B vaccine response in Brazilian neonates

Recently, it was suggested that maternal hepatitis B surface antigen antibodies (anti-HBs) acquired transplacentally could play a negative role in newborn infants' immune response to the hepatitis B vaccine. We compared the hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine response in infants born to mothers previously vaccinated against HBV (n = 91) to infants born to mothers who were not previously vaccinated (n = 221). All newborn infants received three intramuscular doses (10 μg) of HBV vaccine (Butang®) at 0,1 and six months. The first dose was administered at the maternity hospital within 12 h of birth. The geometric mean titres of anti-HBs were not different among newborn infants born to mothers who were anti-HBs-negative (492.7 mIU/mL) and anti-HBs-positive (578.7 mIU/mL) (p = 0.38). Eight infants did not respond to the HBV vaccine. Of them, six were born to anti-HBs-negative mothers and two were born to mothers with anti-HBs titres less than 50 mlU/mL. Despite the mother's anti-HBs-positive status, our data show a good immunogenicity of the Brazilian HBV recombinant vaccine in neonates.

Posição prona e diminuição da assincronia toracoabdominal em recém-nascidos prematuros / Prone position and reduced thoracoabdominal asynchrony in preterm newborns

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a influência das posições prona e supina em recém-nascidos prematuros pós-síndrome do desconforto respiratório, respirando espontaneamente e em estado de sono ativo, sobre variáveis de padrão respiratório, movimento toracoabdominal e saturação periférica da hemoglobina pelo oxigênio. MÉTODOS: Estudo quase experimental. Doze prematuros com peso > 1.000 g no momento do estudo foram estudados nas duas posições, em ordem randomizada. A pletismografia respiratória por indutância foi utilizada para avaliação do padrão respiratório (volume corrente, frequência respiratória, ventilação minuto, fluxo inspiratório médio) e do movimento toracoabdominal (índice de trabalho respiratório, relação de fase inspiratória, relação de fase expiratória, relação de fase respiratória total e ângulo de fase). A oximetria de pulso registrou a saturação periférica de oxigênio. Para a análise estatística foram realizados os testes t de Student para amostras pareadas ou Wilcoxon. Foi considerado significativo p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: Foram analisados 9.167 ciclos respiratórios. Na posição prona, houve redução significativa do índice de trabalho respiratório (-0,84±0,69; p = 0,001; IC95 por cento -1,29 a -0,40), das relações de fase inspiratória (-27,36±17,55; p = 0,000; IC95 por cento -38,51 a -16,20), expiratória (-32,36±16,20; p = 0,000; IC95 por cento -42,65 a -22,06) e total (-30,20±14,76; p = 0,000; IC95 por cento -39,59 a -20,82). Não houve diferença significativa entre as posições nas demais variáveis analisadas. CONCLUSÃO: A posição prona promoveu diminuição significativa da assincronia toracoabdominal, sem influenciar o padrão respiratório e a saturação periférica de oxigênio.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of prone and supine positions on breathing pattern variables, thoracoabdominal motion and peripheral oxygen saturation of hemoglobin of premature newborn infants recovering from respiratory distress syndrome, while breathing spontaneously and in rapid eye movement sleep. METHODS: This was a quasi-experimental study. Twelve preterms weighing > 1,000 g at enrollment were studied in both positions, in random order. Respiratory inductive plethysmography was used to analyze breathing pattern (tidal volume, respiratory rate, minute ventilation, mean inspiratory flow) and thoracoabdominal motion (labored breathing index, phase relation in inspiration, phase relation in expiration, phase relation in total breath and phase angle). Pulse oximetry was used to evaluate peripheral oxygen saturation. Student's t test for paired samples or the Wilcoxon test were used for statistical analysis. Significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS: A total of 9,167 respiratory cycles were analyzed. The prone position was associated with significant reductions in labored breathing index (-0.84±0.69; p = 0.001; 95 percentCI -1.29 to -0.40), phase relation in inspiration (-27.36±17.55; p = 0.000; 95 percentCI -38.51 to -16.20), phase relation in expiration (-32.36±16.20; p = 0.000; 95 percentCI -42.65 to -22.06) and phase relation in total breath (-30.20±14.76; p = 0.000; 95 percentCI -39.59 to -20.82). There were no significant differences between the two positions in any of the other variables analyzed. CONCLUSION: The prone position resulted in a significant reduction in thoracoabdominal asynchrony, without affecting breathing pattern or peripheral oxygen saturation.

Infecciones por Streptococcus agalactiae en un servicio de neonatología abierto / Infections due to Streptococcus agalactiae at an open neonatology service

El objetivo del presente estudio fue conocer las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de las infecciones por estreptococo del grupo B en recién nacidos egresados de los hospitales maternos. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, que incluyó a recién nacidos consecutivos con infecciones por Streptococcus agalactiae, ingresados en el Servicio de Neonatología del Hospital Pediátrico Universitario Juan M Márquez entre febrero de 1992 y diciembre del 2007. Se procesaron y analizaron distintas variables clínicas y epidemiológicas, con cálculo de tasas de incidencia y letalidad, así como relación entre variables categóricas. Hubo 76 recién nacidos con infección por Streptococcus agalactiae, lo cual constituyó una tasa promedio anual de 1,9 x 100 ingresos. Predominaron las infecciones de inicio tardío y las adquiridas en la comunidad (89,5 por ciento y 93,4 por ciento, respectivamente). La meningitis fue la forma clínica más frecuente, seguida de la bacteriemia aislada. Hubo 56 de 76 recién nacidos con bacteriemia (73,7 por ciento). El Streptococcus agalactiae tuvo elevada sensibilidad ante la penicilina, la eritromicina, la vancomicina, la cefotaxima y el cloranfenicol. Hubo 7 fallecidos (9,2 por ciento) y todos fueron pacientes con infección del sistema nervioso central. Streptococcus agalactiae es un agente causal de infecciones que afectan al recién nacido, tanto en la comunidad como en el medio hospitalario. Estas infecciones pueden ser letales en algunos pacientes con infección del sistema nervioso central con bacteriemia o sin ella, aún manteniendo un patrón de elevada susceptibilidad a los antibióticos betalactámicos.

The objective of the present study was to know the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the infections caused by group B Streptococcus in newborns discharged from maternal hospitals. A descriptive study that included consecutive infants with infections due to Streptococcus agalactiae admitted in the Neonatology Service of ½Juan M. Mßrquez¼ University Pediatric Hospital from February 1992 to December 2007 was conducted. Different clinical and epidemiological variables were processed and analyzed, with calculation of incidence and lethality rates and relation among the categoric variables. There were 76 newborns with infection due to Streptococcus agalactiae for an average annual rate of 1,9 x 100 admissions. It was observed a predominance of late onset infections and of those acquired in the community (89,5 percent y 93,4 percent, respectively). Meningitis was the most common clinical form followed by isolated bacteriemia. 56 of the 76 newborn infants had bacteriemia (73,7 percent). Streptococcus agalactiae showed a high sensitivity to penicillin, erythromycine, vancomycin, cefotaxime and cloranphenicol. There were 7 deaths (9,2 percent). All of them had infection of the CNS. Streptococcus agalactiae is an agent that causes infections affecting the newborn infant, both in the community and in the hospital. These infections may be lethal in some patients with infection of the CNS with o without bacteriemia, even when they maintain a pattern of elevated susceptibility to betalactamic antibiotics.

Associação entre violência doméstica na gestação e peso ao nascer ou prematuridade / The association between domestic violence during pregnancy and low birth weight or prematurity

OBJETIVO: Avaliar se a violência doméstica na gestação está associada a desfechos desfavoráveis na saúde do lactente, medidos pelo baixo peso ao nascer ou prematuridade. MÉTODO: Estudo de coorte prospectiva, realizado com gestantes que fizeram pré-natal em 10 Unidades Básicas de Saúde do município de Campinas (SP), durante os anos de 2004 a 2006. Foi utilizado questionário estruturado e validado no Brasil. As gestantes tiveram, no mínimo, duas e, no máximo, três entrevistas realizadas durante pré e pós-natal. Foi utilizada análise descritiva dos dados. O teste t de Student foi utilizado para comparar as médias do peso ao nascer e da idade gestacional entre os grupos de gestantes que sofreram, durante a atual gestação, violência doméstica e aqueles que não sofreram. A análise de regressão logística foi utilizada para verificar os fatores associados ao baixo peso ou prematuridade. RESULTADOS: Foram acompanhadas durante o período de pré-natal e pós-natal (n = 1.229) 89,1 por cento das gestantes; 10,9 por cento representam as perdas de acompanhamento, basicamente por mudança de endereço. O peso médio ao nascer foi de 3.233 g; idade gestacional foi em média 38,56 semanas. Apresentaram baixo peso ao nascer ou prematuridade 13,8 por cento dos recém-nascidos. Condições de risco para baixo peso ao nascer ou prematuridade foram: gestante ter tido recém-nascido prematuro em outra gestação (p < 0,005), ser tabagista (p < 0,001), ter tido parto por cesárea (p < 0,001), ser baixa a escolaridade do parceiro (p < 0,008). CONCLUSÃO: Neste estudo, não foi observada associação estatisticamente significativa entre violência doméstica perpetrada pelo parceiro e baixo peso ao nascer ou prematuridade.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether domestic violence during pregnancy is associated with unfavorable infant health outcomes, measured by low birth weight or prematurity. METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study enrolling pregnant women whose prenatal care was provided by 10 basic health units in the city of Campinas, SP, Brazil, between 2004 and 2006. A structured questionnaire was employed that had previously been validated for use in Brazil. Each mother attended a minimum of two and a maximum of three interviews during the prenatal and postnatal periods. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Student's t test was used to compare means for birth weight and gestational age between mothers who had suffered domestic violence during the current pregnancy and those who had not. Logistic regression analysis was employed to identify factors associated with low birth weight or prematurity. RESULTS: During the prenatal and postnatal periods, 89.1 percent (n = 1,229) of the pregnant women were followed up, 10.9 percent being lost to follow-up, basically due to changes of address. Mean birth weight was 3,233 g; mean gestational age was 38.56 weeks. A total of 13.8 percent of the infants had low birth weight or were premature. Conditions associated with risk of low birth weight or prematurity were: mothers who had previously given birth prematurely (p < 0.005), who smoked (p < 0.001), who delivered by caesarian (p < 0.001) and whose partners had a low educational level (p < 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, no statistically significant association was observed between domestic violence perpetrated by partners and low birth weight or prematurity.

Sepsis neonatal en la era de profilaxis antimicrobiana prenatal / Neonatal sepsis in the era of antenatal antibiotic prophylaxis

The aim of this study was to compare incidence, bacteriology and associated mortality of neonatal sepsis in a neonatal unit, after (2001-2004) and before (1995-1996) implementation of universal screening for prevention of Group B Streptococcus diseases. Early onset sepsis incidence decreased from 2.5 to 1 per 1000 live births (p = 0.03), with a decrease in the proportion of Group B Streptococcus cases from a 54 percent to 11 percent (p < 0.01). In late onset sepsis, coagulase-negative Staphylococci continued to be the predominant pathogen (49 percent of cases), and Candida albicans emerged as the second etiologic agent in the postscreening period. Sepsis associated mortality was low in both periods (2.2 percent).

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la incidencia, bacteriología y mortalidad de la sepsis neonatal entre los años 2001-2004 en una unidad neonatal, período en que se utilizó screening universal para prevención de Streptococcus agalactiae (grupo B), en comparación a un período anterior sin estrategias preventivas (1995-96). La incidencia de sepsis precoz disminuyó desde 2,5 a 1/1.000 nacidos vivos (p = 0,03), observándose una disminución de casos de S. agalactiae de 54 a 11 por ciento (p <0,01). En sepsis tardías, Staphylococcus coagulasa negativa permanece como el patógeno preponderante (49 por ciento de casos), apareciendo Candida albicans como segundo microorganismo causal más frecuente en el último período. La mortalidad asociada a sepsis ha permanecido baja en ambos períodos (2,2 por ciento). Los resultados de este estudio son concordantes con publicaciones extranjeras.