Prophylactic non-invasive positive pressure ventilation reduces complications and length of hospital stay after invasive thoracic procedures: a systematic review.

QUESTION: In patients undergoing invasive thoracic procedures, what are the effects of prophylactic non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIV)? DESIGN: Systematic review with meta-analysis of randomised trials. Methodological quality was assessed using the PEDro scale and the certainty of evidence with the GRADE approach. PARTICIPANTS: Patients undergoing invasive thoracic procedures. INTERVENTION: Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or bi-level positive airway pressure (BiPAP). OUTCOME MEASURES: Length of hospital stay, postoperative pulmonary complications, need for tracheal intubation, mortality, hypoxaemia, pulmonary function and adverse events. Meta-analysis was performed for all outcomes. Subgroup analyses estimated the effects of CPAP and BIPAP independently. RESULTS: Sixteen trials with 1,814 participants were included. The average quality of the included studies was fair. Moderate certainty evidence indicated that NIV reduces postoperative pulmonary complications (RD -0.09, 95% CI -0.15 to -0.04) without increasing the rate of adverse events (RD 0.01, 95% CI -0.02 to 0.04). Low certainty evidence indicated that NIV reduces length of hospital stay (MD -1.4 days, 95% CI -2.2 to -0.5) compared with usual care. The effects on intubation and mortality rates were very close to no effect, indicating that NIV is safe. Subgroup analyses showed that the evidence for CPAP had more precise estimates that that for BiPAP. CONCLUSION: NIV reduces postoperative pulmonary complications and length of stay after invasive chest procedures without increasing the risk of adverse events. REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42015019004.

Rehabilitación respiratoria en pacientes post COVID-19 con tres tratamientos; experiencia en un hospital militar peruano / Respiratory rehabilitation in post-COVID-19 patients with three treatments; experience in a Peruvian military hospital / Reabilitação respiratória em pacientes pós-COVID-19 com três tratamentos; experiência em um hospital militar peruano

La pandemia de COVID-19 ha destacado la importancia de la rehabilitación en pacientes con COVID prolongado. Objetivo: describir los efectos de tres tratamientos en un programa de rehabilitación respiratoria en pacientes post COVID-19 en un hospital militar peruano. Materiales y métodos: se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo y observacional. La muestra se dividió en tres grupos con diferentes tratamientos: RR+VNI+O2, Oxigenoterapia convencional y RR+CNAF+O2. Se evaluaron 348, 151 y 113 pacientes respectivamente en cada grupo. Se utilizó la Escala de Borg, mMRC, el cuestionario específico de Saint George y el genérico SF-12 para medir la percepción de falta de aire, fatiga y calidad de vida post pandemia. Resultados: tras los tratamientos, se observó un aumento significativo en la saturación de oxígeno, disminución en la frecuencia cardíaca, disnea y fatiga percibida. Conclusión: esto indica una mejora notable en la intensidad del cansancio y una significativa recuperación en la calidad de vida de los pacientes evaluados.

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of rehabilitation in patients with long COVID. objective: Describe the effects of three treatments in a respiratory rehabilitation program in post-COVID-19 patients in a Peruvian military hospital. Materials and methods: a descriptive and observational study was carried out. The sample was divided into three groups with different treatments: RR+NIV+O2, conventional oxygen therapy and RR+CNAF+O2. 348, 151 and 113 patients were evaluated respectively in each group. The Borg Scale, mMRC, the specific Saint George questionnaire and the generic SF-12 were used to measure the perception of shortness of breath, fatigue and post-pandemic quality of life. Results: after the treatments, a significant increase in oxygen saturation, decrease in heart rate, dyspnea and perceived fatigue was observed. Conclusion: this indicates a notable improvement in the intensity of fatigue and a significant recovery in the quality of life of the patients evaluated.

A pandemia de COVID-19 destacou a importância da reabilitação em pacientes com COVID longa. Objetivo: descrever os efeitos de três tratamentos em um programa de reabilitação respiratória em pacientes pós-COVID-19 em um hospital militar peruano. Materiais e métodos: foi realizado um estudo descritivo e observacional. A amostra foi dividida em três grupos com diferentes tratamentos: FR+VNI+O2, oxigenoterapia convencional e FR+CNAF+O2. Foram avaliados 348, 151 e 113 pacientes respectivamente em cada grupo. A Escala de Borg, mMRC, o questionário específico de Saint George e o SF-12 genérico foram utilizados para mensurar a percepção de falta de ar, fadiga e qualidade de vida pós-pandemia. Resultados: após os tratamentos foi observado aumento significativo da saturação de oxigênio, diminuição da frequência cardíaca, dispneia e fadiga percebida. Conclusão: isto indica uma melhora notável na intensidade da fadiga e uma recuperação significativa na qualidade de vida dos pacientes avaliados.

Comparison between high-flow nasal oxygen (HFNO) alternated with non-invasive ventilation (NIV) and HFNO and NIV alone in patients with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Non-invasive respiratory support (conventional oxygen therapy [COT], non-invasive ventilation [NIV], high-flow nasal oxygen [HFNO], and NIV alternated with HFNO [NIV + HFNO] may reduce the need for invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) in patients with COVID-19. The outcome of patients treated non-invasively depends on clinical severity at admission. We assessed the need for IMV according to NIV, HFNO, and NIV + HFNO in patients with COVID-19 according to disease severity and evaluated in-hospital survival rates and hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) lengths of stay. METHODS: This cohort study was conducted using data collected between March 2020 and July 2021. Patients ≥ 18 years admitted to the ICU with a diagnosis of COVID-19 were included. Patients hospitalized for < 3 days, receiving therapy (COT, NIV, HFNO, or NIV + HFNO) for < 48 h, pregnant, and with no primary outcome data were excluded. The COT group was used as reference for multivariate Cox regression model adjustment. RESULTS: Of 1371 patients screened, 958 were eligible: 692 (72.2%) on COT, 92 (9.6%) on NIV, 31 (3.2%) on HFNO, and 143 (14.9%) on NIV + HFNO. The results for the patients in each group were as follows: median age (interquartile range): NIV (64 [49-79] years), HFNO (62 [55-70] years), NIV + HFNO (62 [48-72] years) (p = 0.615); heart failure: NIV (54.5%), HFNO (36.3%), NIV + HFNO (9%) (p = 0.003); diabetes mellitus: HFNO (17.6%), NIV + HFNO (44.7%) (p = 0.048). > 50% lung damage on chest computed tomography (CT): NIV (13.3%), HFNO (15%), NIV + HFNO (71.6%) (p = 0.038); SpO2/FiO2: NIV (271 [118-365] mmHg), HFNO (317 [254-420] mmHg), NIV + HFNO (229 [102-317] mmHg) (p = 0.001); rate of IMV: NIV (26.1%, p = 0.002), HFNO (22.6%, p = 0.023), NIV + HFNO (46.8%); survival rate: HFNO (83.9%), NIV + HFNO (63.6%) (p = 0.027); ICU length of stay: NIV (8.5 [5-14] days), NIV + HFNO (15 [10-25] days (p < 0.001); hospital length of stay: NIV (13 [10-21] days), NIV + HFNO (20 [15-30] days) (p < 0.001). After adjusting for comorbidities, chest CT score and SpO2/FiO2, the risk of IMV in patients on NIV + HFNO remained high (hazard ratio, 1.88; 95% confidence interval, 1.17-3.04). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with COVID-19, NIV alternating with HFNO was associated with a higher rate of IMV independent of the presence of comorbidities, chest CT score and SpO2/FiO2. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT05579080.

Comparison of the effectiveness of different high-flow devices in neonatal care

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the success rate of high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) therapy using an adapted obsolete mechanical ventilator (MV), Optiflow™ and Vapotherm™ in newborns (NBs). Method: This was a retrospective observational study conducted in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). The sample comprised NBs who underwent HFNC therapy due to ventilatory dysfunction, for weaning from non-invasive ventilation (NIV), or post-extubation. The three groups, stratified according to gestational age (GA) and birth weight, and corrected GA and weight at the beginning of HFNC use, were as follows: Optiflow ™, Vapotherm ™, and obsolete Mechanical Ventilator (MV) adapted for high flow therapy. Subsequently, the NBs were divided into a success group (SG) and a failure group (FG). HFNC success was defined as a therapy duration exceeding 72 h. Results: A total of 209 NBs were evaluated, with 31.1 % using HFNC due to ventilatory dysfunction, 2.4 % after extubation, and 66.5 % after NIV weaning. HFNC success rate was observed in 90.9 % of the NBs, with no difference between equipment types (Vapotherm ™, Optiflow ™, and adapted VM). Conclusion: Different types of HFNC equipment are equally effective when used in neonatology for respiratory dysfunction, as a method of weaning from NIV and post-extubation. Adapted obsolete MV can be an alternative for HFCN therapy in resource-constrained settings.

Correlation between nasal anatomical characteristics in newborns and short binasal prong dimensions

Abstract Objective: To correlate the nasal anatomical characteristics of newborns with the dimensions of short binasal prongs. Method: Observational, cross-sectional study carried out in two hospitals in southern Brazil. The authors evaluated 1620 newborns with neonatal data and nasal dimensions. To measure the dimensions of the nasal region, the authors considered the width of the medial columella, the right nostril diameter, and the left nostril diameter. These data were correlated with the dimensions of two models of short binasal prongs. Results: Of the total newborns evaluated, 807 were female (49.8%), and 813 were male (50.2%). The majority were white (96.2%). The mean gestational age was 37.4 ± 2.9 weeks, ranging from 22 to 42 weeks. The birth weight was 2946.8 ± 699.3 g, ranging from 490.0 to 4740.0 g. Most of the nasal measures were significantly larger than both prong model measurements. Conclusion: The sizes of short binasal prongs available on the Brazilian market do not match the nasal anatomical characteristics of newborns.

Assessment of the Clinical and Functional Health Status of Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Brazil Using Telemedicine.

This study aimed to monitor the clinical and functional progression of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and adjust ventilatory support during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil using telemedicine. This longitudinal case series included five evaluations from January 2019 to June 2021. The first and second assessments were performed in person and consisted of pulmonary function, respiratory muscle strength, functionality (ALS Functional Rating Scale-Revised [ALSFRS-R]) and disease staging (King's College criteria). The use of non-invasive ventilation (NIV), ALSFRS-R, and disease staging were assessed in the third, fourth, and fifth assessments during the COVID-19 pandemic, using telemedicine. The rate of functional decline was calculated by the difference in the total score of ALSFRS-R between evaluations. A cutoff of 0.77 in the ALSFRS-R was used to characterize the speed of functional decline. Eleven patients (mean age of 51 years, eight males) were assessed. The total score of the ALSFRS-R (p < 0.01) and its motor domain (p < 0.01) reduced significantly during the pandemic. NIV prescription increased from 54.4% to 83.3%. Telemedicine helped with the clinical and functional follow-up of patients with ALS.

Lung ultrasound score predicts outcomes in patients with acute respiratory failure secondary to COVID-19 treated with non-invasive respiratory support: a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Lung ultrasound has demonstrated its usefulness in several respiratory diseases management. One derived score, the Lung Ultrasound (LUS) score, is considered a good outcome predictor in patients with Acute Respiratory Failure (ARF). Nevertheless, it has not been tested in patients undergoing non-invasive respiratory support (NIRS). Taking this into account, the aim of this study is to evaluate LUS score as a predictor of 90-day mortality, ETI (Endotracheal intubation) and HFNC (High Flow Nasal Cannula) failure in patients with ARF due to COVID-19 admitted to a Respiratory Intermediate Care Unit (RICU) for NIRS management. RESULTS: One hundred one patients were admitted to the RICU during the study period. Among these 76% were males and the median age was 55 (45-64) years. Initial ARF management started with HFNC, the next step was the use of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) devices and the last intervention was ETI and Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission. Of the total study population, CPAP was required in 40%, ETI in 26%, while 15% died. By means of a ROC analysis, a LUS ≥ 25 points was identified as the cut-off point for mortality(AUC 0.81, OR 1.40, 95% CI 1.14 to 1.71; p < 0.001), ETI (AUC 0.83, OR 1.43, 95% CI 1.20 to 1.70; p < 0.001) and HFNC failure (AUC 0.75, OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.12 to 1.41; p < 0.001). Kaplan-Meier survival curves also identified LUS ≥ 25 as a predictor of 90-days mortality (HR 4.16, 95% CI 1.27-13.6) and 30 days ETI as well. CONCLUSION: In our study, a ≥ 25 point cut-off of the Lung Ultrasound Score was identified as a good outcome prediction factor for 90-days mortality, ETI and HFNC failure in a COVID-19 ARF patients cohort treated in a RICU. Considering that LUS score is easy to calculate, a multicenter study to confirm our findings should be performed.

Comparison of the effectiveness of different high-flow devices in neonatal care.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the success rate of high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) therapy using an adapted obsolete mechanical ventilator (MV), Optiflow™ and Vapotherm™ in newborns (NBs). METHOD: This was a retrospective observational study conducted in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). The sample comprised NBs who underwent HFNC therapy due to ventilatory dysfunction, for weaning from non-invasive ventilation (NIV), or post-extubation. The three groups, stratified according to gestational age (GA) and birth weight, and corrected GA and weight at the beginning of HFNC use, were as follows: Optiflow ™, Vapotherm ™, and obsolete Mechanical Ventilator (MV) adapted for high flow therapy. Subsequently, the NBs were divided into a success group (SG) and a failure group (FG). HFNC success was defined as a therapy duration exceeding 72 h. RESULTS: A total of 209 NBs were evaluated, with 31.1 % using HFNC due to ventilatory dysfunction, 2.4 % after extubation, and 66.5 % after NIV weaning. HFNC success rate was observed in 90.9 % of the NBs, with no difference between equipment types (Vapotherm ™, Optiflow ™, and adapted VM). CONCLUSION: Different types of HFNC equipment are equally effective when used in neonatology for respiratory dysfunction, as a method of weaning from NIV and post-extubation. Adapted obsolete MV can be an alternative for HFCN therapy in resource-constrained settings.

High-flow nasal cannula and non-invasive mechanical ventilation in pediatric asthma exacerbation: two-year prospective observational study in intensive care / Cánula nasal de alto flujo y ventilación no invasiva en asma pediátrico grave: estudio observacional prospectivo de dos años de duración en cuidados intensivos

Abstract Background: Asthma is a common cause of admission to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). We described and analyzed the therapies applied to children admitted to a tertiary PICU because of asthma. Later, we evaluated high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) use in these patients and compared their evolution and complications with those who received non-invasive ventilation. Methods: We conducted a prospective observational study (October 2017-October 2019). Collected data: epidemiological, clinical, respiratory support therapy needed, complementary tests, and PICU and hospital stay. Patients were divided into three groups: (1) only HFNC; (2) HFNC and non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIMV); and (3) only NIMV. Results: Seventy-six patients were included (39 female). The median age was 2 years and 1 month. The median pulmonary score was 5. The median PICU stay was 3 days, and the hospital stay was 6 days. Children with HNFC only (56/76) had fewer PICU days (p = 0.025) and did not require NIMV (6/76). Children with HFNC had a higher oxygen saturation/fraction of inspired oxygen ratio ratio (p = 0.025) and lower PCO2 (p = 0.032). In the group receiving both therapies (14/76), NIMV was used first in all cases. No epidemiologic or clinical differences were found among groups. Conclusion: HFNC was a safe approach that did not increase the number of PICU or hospital days. On admission, normal initial blood gases and the absence of high oxygen requirements were useful in selecting responders to HFNC. Further randomized and multicenter clinical trials are needed to verify these data.

Resumen Introducción: El asma es una causa frecuente de ingreso en la unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos (UCIP). En este, cuadro el uso de cánula nasal de alto flujo (CNAF) se ha visto extendido. En este trabajo se describe el tratamiento global en la UCIP ante el ingreso por asma en un hospital monográfico pediátrico y se evalúa la respuesta al uso de la CNAF, comparando la evolución de los pacientes con aquellos que recibieron ventilación no invasiva (VNI). Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio observacional prospectivo (de octubre del 2017 a octubre del 2019). Se describieron epidemiología, clínica, tratamiento y soporte respiratorio. Para la comparación se crearon tres grupos de pacientes: 1) solo CNAF; 2) CNAF y VNI; y 3) solo VNI. Resultados: Se incluyeron 76 pacientes. La mediana de edad fue de dos años y un mes; la mediana de índice pulmonar fue 5. La mediana de ingreso en UCIP fue de tres días y de ingreso hospitalario, seis días. Los niños con solo CNAF (56/76) mostraron menos días de UCIP (p = 0.025) y no requirieron VNI (6/76). También mostraron mayor SatO2/FiO2 (saturación de oxígeno/fracción de oxígeno inspirado) (p = 0.025) y menor nivel de PCO2 (presión parcial de CO2) (p = 0.032). La VNI se utilizó primero siempre en el grupo que recibió ambas modalidades (14/76). No se encontraron diferencias epidemiológicas o clínicas entre grupos. Conclusiones: En nuestra serie, el uso de CNAF no aumentó los días de ingreso en la UCIP ni de hospital. Tampoco requirió cambio a VNI. Al ingreso, una gasometría normal y bajo requerimiento de oxígeno permitieron seleccionar a los pacientes respondedores. Se necesitan más ensayos multicéntricos clínicos aleatorizados para verificar estos datos.

High-flow nasal cannula and non-invasive mechanical ventilation in pediatric asthma exacerbation: two-year prospective observational study in intensive care.

BACKGROUND: Asthma is a common cause of admission to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). We described and analyzed the therapies applied to children admitted to a tertiary PICU because of asthma. Later, we evaluated high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) use in these patients and compared their evolution and complications with those who received non-invasive ventilation. METHODS: We conducted a prospective observational study (October 2017-October 2019). Collected data: epidemiological, clinical, respiratory support therapy needed, complementary tests, and PICU and hospital stay. Patients were divided into three groups: (1) only HFNC; (2) HFNC and non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIMV); and (3) only NIMV. RESULTS: Seventy-six patients were included (39 female). The median age was 2 years and 1 month. The median pulmonary score was 5. The median PICU stay was 3 days, and the hospital stay was 6 days. Children with HNFC only (56/76) had fewer PICU days (p = 0.025) and did not require NIMV (6/76). Children with HFNC had a higher oxygen saturation/fraction of inspired oxygen ratio ratio (p = 0.025) and lower PCO2 (p = 0.032). In the group receiving both therapies (14/76), NIMV was used first in all cases. No epidemiologic or clinical differences were found among groups. CONCLUSION: HFNC was a safe approach that did not increase the number of PICU or hospital days. On admission, normal initial blood gases and the absence of high oxygen requirements were useful in selecting responders to HFNC. Further randomized and multicenter clinical trials are needed to verify these data.

INTRODUCCIÓN: El asma es una causa frecuente de ingreso en la unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos (UCIP). En este, cuadro el uso de cánula nasal de alto flujo (CNAF) se ha visto extendido. En este trabajo se describe el tratamiento global en la UCIP ante el ingreso por asma en un hospital monográfico pediátrico y se evalúa la respuesta al uso de la CNAF, comparando la evolución de los pacientes con aquellos que recibieron ventilación no invasiva (VNI). MÉTODOS: Se llevó a cabo un estudio observacional prospectivo (de octubre del 2017 a octubre del 2019). Se describieron epidemiología, clínica, tratamiento y soporte respiratorio. Para la comparación se crearon tres grupos de pacientes: 1) solo CNAF; 2) CNAF y VNI; y 3) solo VNI. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 76 pacientes. La mediana de edad fue de dos años y un mes; la mediana de índice pulmonar fue 5. La mediana de ingreso en UCIP fue de tres días y de ingreso hospitalario, seis días. Los niños con solo CNAF (56/76) mostraron menos días de UCIP (p = 0.025) y no requirieron VNI (6/76). También mostraron mayor SatO2/FiO2 (saturación de oxígeno/fracción de oxígeno inspirado) (p = 0.025) y menor nivel de PCO2 (presión parcial de CO2) (p = 0.032). La VNI se utilizó primero siempre en el grupo que recibió ambas modalidades (14/76). No se encontraron diferencias epidemiológicas o clínicas entre grupos. CONCLUSIONES: En nuestra serie, el uso de CNAF no aumentó los días de ingreso en la UCIP ni de hospital. Tampoco requirió cambio a VNI. Al ingreso, una gasometría normal y bajo requerimiento de oxígeno permitieron seleccionar a los pacientes respondedores. Se necesitan más ensayos multicéntricos clínicos aleatorizados para verificar estos datos.

Satisfaction of Health Professionals Regarding the Short Binasal Prong Used as a Non-Invasive Ventilation Interface in Neonatology.

Purpose: To evaluate the health professionals' satisfaction regarding the short binasal prong used in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICU), evaluate the difficulties related to its use, and present possible improvements in the design of this device. Patients and Methods: Observational, cross-sectional study with prospective data collection carried out in the NICU of a public hospital in southern Brazil. This research was presented into two stages. In the first stage, the Quebec User Evaluation of Satisfaction with Assistive Technology was applied with 90 health professionals to evaluate the satisfaction regarding the short binasal prong. In the second stage, the health professional's experiences and difficulties in using the binasal prongs in 14 newborns (NBs) that required non-invasive ventilation was collected. The short binasal prongs used was the Fanem® brand and the CPAP circuit was Gabisa Medical International (GMI®). Finally, improvements and recommendations were presented to optimize the device's design. Results: The mean score of the health professionals' satisfaction with short binasal prongs was 3.8 ± 0.6. Ease of adjustment (3.27) and dimensions (3.62) variables had the worst scores. The main difficulties pointed out by health professionals were: circuit disconnection (57.1%), the size of the prong did not correspond to NBs' anatomical characteristics (35.7%), air leakage (21.4%), and difficulty in fixing and positioning the prong in the NB (14.28%). The improvements suggested were: appropriate prong sizes based on the anatomical characteristics of the NBs; adjustable distance between insertion and base catheters; manufactured with malleable material, however not easily foldable; curved and adjustable insertion catheters and functional system of tracheas' connection. Conclusion: The dissatisfaction of health professionals with the dimensions and prongs adjustments and the difficulties faced in clinical practice indicate the need for improvements in these interfaces. The recommendations presented in this study may contribute to optimizing the design of the binasal prong in the future.

Evaluation and Performance of a Positive Airway Pressure Device (CPAP-AirFlife™): A Randomized Crossover Non-Inferiority Clinical Study in Normal Subjects.

Background and Objectives: During the COVID-19, the demand for non-invasive ventilatory support equipment significantly increased. In response, a novel non-invasive ventilatory support model called CPAP-AirFlife™ was developed utilizing existing technologies. This model offers technological advantages, including an aerosol-controlled helmet suitable for high-risk environments such as ambulances. Additionally, it is cost-effective and does not require medical air, making it accessible for implementation in low-level hospitals, particularly in rural areas. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of CPAP-AirFlife™ by conducting a non-inferiority comparison with conventional ventilation equipment used in the Intensive Care Unit. Materials and Methods: A clinical study was conducted on normal subjects in a randomized and sequential manner. Parameters such as hemoglobin oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry, exhaled PCO2 levels, vital signs, and individual tolerance were compared between the CPAP-AirFlife™ and conventional equipment. The study population was described in terms of demographic characteristics and included in the analysis. Results: It was shown that the CPAP-AirFlife™ was not inferior to conventional equipment in terms of efficacy or tolerability. Hemoglobin oxygen saturation levels, exhaled PCO2 levels, vital signs, and individual tolerance did not significantly differ between the two models. Conclusions: The findings suggest that CPAP-AirFlife™ is a practical and cost-effective alternative for non-invasive ventilatory support. Its technological advantages, including the aerosol-controlled helmet, make it suitable for high-risk environments. The device's accessibility and affordability make it a promising solution for implementation in low-level hospitals, particularly in rural areas. This study supports using CPAP-AirFlife™ as a practical option for non-invasive ventilatory support, providing a valuable contribution to respiratory care during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond.

Factors Associated with the Efficiency of Home Non-Invasive Ventilation in Patients with Obesity-Hypoventilation Syndrome in Martinique.

Obesity-hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) is a respiratory complication of obesity characterized by chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure. It is often associated with several comorbidities and is treated by positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy. This study aimed to identify factors associated with persistent hypercapnia in patients receiving home non-invasive ventilation (NIV). We performed a retrospective study including patients with documented OHS. In total, 143 patients were included (79.7% women, age 67 ± 15.5 years, body mass index 41.6 ± 8.3 kg/m2). After 4.6 ± 4.0 years of follow-up, 72 patients (50.3%) remained hypercapnic. In bivariable analysis, clinical data showed no difference in follow-up duration, number of comorbidities, comorbidities, or circumstance of discovery. Patients with persistent hypercapnia on NIV were generally older, with lower BMI and more comorbidities. (5.5 ± 1.8 versus 4.4 ± 2.1, p = 0.001), female sex (87.5% versus 71.8%), was treated by NIV (100% versus 90.1%, p < 0.01), had lower FVC (56.7 ± 17.2 versus 63.6 ± 18% of theoretical value, p = 0.04), lower TLC (69.1 ± 15.3 versus 74.5 ± 14.6% of theoretical value, p = 0.07), lower RV (88.4 ± 27.1 versus 102.5 ± 29.4% of theoretical value, p = 0.02), higher pCO2 at diagnosis (59.7 ± 11.7 versus 54.6 ± 10.1 mmHg, p = 0.01) and lower pH (7.38 ± 0.03 versus 7.40 ± 0.04, p = 0.007), higher pressure support (12.6 ± 2.6 versus 11.5 ± 2.4 cmH2O, p = 0.04) and lower EPAP (8.2 ± 1.9 versus 9 ± 2.0 cmH2O, p = 0.06). There was no difference in non-intentional leaks and daily use between patients between both groups. By multivariable analysis, sex, BMI, pCO2 at diagnosis, and TLC were independent risk factors for persistent hypercapnia on home NIV. In individuals with OHS, persistent hypercapnia on home NIV therapy is frequent. Sex, BMI, pCO2 at diagnosis, and TLC were all associated with an increased risk of persistent hypercapnia in persons treated with home NIV.

Oxigenoterapia de alto flujo y ventilación no invasiva en pacientes extubados por COVID-19 y riesgo de reintubación / High-flow oxygen therapy and non-invasive ventilation in extubated patients with COVID-19 and risk of reintubation

RESUMEN Introducción: La oxigenoterapia de alto flujo (OAF) y la ventilación no invasiva (VNI) son sistemas no invasivos que se administran post-extubación en pacientes COVID-19 para evitar la reintubación. Sin embargo, la evidencia sobre la elección de alguno de estos dispositivos no está muy clara. El objetivo fue determinar si el grupo que recibió OAF comparado con el grupo que recibió VNI se asocia a menor riesgo de reintubación en adultos con destete difícil y extubados por COVID-19. Material y métodos: Estudio cohorte retrospectivo en 206 registros de pacientes en destete difícil de ventilación mecánica en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI). El resultado primario fue reintubación en pacientes que fracasaron con OAF o VNI post-extubación y los resultados secundarios fueron estancia hospitalaria en UCI y mortalidad a los 90 días. Resultados: Doscientos seis pacientes cumplieron los criterios de inclusión, 102 pacientes en el grupo OAF y 104 pacientes en el grupo VNI. Durante el seguimiento de 72 horas, la tasa de reintubación en el grupo OAF fue mayor [n=24 (64,9%)] comparado con el grupo VNI [n=13 (35,1%)], mostrando en el análisis de Kaplan-Meier diferencias significativas (Log-Rank-Test p=0,005). La regresión de COX mostró mayor riesgo de reintubación en el grupo de OAF frente a VNI (HR 2,74; IC95% 1,42-5,68; p=0,007). No hubo diferencias en los días de hospitalización UCI (p=0,913) ni en mortalidad a los 90 días (Log-Rank-Test p=0,49). Conclusión: Este estudio observacional retrospectivo sugirió que la OAF frente al VNI se asoció a mayor riesgo de reintubación, pero no a mortalidad a los 90 días.

ABSTRACT Introduction: High flow oxygen therapy (HFO) and non-invasive ventilation (NIV) are non-invasive systems that are administered post-extubation in COVID-19 patients to avoid reintubation. However, the evidence on the choice of any of these devices is not very clear. The objective was to determine if the group that received OAF compared to the group that received NIV is associated with a lower risk of reintubation in adults with difficult weaning and extubated due to COVID-19. Material and methods: Retrospective cohort study in 206 records of patients in difficult weaning from mechanical ventilation in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). The primary outcome was reintubation in patients who failed HFO or post-extubation NIV, and the secondary outcomes were ICU hospital stay and 90-day mortality. Results: Two hundred and six patients met the inclusion criteria, 102 patients in the OAF group and 104 patients in the NIV group. During the 72-h follow-up, the reintubation rate in the HFO group was higher [n=24 (64,9%)] compared to the NIV group [n=13 (35,1%)], showing in the analysis of Kaplan-Meier significant differences (Log-Rank-Test p=0,005). COX regression showed a higher risk of reintubation in the HFO group compared to NIV (HR 2,74; 95%CI 1,42-5,68; p=0,007). There were no differences in ICU hospitalization days (p=0,913) or in 90-day mortality (Log-Rank-Test p=0,49). Conclusion: This retrospective observational study suggested that HFO versus NIV was associated with a higher risk of reintubation, but not with 90-day mortality.

Ventilación mecánica no invasiva en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica agudizada en cuidados intensivos: diez años de experiencia / Non invasive mechanic ventilation in patients with acute chronic obstructive lung disease in intensive cares: ten years of experience:en

Introducción: La ventilación no invasiva es un tratamiento efectivo en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar agudizada. Objetivo: Describir las características demográficas, clínicas, ventilatorias y hemogasométricas en pacientes tratados con ventilación no invasiva. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, longitudinal y prospectivo de 234 pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica agudizada, ventilados de forma no invasiva en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital Provincial Clínico-Quirúrgico Docente Saturnino Lora de Santiago de Cuba de enero de 2011 a septiembre de 2021. Resultados: En la serie predominaron el sexo masculino, la neumonía extrahospitalaria y la insuficiencia cardíaca crónica; mientras que la edad media fue de 71 años y la ventilación no invasiva fracasó en 53,8 % de los afectados. Asimismo, la frecuencia respiratoria disminuyó de 34,3 a 23,5 respiraciones por minuto en la segunda hora y se observó, además, un incremento del pH, así como de la relación presión arterial de O2/fracción inspirada de O2 y saturación de oxígeno a la pulsioximetría/fracción inspiratoria de O2. La presión arterial de CO2 tuvo valores promedio de 61,8 mmHg al inicio y de 60,7 mmHg en la segunda hora. Conclusiones: Los valores basales de las variables clínicas, hemogasométricas y ventilatorias mejoraron luego del tratamiento con ventilación no invasiva. Entre los parámetros asociados al fracaso del tratamiento figuraron: frecuencia cardiaca, frecuencia respiratoria, presión arterial de CO2, escala de coma de Glasgow, pH y presencia de fugas; igualmente, la estadía prolongada, la ventilación por más de 48 horas y la mortalidad estuvieron relacionadas con dicho fracaso.

Introduction: The non invasive ventilation is an effective treatment in patients with acute lung disease. Objective: To describe the demographic, clinical, ventilatory and hemogasometric characteristics in patients treated with non invasive ventilation. Methods: An observational, descriptive, longitudinal and prospective study of 234 patients with chronic obstructive lung disease, non-invasive ventilated in the Intensive Cares Unit of Saturnino Lora Teaching Clinical-Surgical Provincial Hospital in Santiago de Cuba, was carried out, from January, 2011 to September, 2021. Results: In the series there was a prevalence of male sex, non hospital acquired pneumonia and chronic heart failure; while the mean age was 71 years and non invasive ventilation failed in 53.8 % of those affected. Also, the respiratory rate decreased from 34.3 to 23.5 breaths per minute in the second hour and an increase in pH was also observed, as well as in the relationship arterial pressure of O2/inspired fraction of O2 and oxygen saturation to the pulsioximetry/inspiratory fraction of O2. The arterial pressure of CO2 had average values of 61.8 mmHg to the beginning and of 60.7 mmHg in the second hour. Conclusions: The basal values of clinical, hemogasometric and ventilatory variables improved after treatment with non invasive ventilation. Among the parameters associated with the treatment failure there were heart frequency, respiratory frequency, arterial pressure of CO2, coma Glasgow scale, pH and leaks; equally, the long stay, the ventilation for more than 48 hours and mortality were related to this failure.

Terapia con cánula nasal de alto flujo en pacientes pediátricos en domicilio / High flow nasal cannula therapy in pediatric patients at home

Se realiza comentario de estudio de Israel en el cual analizan 75 pacientes pediátricos que utilizaron cánula nasal de alto flujo (CNAF) en domicilio, evaluando la seguridad, las indicaciones, los parámetros de utilización, la duración del tratamiento, los resultados clínicos y la satisfacción de los padres. Se acompaña de una revisión de la literatura del tema.

A comment is made on a study conducted in Israel analyzing 75 pediatric patients who used high-flow nasal cannula at home, evaluating safety, indications, utilization parameters, treatment duration, clinical outcomes, and parental satisfaction. It is accompanied by a literature review on the topic.

Respiratory support effect on pharyngeal area in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A fluoroscopic comparison of NIV, helmet/CPAP, and high-flow nasal cannula.

The global use of noninvasive respiratory support provided by different supportive ventilation delivery methods (SVDMs) has increased, but the impact of these devices on the upper airway structures of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is not known. We aimed to compare the pharyngeal cross-sectional area during spontaneous breathing with four different SVDMs: intranasal masks, oronasal masks, high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC), and helmet in patients with ALS. We compared measures of the pharyngeal area during spontaneous breathing and SVDM use. The greatest increase was observed with intranasal mask use, followed by HFNC, oronasal mask, and helmet respectively. In conclusion, upper airway opening in patients with ALS is enhanced by positive pressure with intranasal masks and HFNC, showing promise for increasing pharyngeal patency. Future studies should explore its applicability and effectiveness in maintaining long-term pharyngeal patency, especially in this population with bulbar weakness.

Impacto de la cánula nasal de alto flujo y la ventilación no invasiva en la fisiología deglutoria: revisión de la literatura / Impact of high-flow nasal cannula and non-invasive ventilation on swallowing physiology: a literature review

El proceso deglutorio requiere de una adecuada coordinación entre respiración y deglución. En el contexto clínico, el uso de dispositivos ventilatorios no invasivos, como la cánula nasal de alto flujo (CNAF) o la ventilación no invasiva (VNI), ha cobrado gran relevancia durante los últimos años. Sin embargo, existe escasa información respecto a la interferencia que estos dispositivos podrían ocasionar en la fisiología deglutoria. En este contexto, y con el objetivo de describir el impacto de la CNAF y la VNI en la fisiología deglutoria, se realizó una revisión de la literatura en PubMed, Medline, Embase, Web of Science, Lilacs y Scielo. Se incorporaron estudios que incluyeran población ≥18 años, con uso de CNAF o VNI. Se excluyeron estudios en población con antecedentes de disfagia, necesidad de intubación, presencia de enfermedad neurológica, neuromuscular o respiratoria, entre otros. Los resultados de los estudios muestran que la CNAF podría disminuir el número de degluciones (en flujos ≥ 20 L/min; p<0,05),disminuir el tiempo medio de activación de la respuesta deglutoria proporcional al flujo empleado (p<0,05), incrementar el riesgo aspirativo en flujos altos (>40 L/min, p<0,05) e incrementar en promedio la duración del cierre del vestíbulo laríngeo (p<0,001). La VNI modo BiPAP, por su parte, podría aumentar el riesgo aspirativo debido al incremento en la tasa de inspiración post deglución (SW-I, p<0,01). Si bien la evidencia disponible es limitada, los resultados aportan información relevante a considerar en el abordaje de usuarios que utilicen estos dispositivos ventilatorios. Futuras investigaciones deberían ser desarrolladas para fortalecer la evidencia presentada.

Deglutition requires adequatecoordination between breathing and swallowing. In the clinical context, the use of non-invasive ventilatory devices such as high-flow nasal cannulas(HFNC) or non-invasive ventilation (NIV) has become highlyrelevantin recent years. However, there is little information regarding howthese devices could interferewith the physiologyof deglutition. This study aimedto describe the impact of HFNC and NIV on swallowing physiology. To this end, aliterature review was carried out usingPubMed, Medline, Embase, Web of Science, Lilacs,and Scielo. Studies performed onpopulations≥18 years old where HFNC or NIV were used were included. Studies where thepopulation hada history of dysphagia, need for intubation, and presentedneurological, neuromuscular,or respiratory diseases, among others, were excluded. The results show that HFNC could decrease the swallowing rate(with flows≥ 20 L/min; p<.05), decrease the mean activation time of the swallowing reflex in proportion to the flow (p<.05), increase the risk of aspiration when usinghigherflows (>40 L/min, p<0.05),and increase the average duration of the laryngeal vestibuleclosure(p<.001).NIV, particularly BiPAP, could increase the risk of aspiration due to the higherrate of post-swallowing inspiration (SW-I, p<.01). Although the evidence available on this matter is limited, theseresults offerrelevant information that should beconsideredwhen working with patients who use these ventilatory devices. Furtherresearch should be carriedoutto strengthen the evidence that is provided in this study.

[Life care of a cohort of patients with home chronic ventilatory support]. / Trayectoria vital de pacientes con soporte ventilatorio crónico domiciliario.

INTRODUCTION: Home mechanical ventilation in chronic respiratory failure improves quality of life and decreases hospitalizations. In order to know clinical characteristics, resource consumption and survival, we proposed an analysis of the vital trajectory during six years. METHODS: Descriptive and retrospective study. Information was obtained from the clinical history of the day hospital program. Kaplan Meier type survival curves were made. We included 100 patients, 57% men, age 65 ± 13 years and body mass index of 29.1 ± 8.6 kg/m2. Thirty had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), 23 had amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 18 obesity hypoventilation syndrome, other neuromuscular diseases in 16 cases, diaphragmatic dysfunction in 10, and chest wall restriction in 3 patients. Ninety-eight received non-invasive ventilation and two invasive cases through tracheostomy. 80% used spontaneous-timed mode (S/T); 14.6%, spontaneous (S); 4% average volume-assured pressure support ventilation (AVAPS) and 1.3% control pressure. Non-invasive compliance was: 7.8 ± 2.6 hours/day. RESULTS: After the start of home ventilation, hospitalizations were reduced (0.2, SD: 0.38 vs. 0.5 SD: 0.5, p < 0.001) and days of hospitalization per episode (5.14, SD: 17.7 vs. 10.45 SD: 16.69, p < 0.001). Median survival was two years with a better vital prognosis in COPD (3 years on average) vs. neuromuscular disease (< 2 years) p < 0.05. CONCLUSIONS: patients with home mechanical ventilation showed a reduction in the days of hospitalization after starting ventilation. Better survival was observed in COPD in relation to neuromuscular disease.

Introducción: La ventilación mecánica domiciliaria en insuficiencia respiratoria crónica, mejora calidad de vida y disminuye hospitalizaciones. Para conocer características clínicas, consumo de recursos y supervivencia, propusimos un análisis de la trayectoria vital durante seis años. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo. Se obtuvo información de la historia clínica del programa de hospital de día. Se confeccionaron curvas de supervivencia tipo Kaplan Meier. Incluimos 100 pacientes, 57% hombres, edad 65 ± 13 años e índice de masa corporal de 29.1 ± 8.6 kg/m2. Treinta tenían enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC), 23 esclerosis lateral amiotrófica, 18 síndrome obesidad hipoventilación, otras enfermedades neuromusculares (ENM) en 16 casos, disfunción diafragmática en 10 y restricción por caja torácica en 3 pacientes. Noventa y ocho recibieron ventilación no invasiva y en dos casos invasiva mediante traqueostomía. El 80% utilizó modo spontaneous-timed (S/T); 14.6%, spontaneous (S); 4% average volume-assured pressure support ventilation ("AVAPS") y 1.3% presión control. El cumplimiento en no invasiva fue: 7.8 ± 2.6 horas/día. Resultados: Luego del inicio de la ventilación domiciliaria se redujeron las hospitalizaciones (0.2, DS: 0.38 vs. 0.5 DS: 0.5, p < 0.001) y los días de internación por episodio (5.14, DS: 17.7 "vs." 10.45 DS: 16.69, p < 0.001). La supervivencia media fue de dos años con mejor pronóstico vital en EPOC (3 años de media) vs. enfermedad neuromuscular (< 2 años) p < 0.05. Conclusiones: los pacientes con ventilación mecánica domiciliaria mostraron reducción de los días de hospitalización luego de comenzado el soporte ventilatorio. Se observó mejor supervivencia en EPOC en relación a enfermedad neuromuscular.

Trayectoria vital de pacientes con soporte ventilatorio crónico domiciliario / Life care of a cohort of patients with home chronic ventilatory support

Resumen Introducción: La ventilación mecánica domiciliaria en insuficiencia respiratoria crónica, mejora calidad de vida y disminuye hospitalizaciones. Para conocer características clínicas, consumo de recursos y supervivencia, propusimos un análisis de la trayectoria vital durante seis años. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo. Se obtuvo información de la historia clínica del programa de hospital de día. Se confeccionaron curvas de supervivencia tipo Kaplan Meier. Incluimos 100 pacientes, 57% hombres, edad 65 ± 13 años e índice de masa corporal de 29.1 ± 8.6 kg/m2. Treinta tenían enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC), 23 esclerosis lateral amiotrófica, 18 síndrome obesidad hipoventilación, otras enfermedades neuromus culares (ENM) en 16 casos, disfunción diafragmática en 10 y restricción por caja torácica en 3 pacientes. Noventa y ocho recibieron ventilación no invasiva y en dos casos invasiva mediante traqueostomía. El 80% utilizó modo spontaneous-timed (S/T); 14.6%, spontaneous (S); 4% average volume-assured pressure support ventilation ("AVAPS") y 1.3% presión control. El cumplimiento en no invasiva fue: 7.8 ± 2.6 horas/día. Resultados: Luego del inicio de la ventilación domiciliaria se redujeron las hospitalizaciones (0.2, DS: 0.38 vs. 0.5 DS: 0.5, p < 0.001) y los días de internación por episodio (5.14, DS: 17.7 "vs." 10.45 DS: 16.69, p < 0.001). La supervivencia media fue de dos años con mejor pronóstico vital en EPOC (3 años de media) vs. enfermedad neuromuscular (< 2 años) p < 0.05. Conclusiones: los pacientes con ventilación mecánica domiciliaria mostraron reducción de los días de hospitalización luego de comenzado el soporte ventilatorio. Se observó mejor supervivencia en EPOC en relación a enfermedad neuromuscular.

Abstract Introduction: Home mechanical ventilation in chronic respiratory failure improves quality of life and decreases hospitalizations. In order to know clinical characteristics, resource consumption and survival, we pro posed an analysis of the vital trajectory during six years. Methods: Descriptive and retrospective study. Information was obtained from the clinical history of the day hospital program. Kaplan Meier type survival curves were made. We included 100 patients, 57% men, age 65 ± 13 years and body mass index of 29.1 ± 8.6 kg/m2. Thirty had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), 23 had amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 18 obesity hypoventilation syndrome, other neuromuscular diseases in 16 cases, diaphragmatic dysfunction in 10, and chest wall restriction in 3 patients. Ninety-eight received non-invasive ventilation and two invasive cases through tracheostomy. 80% used spontaneous-timed mode (S/T); 14.6%, spontaneous (S); 4% average volume-assured pressure support ventilation (AVAPS) and 1.3% control pressure. Non-invasive compliance was: 7.8 ± 2.6 hours/day. Results: After the start of home ventilation, hospitalizations were reduced (0.2, SD: 0.38 vs. 0.5 SD: 0.5, p < 0.001) and days of hospitalization per episode (5.14, SD: 17.7 vs. 10.45 SD: 16.69, p < 0.001). Median survival was two years with a better vital prognosis in COPD (3 years on average) vs. neuromuscular disease (< 2 years) p < 0.05. Conclusions: patients with home mechanical ventilation showed a reduction in the days of hospitalization after starting ventilation. Better survival was observed in COPD in relation to neuromuscular disease.