Teaching the physiology of the human body in non-formal spaces: pilot experience of a Service-Learning methodology and the interaction between students of different educational levels.

Research institutes and universities have strengthened the development of biomedicine outreach activities, constituing a non-formal education system of science literacy, although with little commitment from undergraduate students. However, as a Service-Learning methodology, these outreach activities could work as a tool for the acquisition of skills by students of Health Science Degrees. Described here is the development of the workshop entitled "Exploring the human body" at the Biodonostia Health Research Institute and the pilot experience of its implementation as a Service-Learning activity at the University of Málaga. Firstly, 359 secondary education students were mentored by Ph.D. students through a 5-station workshop with experiments and activities related to the physiology of the human body. Then, 301 undergraduate students of Medicine and Nursing Degrees advised 965 secondary education students. Both groups of students assessed the workshop via questionnaires and a debriefing. The data showed an overall score of 4.6 out of 5 for the workshop. Undergraduate students reported a positive impact on their academic background (4.8 out of 5), mainly due to the improvement of oral communication skills (34%). Therefore, this methodology could be a valid and applicable tool to develop the cross-disciplinary competences of undergraduate students.

Educational crisis of Rohingya refugee children in Bangladesh: Access, obstacles, and prospects to formal and non-formal education.

Purpose: The article discusses the contemporary educational crisis of Rohingya children in Bangladesh. It aims to identify the challenges of formal and non-formal education faced by Rohingya children and their prospects. In this scholarship, the author attempts to answer the questions-what are the current formal and non-formal educational services in the Rohingya refugee camps and how and to what extent do the existing educational services intensify the other crisis in their lives, and what are the prospects for them going forwards. Method: ology: This study is primarily based on secondary sources of data. It focuses on the available educational services and key obstacles that affect Rohingya children's formal and non-formal educational opportunities in Bangladesh and their prospects in Myanmar. Findings: The study found the absence of formal and non-formal education for Rohingya children in refugee camps has a significant impact on their ability to become an active member of society. Although refugee children and their parents express a willingness to formal education under the Myanmar curriculum, limited educational services and various structural and legal barriers hinder their progress. Finally, the study explores the prospects of formal and non-formal education for Rohingya children in Bangladesh and concludes with recommendations to improve their educational opportunities. Limitation: The study results can differ in other contexts and countries hosting refugees. Practical implications: Findings of the study may be helpful for policymakers and practitioners.

A experiência esportiva no programa Curumim do Sesc Ribeirão Preto: descobertas, aprendizados e influências / The sports experience in the Curumim program of Sesc Ribeirão Preto: discoveries, learnings and inlfuences / La experiencia deportiva en el programa Curumim del Sesc Ribeirão Preto: descubrimientos, aprendizajes y influencias

Este artigo buscou compreender como a prática esportiva vivenciada no programa Curumim influenciou a relação dos antigos participantes do programa no Sesc Ribeirão Preto com o esporte. Como metodologia, utilizamos a Teoria Fundamentada; seis adultos que participaram do Curumim foram entrevistados. Durante a análise, cinco categorias foram estabelecidas, sendo a principal "Curumim como 'uma janela que se abre': descobertas, aprendizados e influências". Por fim, foi possível evidenciar a influência do Curumim no envolvimento com a prática esportiva. Contudo, este não foi um fator decisivo. Ainda, experiências marcantes demonstraram potencial para alterar o modo de ação de seus frequentadores e definir a escolha profissional dos participantes (AU).

This article sought to understand how the sports practice experienced in the Curumim Program influenced the relationship of the former participants with sport. As methodology, the Grounded Theory was used; six adults who participated in the Curumim in Sesc Ribeirão Preto were interviwed. Analyzing the data, five categories were established and the main one was "Curumim as 'an open window': discoveries, learning and influences". Finally, it was possible to perceive the influence of Curumim in sports practice, however, this was not a decisive factor. Still, remarkable experiences showed the potential to change the way of action of its participants and to define the professional choice (AU).

Este artículo buscó comprender cómo la práctica deportiva vivida en el Programa Curumim influyó en la relación de los ex participantes del Sesc Ribeirão Preto con el deporte. Como metodología, se utilizó la Teoría Fundamentada; se entrevistaron seis adultos que participaron en el Curumim. En el análisis, se establecieron cinco categorías, siendo la principal "Curumim como una 'ventana que se abre': descubrimientos, aprendizajes e influencias". Finalmente, se pudo evidenciar la influencia de Curumim en la práctica deportiva, pero, este no fue un factor determinante. Todavía, experiencias notables demostraron el potencial para cambiar las acciones de sus habituales y definir su elección profesional (AU).

A experiência esportiva no programa Curumim do Sesc Ribeirão Preto: descobertas, aprendizados e influências / The sports experience in the Curumim program of Sesc Ribeirão Preto: discoveries, learnings and inlfuences / La experiencia deportiva en el programa Curumim del Sesc Ribeirão Preto: descubrimientos, aprendizajes y influencias

Este artigo buscou compreender como a prática esportiva vivenciada no programa Curumim influenciou a relação dos antigos participantes do programa no Sesc Ribeirão Preto com o esporte. Como metodologia, utilizamos a Teoria Fundamentada; seis adultos que participaram do Curumim foram entrevistados. Durante a análise, cinco categorias foram estabelecidas, sendo a principal "Curumim como 'uma janela que se abre': descobertas, aprendizados e influências". Por fim, foi possível evidenciar a influência do Curumim no envolvimento com a prática esportiva. Contudo, este não foi um fator decisivo. Ainda, experiências marcantes demonstraram potencial para alterar o modo de ação de seus frequentadores e definir a escolha profissional dos participantes.

This article sought to understand how the sports practice experienced in the Curumim Program influenced the relationship of the former participants with sport. As methodology, the Grounded Theory was used; six adults who participated in the Curumim in Sesc Ribeirão Preto were interviwed. Analyzing the data, five categories were established and the main one was "Curumim as 'an open window': discoveries, learning and influences". Finally, it was possible to perceive the influence of Curumim in sports practice, however, this was not a decisive factor. Still, remarkable experiences showed the potential to change the way of action of its participants and to define the professional choice.

Este artículo buscó comprender cómo la práctica deportiva vivida en el Programa Curumim influyó en la relación de los ex participantes del Sesc Ribeirão Preto con el deporte. Como metodología, se utilizó la Teoría Fundamentada; se entrevistaron seis adultos que participaron en el Curumim. En el análisis, se establecieron cinco categorías, siendo la principal "Curumim como una 'ventana que se abre': descubrimientos, aprendizajes e influencias". Finalmente, se pudo evidenciar la influencia de Curumim en la práctica deportiva, pero, este no fue un factor determinante. Todavía, experiencias notables demostraron el potencial para cambiar las acciones de sus habituales y definir su elección profesional.

Interdisciplinary trainee networks to promote research on aging: Facilitators, barriers, and next steps.

Interdisciplinary education and research foster cross disciplinary collaboration. The study of age and aging is complex and needs to be carried out by scholars from myriad disciplines, making interdisciplinary collaboration paramount. Non-formal, extracurricular, and interdisciplinary networks are increasingly filling gaps in academia's largely siloed disciplinary training. This study examines the experiences of trainees (undergraduate, graduate, and post-graduate students) who belonged to one such network devoted to interdisciplinary approaches to education and research on aging. Fifty-three trainees completed the survey. Among respondents, some faculties (e.g., Health Sciences) were disproportionately represented over others (e.g., Business, Engineering, and Humanities). Most trainees valued their participation in the interdisciplinary network for research on aging. They also valued expanding their social and professional network, the nature of which was qualitatively described in open-text responses. We then relate our findings to three types of social capital: bonding; bridging; and linking. Finally, we conclude with recommendations for the intentional design and/or refinement of similar networks to maximize value to trainees, provide the skills necessary for interdisciplinary collaboration, and foster egalitarian and representative participation therein.

Didáctica no-parametral: principios didácticos de implementación desde las experiencias educativas circenses en espacios no formales / Ensino não-parametral: princípios didáticos de implementação das experiências educacionais circenses em espaços não-formais / Non-parametric didactic: didactic principles of implementation from the circus educational experiences in non-formal spaces

Resumen El presente trabajo aborda el fenómeno didáctico no-parametral sobre las experiencias educativas circenses en espacios no formales en Chile. El objetivo es analizar los principios didácticos de implementación que emergen de las experiencias educativas circenses en espacios no formales. La metodología utilizada es cualitativa, desde un enfoque fenomenológico-hermenéutico. Se aplica un grupo focal (7 educadores circenses reconocidos por su trayectoria y calidad educativa) y 11 entrevistas semiestructuradas (7 generales y 4 de profundización). La reducción y análisis contempla la transcripción, codificación y posterior categorización, mediante la utilización del software Nvivo Pro en su versión 11. De los resultados destacan las categorías de Espacio-tiempo (10,10%), las Características del Didacta (49,48%) y las dinámicas relacionales (20,91%) como las más referencias. Se destaca una mirada compleja del fenómeno educativo circense que emerge desde una didáctica inclusiva, cercana y sistemática, que tensiona la didáctica tradicional, presentando nuevas relaciones educativas.

Resumo Este artigo trata do fenômeno didático não-paramétrico (Quintar, 2008) sobre as experiências educativas circenses em espaços não formais. O objetivo é analisar os princípios didáticos de implementação que emergem nas experiências educativas circenses em espaços não formais. A metodologia utilizada é qualitativa, a partir de uma abordagem fenomenológico-hermenêutica. São aplicadas 11 entrevistas semiestruturadas (7 gerais e 4 em profundidade) e um grupo focal (7 educadores circenses reconhecidos por sua carreira e qualidade educacional). A redução e análise contemplam a transcrição, codificação e posterior categorização, por meio do uso do software Nvivo Pro versão 11. Os principais resultados destacam as categorias Espaço-Tempo (10,10%), as Características do Didato (49,48%) e dinâmica relacional (20,91%) como as mais referenciais. Destaca-se uma visão complexa do fenômeno educacional circense que emerge de uma didática inclusiva, próxima e sistemática, que enfatiza a didática tradicional, apresentando novas relações educativas.

Abstract This article presents the non-parametric didactic phenomenon (Quintar, 2008) on circus educational experiences in non-formal spaces in Chile, The objective of this article is to analyze the didactic principles of implementation that emerge in circus educational experiences in non-formal spaces. The methodology used is qualitative, from a phenomenological-hermeneutic approach. 11 semi-structured interviews (7 generals and 4 in-depth), and a focus group (7 circus educators recognized for their career and educational quality) were applied. The reduction and analysis contemplate the transcription, coding and subsequent categorization, through the use of the Nvivo Pro 11. The main results highlight the categories of Space-time (10.10%), the Characteristics of the Didact (49.48 %) and relational dynamics (20.91%) as the most references. A complex view of the circus educational phenomenon that emerges from an inclusive, close and systematic didactics is highlighted, which stresses traditional didactics, presenting new educational relationships.

Reflexões sobre a formação de treinadores/as à luz da teoria histórico-cultural / Reflections on coach education based on cultural-historical theory / Reflexiones sobre la formación de formadores a la luz de la teoría histórico-cultural

Este artigo parte da abordagem onto-epistemológica relativista e interacionista para discutir a formação profissional de treinadores/as de esportes e práticas corporais. A partir da análise de programas com essa finalidade, ressalta contribuições da teoria de Lev Vygotsky, destacando: a interação entre a base biológica humana e o meio e as estratégias pedagógicas e avaliativas, o desenvolvimento potencial e as interações entre treinadores/as de experiências variáveis e a importância das vivências (perijivânie) e as relações de afeto entre aprendizes/as e mediadores/as. Para tanto, destaca iniciativas que contemplam estratégias pedagógicas afins e sugere a adoção de práticas que incentivem o diálogo, a aproximação com os contextos de atuação e o compartilhamento de conhecimentos.

This article starts from a relativistic and interactionist onto--epistemological approach to discuss sports coach education. Starting from an analysis of coach education programmes, it discusses the con-tribution of Lev Vygotsky's cultural-historical theory, highlighting: the in-teraction between the human biological basis and the environment and the pedagogical and evaluative strategies, the potential development and the interactions among coaches with variable experiences levels, and the importance of the experiences and the affective relationships between coaches and mediators. For this, it emphasizes initiatives that contem-plate related pedagogical approaches and suggests adopting practices that promote dialogue, context approximation, and knowledge sharing.

Este artículo se basa en el enfoque onto-epistemológico re-lativista e interaccionista para discutir la educación profesional de los entrenadores de deportes y prácticas corporales. A partir del análisis de los programas de este propósito, se destacan las contribuciones de la teoría de Lev Vygotsky: la interacción entre la base biológica humana y el medio ambiente, el desarrollo potencial y las interacciones entre los/las entrenadores/as, la importancia de las experiencias (perijivânie), las rela-ciones de afecto entre aprendices y mediadores/as. Para ello, destaca las iniciativas que incluyen estrategias pedagógicas relacionadas y sugiere la adopción de prácticas que fomenten el diálogo, el acercamiento a los contextos de actuación y el intercambio de conocimientos.

Reflexões sobre a formação de treinadores/as à luz da teoria histórico-cultural / Reflections on coach education based on cultural-historical theory / Reflexiones sobre la formación de formadores a la luz de la teoría histórico-cultural

Este artigo parte da abordagem onto-epistemológica relativista e interacionista para discutir a formação profissional de treinadores/as de esportes e práticas corporais. A partir da análise de programas com essa finalidade, ressalta contribuições da teoria de Lev Vygotsky, destacando: a interação entre a base biológica humana e o meio e as estratégias pedagógicas e avaliativas, o desenvolvimento potencial e as interações entre treinadores/as de experiências variáveis e a importância das vivências (perijivânie) e as relações de afeto entre aprendizes/as e mediadores/as. Para tanto, destaca iniciativas que contemplam estra-tégias pedagógicas afins e sugere a adoção de práticas que incentivem o diálogo, a aproximação com os contextos de atuação e o compartilhamento de conhecimentos (AU).

This article starts from a relativistic and interactionist onto--epistemological approach to discuss sports coach education. Starting from an analysis of coach education programmes, it discusses the con-tribution of Lev Vygotsky's cultural-historical theory, highlighting: the in-teraction between the human biological basis and the environment and the pedagogical and evaluative strategies, the potential development and the interactions among coaches with variable experiences levels, and the importance of the experiences and the affective relationships between coaches and mediators. For this, it emphasizes initiatives that contem-plate related pedagogical approaches and suggests adopting practices that promote dialogue, context approximation, and knowledge sharing (AU).

Este artículo se basa en el enfoque onto-epistemológico re-lativista e interaccionista para discutir la educación profesional de los entrenadores de deportes y prácticas corporales. A partir del análisis de los programas de este propósito, se destacan las contribuciones de la teoría de Lev Vygotsky: la interacción entre la base biológica humana y el medio ambiente, el desarrollo potencial y las interacciones entre los/las entrenadores/as, la importancia de las experiencias (perijivânie), las rela-ciones de afecto entre aprendices y mediadores/as. Para ello, destaca las iniciativas que incluyen estrategias pedagógicas relacionadas y sugiere la adopción de prácticas que fomenten el diálogo, el acercamiento a los contextos de actuación y el intercambio de conocimiento (AU).

Psychological Distress and Psychosocial Factors in the Non-Formal Context of Basketball Coaches in Times of the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Psychological distress and psychosocial factors are studied in the sports context in players of various specialties, but are only little studied with coaches who carry out their work with these athletes; that is where we put the emphasis, trying to determine the perception of coaches on psychological distress and psychosocial risk factors that may influence their sports work in times of a pandemic. It is an ex post facto study with a single-group retrospective design, with a representative sample of 94 coaches out of a possible 109. The Kessler Psychological Distress Scale and the short version of the ISTAS21 Psychosocial Risk Assessment at Work Questionnaire were adapted to the sports context. The results show that the youngest, those with the least experience and level 1 and level 2 coaches show the highest levels of stress. According to the psychosocial risk assessment, level 1 and 2 coaches, with experience between 6 to 10 years, are in the risk zone. Therefore, it is important to work with a group of coaches who are in the psychosocial risk zone and with high levels of psychological discomfort in order to avoid mental, emotional and physical stress, for the good performance of their work in the best possible conditions.

Nonformal education as health promotion method among European youth: the example of transitional Albania.

Nonformal education methodology is promoted by the European Union as a priority. Western Balkan countries are supported in using this methodology via access Community funds (Erasmus +, previously Youth in Action). Nonformal education (proven as the most effective education method for youth) is expected to have the same impact if used in Public Health. We aimed to explore how nonformal education methodology contributes to health promotion through elaborating the example of transitional Albania. An Exploratory Sequential Mixed Methods design was used. We organized two focus groups: one with students of medical sciences and another with none medical students. We randomly selected eight participants per focus group from the Beyond Barriers association database (Contact point for Erasmus+ Programme in Albania). We used conventional content analysis to analyze qualitative data. Exploratory group interviews were conducted previously, using a questionnaire, which was piloted prior to administration. Of a population of 581 youth who participated in nonformal education activities during 2007-2013, 113 youths were interviewed. Ninety percent of interviewees declared that nonformal education activities have influenced improvement of their skills/competences or helped to acquire new ones; 53% declared that they reflected a change into personal behavior/actions/attitudes. Trainees learned through practice. They intended to retain the healthy behavior even when the activity was finished. Nonformal education activities offered equal opportunities to all youth despite their gender or field of study. Nonformal education methodology is recommended to be used in health promotion campaigns targeting young people as a very effective tool.

La educación no formal: una herramienta importante para la formación del estudiante de medicina / Non-formal education: an important tool for medical student training

El impacto de la educación desde sus diferentes aristas es invaluable, especialmente en el ámbito universitario y resaltado en la carrera de medicina, por lo que se reconoce a la educación como un concepto extenso, pudiéndose simplificar en tres tipos: educación formal, educación no formal y educación informal. Las definiciones otorgadas a los tipos de educación son amplias, destacando la educación no formal, la cual envuelve a toda actividad que sea educativa, organizada y sistematizada que no implique necesariamente una trayectoria fija, que facilite determinadas clases de aprendizajes, pudiéndose realizar fuera del marco del sistema tradicional de educación, optando o no por certificación. Actualmente la educación no formal se presenta como alternativa o complemento a la educación formal, por lo cual se realizó la presente revisión de la literatura con el objetivo de examinar las implicaciones que tiene la educación no formal como complemento para la educación médica. Con la idea de desarrollar la educación no formal en el recinto universitario, de manera paralela a la educación formal, se procura que el estudiante de medicina, tenga formación durante y después de su desarrollo profesional, fomentando la educación médica continua, creando un aprendizaje activo, independiente y auto - dirigido, alivianado de la presión de la educación tradicional y que este tipo de educación se presente como una herramienta importante para renovar los esquemas de enseñanza y aprendizaje, apoyada por las tecnologías de la Información y comunicación así como por los recursos educativos abiertos.(AU)

The impact of education from its different edges is invaluable, especially in the university field and highlighted in the medical career. Therefore, education is recognized as an extensive concept that can be simplified into three types: formal education, non-formal education, and informal education. The definitions given to these are broad, highlighting non-formal education, which involves any educational activity, organized and systematized that does not necessarily imply a fixed trajectory, that facilitates certain kinds of learning and can be carried out outside the framework of the traditional education system, opting or not for certification. Currently, non-formal education is presented as an alternative or complement to formal education thus the present review of the literature was carried out with the objective of examining the implications of non-formal education as a complement to medical education. With the idea of developing non-formal education in the university campus, in parallel with formal education, it is sought that medical students, have training during and after their professional development, promoting continuous medical education. Creating an active, independent and self-directed learning, relieved of the pressure of traditional education, hence presenting this type of education as an important tool to renew teaching and learning schemes, supported by information and communication technologies as well as open educational resources. (AU)

Procesos de aprendizaje adulto en contextos de educación no formal / Adult Learning Processes in Non-Formal Education Contexts

Resumen La compresión de los procesos de aprendizaje durante la adultez requiere considerar tanto el contexto de aprendizaje como las características personales de los aprendices. En este marco, el estudio que se describe en este artículo explora los procesos de aprendizaje adulto en contextos no formales siguiendo el modelo de Kolb (1984), a la vez que se analiza su variabilidad en función de diferentes características personales de los participantes. Los resultados obtenidos confirmaron la existencia de una importante variabilidad en las formas de aprender de los adultos participantes en la investigación, y mostraron que algunas características personales como las condiciones socio-laborales y la trayectoria personal de riesgo guardaban relación con las diferencias observadas. El papel de estas características personales, así como de otras variables relacionadas con los adultos como aprendices, es discutido, a la vez que se destacan importantes implicaciones metodológicas a tener en cuenta cuando se planifican experiencias educativas no formales con personas adultas.

Abstract It is necessary to evaluate the learning context and individual characteristics of learners to understand the adult learning process. In this study, adult learning processes at non-formal situations according to Kolb´s model (1984) are described, considering its variability according to individual characteristics. Variability in adult learning processes was found, with socio-laboral conditions and risk trajectories playing a relevant role. These results are discussed, and methodological implications for planning adult learning experiences are highlighted.

Resiliência e educação musical erudita: estudo em projeto social com jovens de periferia / Resilience and Erudite Music Education: Study in Social Project with Outskirts Youth / Resiliencia y Educación Musical Erudita: Estudio en Proyecto Social con Jóvenes de Periferia

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo investigar se a participação em um projeto social de musicalização erudita facilita a construção de resiliência em jovens de periferia. Participaram jovens inseridos num projeto de musicalização, promovido por uma ONG da cidade de Natal, Brasil. Foram utilizadas, como procedimentos de obtenção dos dados, a observação participante, a técnica da Linha da Vida e entrevistas semi-estruturadas. Como resultados, verificou-se que, apesar de os jovens buscarem com a participação no projeto algo positivo depois de dificuldades vividas, a maioria deles não vê tal projeto como prioridade. A despeito das falas positivas com relação ao projeto e à música, evidenciou-se que a ligação dos jovens com o projeto é, na maioria das vezes, atribuída somente à aquisição de técnica musical. Os jovens relatam que, sobre sua dedicação à música erudita, existe entre seus familiares e amigos olhares de estranhamento e desencorajamento, mas também curiosidade e cobrança de maior dedicação. Alguns dos jovens apontam que a música erudita não é atrativa ou amparadora quando se tem uma vida difícil; outros, porém, encontraram nela apoio para enfrentar adversidades ­ um suporte ao desenvolvimento da resiliência.

The aim of this study was to investigate whether the participation in a social project of erudite musicalization supports or facilitates the construction of resilience in young people from the outskirts. The participants were young members of a musicalization project, promoted by an NGO in the city of Natal, Brazil. Participant observation, the Life Line technique and semi-structured interviews were used as data collection procedures. As a result, it was found that, although the participants have sought, with involvement in the project, something positive after difficulties experienced, most of them do not see such project as a priority. In spite of the positive statements about the project and music, it was evidenced that the connection with the project is, in most cases, only attributed to the acquisition of musical technique. The participants report that some friends and relatives find it odd and discourage them when it comes to erudite music, but some are also curious about it or ask for more dedication. Some of the participants point out that erudite music is not attractive or helpful when one has a difficult life; others, however, found support in dealing with adversity ­ a support for the development of resilience.

El presente trabajo tuvo por objetivo investigar si la participación en un proyecto social de musicalización erudita facilita la construcción de resiliencia en jóvenes de periferia. Participaron jóvenes componentes de un proyecto de musicalización, promovido por una ONG de la ciudad de Natal, Brasil. Se utilizaron, como procedimientos de obtención de los datos, observación participante, técnica de la Línea de la Vida y entrevistas semiestructuradas. Como resultados, se verificó que, a pesar de los jóvenes buscaren, con la participación en el proyecto, algo positivo después de dificultades vividas, la mayoría de ellos no ve tal proyecto como prioridad. No obstante las palabras positivas con respecto al proyecto y a la música, evidenció que la conexión de los jóvenes con el proyecto es, en la mayoría de las veces, atribuida solamente a la adquisición de técnica musical. Los jóvenes relatan que, sobre su dedicación a la música erudita, existen entre sus familiares y amigos miradas de extrañamiento y desaliento, pero también curiosidad y cobranza de mayor dedicación. Algunos de los jóvenes apuntan que la música erudita no es atractiva o amparadora cuando se tiene una vida difícil; otros, sin embargo, encontraron en ella apoyo para enfrentar adversidades - un soporte al desarrollo de la resiliencia.

El museo de patología como nexo integrador de la actividad docente universitaria y la extensión / The patology museum as an integrating nexus between teaching university activity and extension

El Museo de Patología de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Buenos Aires, se caracteriza por ser un Museo científico-técnico con orientación histórica-educativa que desde sus inicios en el año 1887 intenta cumplir con tres objetivos fundamentales: docencia, extensión e investigación. La labor de divulgación científica y extensión es llevada a cabo con el objetivo de propagar de una forma fidedigna y atractiva los saberes, adaptando los contenidos científicos a un público naturalmente heterogéneo. De esta manera, el Museo cumple una de las funciones claves que es la educativa. El gran desafío se constituye en establecer un nexo dinámico entre el patrimonio museístico que data de hace 130 años con las problemáticas actuales. Planteado el escenario, el Museo de Patología deja de ser un espacio estático, un espacio de mera exposición de objetos para convertirse en un gran laboratorio de prácticas educativas en todos los niveles.

The Museum of Pathology to the School of Medicine at the University of Buenos Aires, is characterized as being a Scientific and Technical Museum – historically and educationally oriented that from its beginnings in 1887 tries to fulfill three fundamental objectives: teaching, extension and research. The work of scientific dissemination and extension is carried out with the aim of propagating in a reliable and attractive way the knowledge, adapting the scientific contents to a naturally heterogeneous public. In this way, the Museum fulfills one of the key functions, which is the educational one. The great challenge is to establish a dynamic nexus between the museum heritage dating from 130 years ago with the current problems. Raised the stage, the Museum of Pathology stops being a static space, a space of mere exhibition of objects to become a great laboratory of educational practices at all levels.

Práticas educativas dos serviços dirigidos a trabalhadores(as) do sexo em Portugal / Educational practices of services for sex workers in Portugal

Resumo Os projetos de educação social e em saúde dirigidos a trabalhadores(as) do sexo são sobretudo desenvolvidos por organizações não governamentais. Essas organizações têm diferentes perspectivas sobre a prostituição, entendendo-a como opressão ou trabalho. No entanto, pouco é conhecido sobre a forma como essas perspectivas moldam suas práticas educativas. Neste estudo qualitativo, pretende-se identificar as ações educativas empreendidas pelas 23 organizações que dirigem serviços a trabalhadores(as) do sexo em Portugal, tendo em conta as perspectivas em que se inserem. A partir dos três paradigmas teóricos presentes na literatura sobre o trabalho sexual - opressão, empoderamento e polimorfo (neutro) -, estabelecemos ligação com a perspectiva institucional sobre o trabalho sexual. Concluímos que as ações educativas são influenciadas pelas visões sobre a prostituição; incidem predominantemente na educação em saúde e, de forma menos expressiva, focalizam no desenvolvimento de competências sociais e no empoderamento. Não obstante a importância e a relevância do trabalho dessas organizações, evidencia-se a necessidade de uma avaliação mais estruturada e participada das ações, que devem promover a participação dos(as) trabalhadores(as) do sexo no planejamento, na implementação e na avaliação dos projetos que lhes são dirigidos.

Abstract Health and social education projects for sex workers are run mainly by nongovernmental organizations. These organizations have different perspectives regarding prostitution, seeing it as either oppression or as work. However, little is known about how their ideological stance shapes their educational practices. In this qualitative study, we aim to identify educational initiatives undertaken by the 23 agencies that provide services for sex workers in Portugal, considering their respective stances on the subject. We link their perspectives on sex work with the three theoretical paradigms in sex work literature: oppression, empowerment and polymorphous (neutral). We concluded that educational initiatives are influenced by views on prostitution. These are focused mainly on health education; and, in at lesser degree, on developing social skills and on empowerment. Despite the importance and relevance of these organizations' work, the findings highlight the need for more structured and participatory initiatives, which should seek to encourage sex workers' participation in the design, implementation and evaluation of projects that concern them.

Educadores de museu: a produção de sentidos acerca de uma experiência extramuros / Museum educators: the production of senses about an experience outside the walls / Educadores de museo: la producción de significados sobre una experienciaextramuros

Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar a produção de sentidos de educadores sobre um programa de educação em museu oferecido à população em situação de rua. Participaram três educadores, com diferentes níveis de envolvimento na ação educativa investigada. Utilizaram-se, como instrumentos, um questionário com informações socioeconômicas e um roteiro semiestruturado para entrevista individual. O processo de análise seguiu a proposta de organização de pré-indicadores, indicadores e núcleos de significação, a partir das falas e expressões dos entrevistados. Apreenderam-se aproximações de sentidos subjetivos favorecedores da emancipação dos sujeitos, educadores e educandos, por meio de ações permeadas pela técnica, mas também pela afetividade, e criação de mecanismos de participação dos atendidos. A ação educativa pode ser considerada uma alternativa de superação da condição de pessoa em situação de rua, de desmitificação de preconceitos e de abertura de perspectivas de discussão sobre políticas públicas atentas a esse público.

This article aims to present the production of senses of educators about a museum education program offered to street dwellers. Three educators with different levels of involvement with the investigated educational actions participated. It was used as instruments a socioeconomic information questionnaire and a semi-structured individual interview script. The analysis process followed the proposal of organization of pre-indicators, and indicators and significance nucleus, from the comments and expressions of the interviewed individuals. Approximations to subjective senses were apprehended, such as promoting emancipation of subjects, educators and students through actions permeated by technique, but also for the affection, and the creation of mechanisms for participation of the attended ones. The educational action can be considered an alternative to overcome the condition of homelessness, demystification of prejudices and prospects of opening discussion on public policies attentive to this people.

Este artículo pretende presentar la producción de sentidos de educadores sobre un programa de educación en museo ofrecida a la población en situación de calle. Participaron tres educadores, con diferentes niveles de implicación en la acción educativa investigada. Se utilizó como instrumentos un cuestionario con información socioeconómica y un guión semi-estructurado para entrevista individual. El proceso de análisis siguió la propuesta de organización de pre-indicadores, indicadores y núcleos de significación, a partir de los testimonios y expresiones de los encuestados. Se aprehendieron aproximaciones de los sentidos subjetivos que propician la emancipación de los sujetos, educadores y educandos, a través de acciones permeadas por la técnica, más también por el afecto y de la creación de mecanismos para la participación de los atendidos. La acción educativa puede ser considerada una alternativa para superar la condición de persona en situación de calle, la desmitificación de los prejuicios y para abrir perspectivas de discusión sobre las políticas públicas designadas a este público.

"They just know": the epistemological politics of "evidence-based" non-formal education.

Community education and outreach programs should be evidence-based. This dictum seems at once warranted, welcome, and slightly platitudinous. However, the "evidence-based" movement's more narrow definition of evidence--privileging randomized controlled trials as the "gold standard"--has fomented much debate. Such debate, though insightful, often lacks grounding in actual practice. To address that lack, the purpose of the study presented in this paper was to examine what actually happens, in practice, when people support the implementation of evidence-based programs (EBPs) or engage in related efforts to make non-formal education more "evidence-based." Focusing on three cases--two adolescent sexual health projects (one in the United States and one in Kenya) and one more general youth development organization--I used qualitative methods to address the questions: (1) How is evidence-based program and evidence-based practice work actually practiced? (2) What perspectives and assumptions about what non-formal education is are manifested through that work? and (3) What conflicts and tensions emerge through that work related to those perspectives and assumptions? Informed by theoretical perspectives on the intersection of science, expertise, and democracy, I conclude that the current dominant approach to making non-formal education more evidence-based by way of EBPs is seriously flawed.

O Impacto de uma Atividade Não formal no Cotidiano da Escola / The Impact of an Informal Activity in Daily School

Os espaços não formais de educação podem ser utilizados por professores para abordar temas contextualizados e interdisciplinares visando despertar o interesse, a curiosidade e a motivação nos alunos. Neste trabalho, os conteúdos tratados durante uma visita ao Espaço COPPE Miguel de Simoni são utilizados por uma turma de 33 alunos de nível médio na elaboração de um projeto para uma atividade posterior desenvolvida na escola. As especificidades da aprendizagem em museus são consideradas a partir do referencial teórico adotado, o modelo de John Falk. No entanto, é importante para o professor desenvolver ferramentas avaliativas tanto no que se refere ao procedimento de mediação quanto às impressões causadas nos alunos. Desta forma, os objetivos deste trabalho são contribuir para a discussão sobre a avaliação na educação não formal e evidenciar como atividades não formais podem auxiliar nas atividades escolares formais. O desempenho diferenciado da turma visitante comparado com as demais 28 turmas que não visitaram o museu e a análise do questionário aplicado permitiram concluir que a visita e as atividades pós-visita foram capazes de impressionar de forma positiva e conferir ganhos afetivos e cognitivos aos alunos visitantes(AU)

Informal education settings can be used by teachers to address contextualized and interdisciplinary themes aiming to arouse interest, curiosity and motivation students. In this work, the contents covered during a visit to Espaço COPPE Miguel de Simoni are used by a group of 33 students in the preparation of a project for a later activity developed in school. The specifi cs of learning in museums are considered from the theoretical approach, the model of John Falk. However, it is important for the teacher to develop evaluative tools both in regard to the mediation procedure as the students impressions. Thus, the objectives of this article are to contribute to the discussion on evaluation in informal education and show how informal activities can assist in formal school activities. The outstanding performance of the visiting group compared with the other 28 groups that have not visited the museum and the analysis of the questionnaire showed that the visit and post-visit acti viti es were able to positively impress and give affective and cognitive gains to visiting students(AU)

O impacto de uma atividade não formal no cotidiano da escola / The impact of an informal activity in daily school

Os espaços não formais de educação podem ser utilizados por professores para abordar temas contextualizados e interdisciplinares visando despertar o interesse, a curiosidade e a motivação nos alunos. Neste trabalho, os conteúdos tratados durante uma visita ao Espaço COPPE Miguel de Simoni são utilizados por uma turma de 33 alunos de nível médio na elaboração de um projeto para uma atividade posterior desenvolvida na escola. As especificidades da aprendizagem em museus são consideradas a partir do referencial teórico adotado, o modelo de John Falk. No entanto, é importante para o professor desenvolver ferramentas avaliativas tanto no que se refere ao procedimento de mediação quanto às impressões causadas nos alunos. Desta forma, os objetivos deste trabalho são contribuir para a discussão sobre a avaliação na educação não formal e evidenciar como atividades não formais podem auxiliar nas atividades escolares formais. O desempenho diferenciado da turma visitante comparado com as demais 28 turmas que não visitaram o museu e a análise do questionário aplicado permitiram concluir que a visita e as atividades pós-visita foram capazes de impressionar de forma positiva e conferir ganhos afetivos e cognitivos aos alunos visitantes

Informal education settings can be used by teachers to address contextualized and interdisciplinary themes aiming to arouse interest, curiosity and motivation students. In this work, the contents covered during a visit to Espaço COPPE Miguel de Simoni are used by a group of 33 students in the preparation of a project for a later activity developed in school. The specifi cs of learning in museums are considered from the theoretical approach, the model of John Falk. However, it is important for the teacher to develop evaluative tools both in regard to the mediation procedure as the students impressions. Thus, the objectives of this article are to contribute to the discussion on evaluation in informal education and show how informal activities can assist in formal school activities. The outstanding performance of the visiting group compared with the other 28 groups that have not visited the museum and the analysis of the questionnaire showed that the visit and post-visit acti viti es were able to positively impress and give affective and cognitive gains to visiting students

Community as locus for health formal and non-formal education: the significance of ecological and collaborative research for promoting health literacy.

The World Health Organization (2002) considers that a balance between government, community, and individual action is necessary for health education and promotion, recognizing that non-governmental organizations, local groups, and community institutions are central in this process. This argument reinforces the idea that individuals should be empowered and encouraged to make use of accurate health-related information. This paper highlights the potential of a socio-political perspective for the development of health literacy within children and adolescents and presents two studies conducted in two daily life contexts: a community organization and a school. Both studies are based on methodological pluralism and collaborative research approaches and explore the promotion of health knowledge in formal and informal settings. Study 1 is based on a mixed methodology, using focus group discussions and questionnaires with children and youth with chronic diseases to explore the perceived impact of their participation in support associations. Study 2 presents four intensive case-studies in schools where adolescents used community profiling, a participatory research methodology, to explore health rights and access to healthcare in both a historical and prospective vision. The results enable a deeper understanding on how powerful tool ccommunity resources can be for individual and collective empowerment on health issues.