Natural Prevalence, Molecular Characteristics, and Biological Activity of Metarhizium rileyi (Farlow) Isolated from Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) Larvae in Mexico.

Entomopathogenic fungi have been considered potential biological control agents against the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), the world's most important pest of maize. In this study, we evaluated the natural infection, molecular characteristics, and biological activity of Metarhizium rileyi (Farlow) isolated from S. frugiperda larvae of this insect, collected from maize crops in five Mexican locations. Natural infection ranged from 23% to 90% across all locations analyzed. Twenty-four isolates were evaluated on S. frugiperda second instars at a concentration of 1.0 × 108 conidia/mL, causing 70% to 98.7% mortality and 60.5% to 98.7% sporulation. Isolates T9-21, Z30-21, PP48-21, and L8-22 were selected to determine their phylogenetic relationships by ß-tubulin gene analysis and to compare median lethal concentration (CL50), median lethal time (LT50), and larval survival. These isolates were grouped into three clades. The T9-21, PP48-21, and J10-22 isolates were closely related (clade A), but phylogenetically distant from Z30-21 (clade B) and L8-22 (clade C) isolates. These genetic differences were not always reflected in their pathogenicity characteristics since no differences were observed among the LC50 values. Furthermore, isolates T9-21, J10-22, and L8-22 were the fastest to kill S. frugiperda larvae, causing lower survival rates. We conclude that native M. rileyi isolates represent an important alternative for the biocontrol of S. frugiperda.

Towards Sustainable Pest Management: Toxicity, Biochemical Effects, and Molecular Docking Analysis of Ocimum basilicum (Lamiaceae) Essential Oil on Agrotis ipsilon and Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

Over the last decade, essential oils (EOs) have become potential ingredients for insecticide formulations due to their widespread availability and perceived safety. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the toxicity and biochemical efficacy of basil (Ocimum basilicum) (Lamiaceae) against two destructive pests Noctuidae, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) and Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). In addition, a molecular docking study was performed to gain insight into the binding pattern between glutathione S-transferase (GST) and linalool, the main component of EO. GC-MS analysis of O. basilicum EO revealed that linalool is the most abundant compound (29.34%). However, the toxicity tests showed no significant difference between the values of LC50 of O. basilicum EO to A. ipsilon and S. littoralis. On the other hand, the sublethal experiments indicated that treating the second instar larvae with LC15 or LC50 values of O. basilicum EO significantly prolonged the larval duration in both insects, compared to the control. Regarding the biochemical effect of O. basilicum EO, the treatments significantly impacted the activity of detoxification enzymes. A notable elevation in glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity was recorded in A. ipsilon larvae compared with a reduction in S. littoralis larvae. The molecular docking analysis revealed that linalool bonded with the amino acid serine (SER 9) of GST, indicating its binding affinity with the enzyme. The obtained results could offer valuable insights into the mode of action of O. basilicum and can encourage the adoption of sustainable pest control practices that incorporate essential oils.

Functional and Numerical Responses of Trichogramma euproctidis (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) to Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Under Laboratory Conditions.

The tomato fruitworm Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) is regarded as a serious pest that affects a great number of field crops globally. One of the environmentally safe alternatives to the utilization of insecticides is controlling H. armigera via the release of biological control agents by employing parasitoids, e.g., trichogrammatid species. One of the desired parasitoids indigenous to southwestern Iran is Trichogramma euproctidis (Girault). To anticipate the outcomes of augmentative releases of T. euproctidis in the field, the numerical and functional responses of female T. euproctidis that parasitizes the eggs of H. armigera were determined in the laboratory. The densities of host eggs per glass tube arena (length: 10 cm, diameter: 1 cm) were 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, or 128 individuals. The functional response to the eggs of H. armigera indicated Holling's type II response. The estimated handling time and attack rate from the random parasitoid equation were 0.6898 h and 0.00823 h, respectively. This indicates that, at the maximum level, each T. euproctidis was capable of parasitizing 34.79 eggs a day. At the 128 host egg density, the number of eggs laid, that is, the numerical response, ascended as the density of host eggs increased up to a maximum of 89.90 eggs per female. According to the obtained results of the present investigation, T. euproctidis can serve as an appropriate candidate for augmentative biological control of H. armigera. Nevertheless, it is necessary to conduct complementary experiments in greenhouses and open fields.

Entomopathogenic Fungi Infecting Lepidopteran Larvae: A Case from Central Argentina.

Immature stages of insects are vulnerable to various antagonists, including pathogens. While the abiotic factors affecting pathogen prevalence in insect populations are reasonably well documented, much less is known about relevant ecological interactions. We studied the probability of the larvae of three lepidopteran species to die from fungal infection as a function of insect species and food plants in central Argentina. Local free-growing food plants were used to feed the lepidopteran larvae. The prevalence of entomopathogenic fungi remained low (about 5%), which is a value well consistent with observations on similar systems in other regions. Eight fungal species recorded, primarily belonging to Fusarium and Aspergillus, add evidence to the reconsideration of the nutritional modes in these genera in distinguishing the role of some species (complexes) to cause insect infections. Food plant species were found to have a substantial effect on the prevalence of entomopathogenic fungi. This was especially clear for the most abundant fungal species, a representative of the Fusarium fujikuroi complex. Feeding on a particular plant taxon can thus have a specific fitness cost. Compared to the data collected from Northern Europe, the Argentinian assemblages from the families Aspergillaceae and Nectriaceae overlapped at the genus level but did not share species. It remains to be confirmed if this level of divergence in the composition of assemblages of entomopathogenic fungi among distant regions represents a global pattern.

Thraumata, a new genus from South America with description of a new species from Peru (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae).

Thraumata gen. nov. is described to accommodate three South American species, two previously placed in Phuphena Walker, 1858, namely Thraumata petrovna (Schaus, 1904), comb. nov. and Thraumata subvenata (Schaus, 1914), comb. nov.; and one, Thraumata peruviensia sp. nov., newly described from Peru. Although the larval biology is unknown, these species share several features that suggest their placement in Eriopinae and, as a consequence, a potential association with ferns (Pteridophyta) as larval host plants.

Additions and corrections to the check list of the Noctuoidea (Insecta, Lepidoptera) of North America north of Mexico IV.

A summary of all taxonomic and nomenclatural changes to the check list of the Noctuoidea of North America north of Mexico since the last update published in 2015 is provided. A total of 64 changes are listed and discussed, consisting of 26 recently published changes and additions, and an additional 38 presented herein. One stat. n., one stat. rev., six syn. n., and two comb. n. are proposed for the first time. Orthimella Schmidt & Lafontaine nom. n. is proposed here as an objective replacement name for Himella Grote, 1874 [Noctuinae: Orthosiini], a junior homonym of Himella Dallas, 1852 [Hemiptera: Coreidae].

Age and density of eggs of Helicoverpa armigera influence on Trichogramma pretiosum parasitism / Influência da idade e densidade de ovos de Helicoverpa armigera no parasitismo deTrichogramma pretiosum

This study evaluated the parasitism of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) on eggs of Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) at different ages and densities. The rates of parasitism and emergence, the number of parasitoids emerged per egg and sex ratio of offspring were evaluated in both experiments. Eggs of H. armigera up to 36 hours provided greater parasitism and emergence of adults compared to eggs up to 60 hours old. The number of parasitoids, which emerged per host egg, was greater than one and the sex ratio remained around 80% of females, regardless of the egg development stage. Females of T. pretiosum responded with superior rates of parasitism, emergence and number of parasitoids per egg at the densities of 20 and 25 eggs of H. armigera. These results indicate that T. pretiosum parasite with superior performance in eggs of up to 36h of age and densities of 20 eggs per female day-1 in laboratory conditions. These results will help to establish the intervals between releases of parasitoids, aiming to control this pest, when adjusted with knowledge of the survival of the parasitoids in the field and in pest infestation.(AU)

Este trabalho avaliou o parasitismo de Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera:Trichogrammatidae) em ovos de Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) em diferentesidades e densidades. As taxas de parasitismo e emergência, número de parasitoides emergidos por ovo erazão sexual dos descendentes foram avaliados em ambos os experimentos. Ovos de H. armigera de até 36horas proporcionaram maior parasitismo e emergência dos adultos em comparação com ovos com até 60horas de idade. O número de parasitoides, que emergiram por ovo hospedeiro, foi superior a 1 e a razãosexual permaneceu em torno de 80% de fêmeas, independentemente do estágio de desenvolvimento doovo. Fêmeas de T. pretiosum responderam com taxas superiores de parasitismo, emergência e número deparasitoides por ovo nas densidades de 20 e 25 ovos de H. armigera. Estes resultados indicam que T.pretiosum parasita com desempenho superior em ovos de até 36h de idade e densidades de 20 ovos porfêmea dia-1 em condições laboratoriais. Estes resultados ajudarão a estabelecer os intervalos entre asliberações de parasitoides, visando o controle desta praga, quando ajustado com o conhecimento dasobrevivência dos parasitoides no campo e na infestação de pragas.(AU)

Age and density of eggs of Helicoverpa armigera influence on Trichogramma pretiosum parasitism / Influência da idade e densidade de ovos de Helicoverpa armigera no parasitismo de Trichogramma pretiosum

This study evaluated the parasitism of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) on eggs of Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) at different ages and densities. The rates of parasitism and emergence, the number of parasitoids emerged per egg and sex ratio of offspring were evaluated in both experiments. Eggs of H. armigera up to 36 hours provided greater parasitism and emergence of adults compared to eggs up to 60 hours old. The number of parasitoids, which emerged per host egg, was greater than one and the sex ratio remained around 80% of females, regardless of the egg development stage. Females of T. pretiosum responded with superior rates of parasitism, emergence and number of parasitoids per egg at the densities of 20 and 25 eggs of H. armigera . These results indicate that T. pretiosum parasite with superior performance in eggs of up to 36h of age and densities of 20 eggs per female day- 1 in laboratory conditions. These results will help to establish the intervals between releases of parasitoids, aiming to control this pest, when adjusted with knowledge of the survival of the parasitoids in the field and in pest infestation.

Este trabalho avaliou o parasitismo de Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) em ovos de Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) em diferentes idades e densidades. As taxas de parasitismo e emergência, número de parasitoides emergidos por ovo e razão sexual dos descendentes foram avaliados em ambos os experimentos. Ovos de H. armigera de até 36 horas proporcionaram maior parasitismo e emergência dos adultos em comparação com ovos com até 60 horas de idade. O número de parasitoides, que emergiram por ovo hospedeiro, foi superior a 1 e a razão sexual permaneceu em torno de 80% de fêmeas, independentemente do estágio de desenvolvimento do ovo. Fêmeas de T. pretiosum responderam com taxas superiores de parasitismo, emergência e número de parasitoides por ovo nas densidades de 20 e 25 ovos de H. armigera. Estes resultados indicam que T. pretiosum parasita com desempenho superior em ovos de até 36h de idade e densidades de 20 ovos por fêmea dia-1 em condições laboratoriais. Estes resultados ajudarão a estabelecer os intervalos entre as liberações de parasitoides, visando o controle desta praga, quando ajustado com o conhecimento da sobrevivência dos parasitoides no campo e na infestação de pragas.

The Spread of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Coexistence with Helicoverpa zea in Southeastern Brazil.

Helicoverpa armigera, one of the world's most destructive crop pests, was first documented in Brazil in 2013. Within a few months, this polyphagous insect had spread over the Northeast and Central-West of Brazil, causing great agricultural losses. With several reports of populations resistant to pesticides and Bt crops around the world, there is great concern about the spread of this pest in Brazil. There is confusion about the actual distribution of this species due to the high morphological similarity with the native corn earworm Helicoverpa zea, which may also coexist with H. armigera in the field. Our aims here were (i) to confirm its presence in the State of Minas Gerais, one of the most important agricultural regions in the country; and (ii) to assess the co-occurrence of this pest with the congeneric corn earworm H. zea. Using molecular screening, we confirmed the presence of H. armigera in Bt-crops of soybean and cotton, and non-Bt-crops of soybean, cotton and maize. Mixed infestations of H. armigera with H. zea were found in non-Bt maize (Viçosa, Southeastern Minas Gerais). These results highlight the need for adequate control strategies for H. armigera in Brazil, to deal with its polyphagous feeding habits, high dispersal capacity and possible risks of hybridization with congeneric species.

Review of the enigmatic genus Boalda with transfer of pulcherrima Köhler from Nephelistis and description of two new species (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

Schaus (1929: 49) described Boalda gyona in a monobasic genus known only from the holotype taken in Santa Catarina, Brazil. Biezanko et al. (1957) reported the species from Uruguay. A number of specimens of Boalda similar to gyona were collected recently in Paraguay, at least two of which match the anomalous Argentinian taxon Nephelistis pulcherrima Köhler (1947: 77-78). Herein the genus Boalda is reviewed, with one new species described from the Paraguayan samples, and with N. pulcherrima transferred Boalda. A singleton specimen from Parque Nacional Cerro Corá, Dpto. Amambay, Paraguay, is figured but not described as a distinct species because of a lack of additional specimens.

A new species of Voria Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Tachinidae) from Area de Conservación Guanacaste in northwestern Costa Rica.

BACKGROUND: We describe a new species in the genus Voria Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 (Diptera: Tachinidae: Voriini) from Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG) in northwestern Costa Rica. It was reared as part of an ongoing inventory of wild-caught caterpillars spanning a variety of moth and butterfly families (Lepidoptera). Our study provides a concise description of the new species using morphology, life history, molecular data, and photographic documentation. In addition to the new species, we provide a diagnosis of the genus as well as new data relating to host use. NEW INFORMATION: The following new species of Voria is described: Voriaerasmocoronadoi Fleming & Wood sp. n.The following are proposed by Fleming & Wood as new synonyms of Voria: Xenoplagia Townsend, 1914 syn. n., Hystricovoria Townsend, 1928 syn. n., Afrovoria Curran, 1938 syn. n., and Anavoria Mesnil, 1953 syn. n., and Itavoria Townsend, 1931 syn. n.The following new combinations are proposed as a result of the new synonymies: Voria bakeri (Townsend, 1928), comb. n. and Voria setosa (Townsend, 1914), comb. n. The authors also propose Voria pollyclari (Rocha-e-Silva, Lopes & Della Lucia, 1999), comb. n. based on the morphology of the holotype.

Volatile Organic Compounds Induced by Herbivory of the Soybean Looper Chrysodeixis includens in Transgenic Glyphosate-Resistant Soybean and the Behavioral Effect on the Parasitoid, Meteorus rubens.

Transgenic soybean plants (RR) engineered to express resistance to glyphosate harbor a variant of the enzyme EPSPS (5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase) involved in the shikimic acid pathway, the biosynthetic route of three aromatic amino acids: phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. The insertion of the variant enzyme CP4 EPSPS confers resistance to glyphosate. During the process of genetic engineering, unintended secondary effects are likely to occur. In the present study, we quantified volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted constitutively or induced in response to herbivory by the soybean looper Chrysodeixis includens in transgenic soybean and its isogenic (untransformed) line. Since herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) are known to play a role in the recruitment of natural enemies, we assessed whether changes in VOC profiles alter the foraging behavior of the generalist endoparasitic larval parasitoid, Meteorus rubens in the transgenic line. Additionally, we assessed whether there was a difference in plant quality by measuring the weight gain of the soybean looper. In response to herbivory, several VOCs were induced in both the conventional and the transgenic line; however, larger quantities of a few compounds were emitted by transgenic plants. Meteorus rubens females were able to discriminate between the odors of undamaged and C. includens-damaged plants in both lines, but preferred the odors emitted by herbivore-damaged transgenic plants over those emitted by herbivore-damaged conventional soybean plants. No differences were observed in the weight gain of the soybean looper. Our results suggest that VOC-mediated tritrophic interactions in this model system are not negatively affected. However, as the preference of the wasps shifted towards damaged transgenic plants, the results also suggest that genetic modification affects that tritrophic interactions in multiple ways in this model system.

Additions and corrections to the check list of the Noctuoidea (Insecta, Lepidoptera) of North America north of Mexico III.

A total of 124 additions and corrections are listed and discussed for the check list of the Noctuoidea of North America north of Mexico published in 2010. Twenty-eight species are added to the list, 16 through new species descriptions, eight as a result of taxonomic splits, and four based on newly recorded species. Forty-eight species are deleted from the list, 41 through synonymy, and seven that were based on misidentifications. Twelve changes are corrections in the spelling of names, or changes in parentheses on dates of publication. Twenty-seven are changes in taxonomy of names where no species are added or deleted; eight changes involve the renumbering of existing species for better taxonomic arrangement. Within the text 2 stat. n., 10 stat. rev., 27 syn. n., 5 syn. rev., and 1 comb. n. are proposed for the first time.

Efficiency of beating cloth in sampling for soybean insect pests in different row spacing and cultivars / Eficiência do pano-de-batida na amostragem de insetos-praga de soja em diferentes espaçamentos entre linhas e cultivares

An experiment was conducted to compare the collecting capacity of three types of beating cloth in sampling for soybeans caterpillars and stink bugs in different row spacing and cultivars. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with six replications in a 2x3x3 factorial, using two cultivars (BMX Potencia RR and Fundacep 53 RR), three row spacing (0.4, 0.5 and 0.6 m) and three types of beating cloth (beating cloth, wide beating cloth and vertical beat sheet). To determinate the collecting capacity of caterpillars, samples were taken at V9, V11 and R1 stages and for stink bugs, the samplings were performed at R5.3 and R5.5 stages. Results showed no interaction between the factors, indicating independence among them. Caterpillars had no preference between cultivars, however, stink bugs had a higher population density on Fundacep 53 RR. In the three evaluation dates, the density of larvae was higher when soybean was sown with reduced spacing. For stink bugs, higher infestation was observed on soybean sown with 0.4 m row spacing in the first assessment (R5.3), difference not observed in the evaluation at R5.5. The wide beating cloth and vertical beating cloth showed greater collecting capacity for caterpillars and bugs over beating cloth.(AU)

Foi conduzido um experimento com o objetivo de comparar a capacidade de coleta de três tipos de pano-de-batida na amostragem de lagartas e de percevejos de soja em diferentes espaçamentos entre linhas e cultivares. Foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualisado, com seis repetições, em esquema fatorial 2x3x3, sendo avaliadas duas cultivares (BMX Potência RR e Fundacep 53 RR), três espaçamentos entre linhas (0,4, 0,5 e 0,6 m) e três tipos de pano-de-batida (pano-de-batida, pano-de-batida largo e pano-de-batida vertical). Para determinar a capacidade de coleta de lagartas, foram realizadas amostragens nos estádios V9, V11 e R1, e de percevejos as amostragens foram realizadas nos estádios R5.3 e R5.5. Os resultados mostraram não haver interação entre os fatores, indicando independência entre eles. Não foi observada preferência de lagartas pelas cultivares, diferentemente dos percevejos, que apresentaram maior densidade populacional na cultivar Fundacep 53 RR. Nas três datas de avaliação, a densidade de lagartas foi maior quando a soja foi semeada com espaçamentos reduzidos. Para percevejo, foi observada maior infestação em soja semeada com espaçamento 0,4 m na primeira avaliação (R5.3), sendo que essa diferença não foi verificada na avaliação realizada em R5.5. O pano-de-batida largo e o pano-de-batida vertical apresentam maior capacidade de coleta de lagartas e de percevejos em relação ao pano-de-batida.(AU)

Efficiency of beating cloth in sampling for soybean insect pests in different row spacing and cultivars / Eficiência do pano-de-batida na amostragem de insetos-praga de soja em diferentes espaçamentos entre linhas e cultivares

An experiment was conducted to compare the collecting capacity of three types of beating cloth in sampling for soybeans caterpillars and stink bugs in different row spacing and cultivars. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with six replications in a 2x3x3 factorial, using two cultivars (BMX Potencia RR and Fundacep 53 RR), three row spacing (0.4, 0.5 and 0.6 m) and three types of beating cloth (beating cloth, wide beating cloth and vertical beat sheet). To determinate the collecting capacity of caterpillars, samples were taken at V9, V11 and R1 stages and for stink bugs, the samplings were performed at R5.3 and R5.5 stages. Results showed no interaction between the factors, indicating independence among them. Caterpillars had no preference between cultivars, however, stink bugs had a higher population density on Fundacep 53 RR. In the three evaluation dates, the density of larvae was higher when soybean was sown with reduced spacing. For stink bugs, higher infestation was observed on soybean sown with 0.4 m row spacing in the first assessment (R5.3), difference not observed in the evaluation at R5.5. The wide beating cloth and vertical beating cloth showed greater collecting capacity for caterpillars and bugs over beating cloth.

Foi conduzido um experimento com o objetivo de comparar a capacidade de coleta de três tipos de pano-de-batida na amostragem de lagartas e de percevejos de soja em diferentes espaçamentos entre linhas e cultivares. Foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualisado, com seis repetições, em esquema fatorial 2x3x3, sendo avaliadas duas cultivares (BMX Potência RR e Fundacep 53 RR), três espaçamentos entre linhas (0,4, 0,5 e 0,6 m) e três tipos de pano-de-batida (pano-de-batida, pano-de-batida largo e pano-de-batida vertical). Para determinar a capacidade de coleta de lagartas, foram realizadas amostragens nos estádios V9, V11 e R1, e de percevejos as amostragens foram realizadas nos estádios R5.3 e R5.5. Os resultados mostraram não haver interação entre os fatores, indicando independência entre eles. Não foi observada preferência de lagartas pelas cultivares, diferentemente dos percevejos, que apresentaram maior densidade populacional na cultivar Fundacep 53 RR. Nas três datas de avaliação, a densidade de lagartas foi maior quando a soja foi semeada com espaçamentos reduzidos. Para percevejo, foi observada maior infestação em soja semeada com espaçamento 0,4 m na primeira avaliação (R5.3), sendo que essa diferença não foi verificada na avaliação realizada em R5.5. O pano-de-batida largo e o pano-de-batida vertical apresentam maior capacidade de coleta de lagartas e de percevejos em relação ao pano-de-batida.

Additions and corrections to the check list of the Noctuoidea (Insecta, Lepidoptera) of North America north of Mexico.

A total of 64 additions and corrections are listed and discussed for the check list of the Noctuoidea of North America north of Mexico published in 2010. One family-group name is inserted, four are changed in rank, one is deleted, one is changed in name, and three are changed in authorship. Taxonomic changes to species are six new or revised synonymies, one new combination, and one revision in status from species to subspecies.

The lesser cotton leafworm, Anomis impasta (Guenée) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), in cotton / O curuquerê, Anomis impasta (Guenée) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) em algodoeiro

Anomis impasta (Guenée) is a species that shows remarkable morphological and behavioral similarities with the cotton leafworm Alabama argillacea (Hübner). During two growing cotton seasons, A. impasta was observed feeding on leaves and flower bracts of cotton and monitored. Furthermore, a study was conducted under laboratory conditions to generate biological information about this species with larvae feeding cotton squares and leaves. Larvae fed on cotton squares exhibited delayed development (18.5 ± 0.18 days) and lower pupal weight (140.8 ± 2.26 mg) compared to larvae fed on cotton leaves (14.0 ± 0.07 days and 169.3 ± 2.06 mg). Thus, one generation cycle of A. impasta was obtained by feeding the larvae with cotton leaves. The mean (minimum-maximum) values for the duration of eggs, larvae and pupae were: 3.0 (3-4), 14.8 (14-18), and 9.7 (7-14) days, respectively. The viability of the eggs, larvae, and pupae were 43.7, 98.3, and 94.7%, respectively. Females lived on average 25.2 days (ranging from 15 to 37 days) and produced 869 eggs (from 4 to 1,866 eggs). The successful development and reproduction of A. impasta on cotton, especially, on the cotton leaves, suggest the potential of this species to reach a pest status in cotton. The similarities with A. argillacea, as discussed in this study, can be one of the reasons for low reference to A. impasta in the field. Therefore, the information provided here will allow researchers and growers to distinguish these two cotton defoliators.

Anomis impasta (Guenée) é uma espécie que apresenta morfologia e comportamento muito similar ao curuquerê-do-algodoeiro, Alabama argillacea (Hübner). Durante duas safras de algodão, foi monitorada a alimentação de A. impasta em folhas e brácteas da cultura. Assim, este estudo foi conduzido para gerar informações biológicas sobre a espécie. As larvas foram criadas em folhas de algodão e botões florais (brácteas + botão floral), partes em que as lagartas foram comumente encontradas em campo. Larvas criadas com botão floral apresentaram maior período larval (18,5 ± 0,18 dias) e menor peso pupal (140,8 ± 2,26 mg) em comparação às larvas criadas apenas com folhas (14,0 ± 0,07 dias e 169,3 ± 2,06 mg). Assim, uma geração de A. impasta foi obtida alimentando-se as larvas com folhas de algodão. A média (variação) de duração para a fase de ovo, larva e pupa foi de 3,0 (3 a 4), 14,8 (14 a 18) e 9,7 (7 a 14) dias, respectivamente. A viabilidade para ovos, larva e pupa foi de 43,7; 98,3 e 94,7%, respectivamente. As fêmeas viveram em média 25,2 dias (15 a 37) e produziram 869 ovos (4 a 1866). O desenvolvimento e reprodução de A. impasta em algodoeiro, em especial quando as lagartas desenvolvem-se sobre folhas, fornecem indícios do seu potencial em atingir condição de praga na cultura. A semelhança com a espécie A. argillacea, como apresentado neste estudo, pode ser uma das razões de sua baixa constatação de A. impasta em campo. Portanto, acredita-se que as informações geradas com este estudo auxiliem pesquisadores e produtores na identificação dessas duas espécies desfolhadoras do algodoeiro.

Eficiência de métodos de amostragem de lagartas e de percevejos na cultura de soja / Efficiency of sampling methods for caterpillars and stink bugs in soybean

O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar a capacidade de coleta de três métodos de amostragem de lagartas e de percevejos na cultura de soja. Para isso, em área de 6,16ha de soja, foi demarcado um gride de 154 pontos amostrais, espaçados de 20×20m. Em cada um desses 154 pontos, foram coletadas lagartas (pequenas, grandes e total) e percevejos (ninfas, adultos e total) (seis variáveis), por meio dos métodos de amostragem pano-de-batida, pano-de-batida largo e pano-de-batida vertical, em 14 estádios fenológicos da cultura de soja, totalizando 6.468 coletas. Para cada uma dessas seis variáveis, em cada um dos 14 estádios fenológicos e no geral (todos os estádios fenológicos), as médias dos três métodos de amostragem foram comparadas pelo teste t (bilateral) de Student para dados pareados, em nível de 5% de probabilidade. O número de lagartas coletadas por meio dos métodos de amostragem é decrescente na seguinte ordem: pano-de-batida vertical, pano-de-batida largo e pano-de-batida. O número de percevejos coletados por meio dos métodos de amostragem pano-de-batida vertical e pano-de-batida largo é superior ao pano-de-batida. O pano-de-batida vertical é o mais eficiente para a coleta de lagartas e de percevejos.

The aim of this study was to compare the collect capacity of three sampling methods for caterpillars and stink bugs in soybean. Therefore, in a 6.16ha soybean field, a grid of 154 sampling points spaced 20×20m was marked. In each of these 154 points were collected caterpillars (small, large and total) and stink bugs (nymphs, adults and total) (six variables) by the sampling methods beating cloth, wide beating cloth and vertical beat sheet, on 14 phenological stages of the soybean crop, totaling 6,468 samples. For each of these six variables, on each of the 14 phenological stages and overall (all phenological stages), the averages of the three sampling methods were compared by Student's t test (bilateral) for paired data, in a 5% probability level. The number of caterpillars collected by the sampling methods decreases in the following order: vertical beat sheet, wide beating cloth and beating cloth. The number of stink bugs collected by the sampling methods vertical beat sheet and wide beating cloth is higher than beating cloth. Vertical beat sheet is the most efficient to collect caterpillars and stink bugs.

Biologia e tabela de vida de fertilidade de Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) em linhagens de milho / Biology and fertitlity life table of Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) in strains of corn

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar os aspectos biológicos de Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) e elaborar a tabela de vida de fertilidade deste inseto em cinco linhagens de milho provenientes do Programa de Melhoramento de Milho da Embrapa Clima Temperado. Foram determinadas a duração e sobrevivência das fases de ovo, larva, pré-pupa e pupa, peso de pupas, deformações, longevidade, fecundidade e período de pré-oviposição. A linhagem M89611 não permitiu aos insetos realizarem postura. A duração do período de lagarta, pré-pupa, pupa e adultos foram de 10,67, 1,22, 2,13 e 21,33 dias, respectivamente. O peso de pupa para esta linhagem foi de 0,129 e 0,091g para fêmeas e machos, respectivamente. As deformações foram de 25% e a longevidade de 21,3 dias. S. frugiperda aumentou 20,22 vezes a cada geração para a linhagem M89420, com duração média de 37,26 dias e a razão finita de aumento foi de 1,06668. A linhagem M89611 afeta a biologia de S. frugiperda, enquanto que, a linhagem M89287 proporciona maior viabilidade das fases de desenvolvimento e a linhagem M89420 proporciona a maior taxa líquida de reprodução. (AU)

BIOLOGY AND FERTITLITY LIFE TABLE OF SPODOPTERA FRUGIPERDA (J.E. SMITH) IN STRAINS OF CORN. The aim of this work was to study the biology of Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) and to elaborate the fertility life table of the insect in five strains of corn from the Programa de Melhoramento de Milho da Embrapa Clima Temperado, in Brazil. The following variables were determined: duration and survival of the egg, larval, pre-pupal and pupal phases, pupal weight, deformation, longevity, fecundity and duration of pre-oviposition. The strain M89611 did not allow the insects to lay eggs. The duration of the periods of larvae, pre-pupae, pupae and adults was 10.67, 1.22, 2.13 and 21.33 days, respectively. The pupal weight for this strain was 0.129 and 0.091 g for females and males, respectively. The deformations were 25%, and the longevity was 21.3 days. S. frugiperda increased 20.22 times in each generation for the M89420 strain, with an average of 37.26 days, and the finite rate of increase was 1.06668. The strain M89611 affected the biology of S. frugiperda, whereas the strain M89287 provided greater viability of the development stages, while strain M89420 provided the highest net reproductive rates. (AU)

Eficiência de métodos de amostragem de lagartas e de percevejos na cultura de soja

The aim of this study was to compare the collect capacity of three sampling methods for caterpillars and stink bugs in soybean. Therefore, in a 6.16ha soybean field, a grid of 154 sampling points spaced 20×20m was marked. In each of these 154 points were collected caterpillars (small, large and total) and stink bugs (nymphs, adults and total) (six variables) by the sampling methods beating cloth, wide beating cloth and vertical beat sheet, on 14 phenological stages of the soybean crop, totaling 6,468 samples. For each of these six variables, on each of the 14 phenological stages and overall (all phenological stages), the averages of the three sampling methods were compared by Student's t test (bilateral) for paired data, in a 5% probability level. The number of caterpillars collected by the sampling methods decreases in the following order: vertical beat sheet, wide beating cloth and beating cloth. The number of stink bugs collected by the sampling methods vertical beat sheet and wide beating cloth is higher than beating cloth. Vertical beat sheet is the most efficient to collect caterpillars and stink bugs.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar a capacidade de coleta de três métodos de amostragem de lagartas e de percevejos na cultura de soja. Para isso, em área de 6,16ha de soja, foi demarcado um gride de 154 pontos amostrais, espaçados de 20×20m. Em cada um desses 154 pontos, foram coletadas lagartas (pequenas, grandes e total) e percevejos (ninfas, adultos e total) (seis variáveis), por meio dos métodos de amostragem pano-de-batida, pano-de-batida largo e pano-de-batida vertical, em 14 estádios fenológicos da cultura de soja, totalizando 6.468 coletas. Para cada uma dessas seis variáveis, em cada um dos 14 estádios fenológicos e no geral (todos os estádios fenológicos), as médias dos três métodos de amostragem foram comparadas pelo teste t (bilateral) de Student para dados pareados, em nível de 5% de probabilidade. O número de lagartas coletadas por meio dos métodos de amostragem é decrescente na seguinte ordem: pano-de-batida vertical, pano-de-batida largo e pano-de-batida. O número de percevejos coletados por meio dos métodos de amostragem pano-de-batida vertical e pano-de-batida largo é superior ao pano-de-batida. O pano-de-batida vertical é o mais eficiente para a coleta de lagartas e de percevejos.