ULTRA-PROCESSED FOOD CONSUMPTION AND RISK OF GALLSTONE DISEASE: ANALYSIS OF THREE PROSPECTIVE COHORTS.

BACKGROUND: Majority of dietary intake in US adults comes from ultra-processed foods (UPFs), which have been linked to several adverse health outcomes. Gallstone disease is highly prevalent and constitutes a significant burden to the US health system but remains understudied. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate the association between UPF consumption and incident gallstone disease risk. DESIGN: In this analysis, 44,149 males in the Health Professionals' Follow-up Study (HPFS: 1986-2022), 71,145 females in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS: 1986-2021) & 90,932 females in the Nurses' Health Study II (NHS II: 1991-2021) were prospectively followed. Dietary intake was quadrennially assessed with semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaires and used to identify UPFs. The primary outcome was defined as cholecystectomy. Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: Baseline median age was 54y in HPFS, 53y in NHS and 36y in NHS II. We identified 32,374 incident gallstone disease cases over 5,077,059 person-years. Participants in the highest UPF quintile had a higher incidence of gallstone disease compared to those in the lowest quintile (aHR: 1.29, 95% CI: 1.24-1.36, p<0.001). The incremental risk of incident gallstone disease was 2.8% per daily serving (95% CI: 2.4%-3.2%, p<0.001). This risk was driven by sugar-sweetened beverages and artificially-sweetened beverages on UPF subgroup-analyses. The proportion of risk mediated by obesity was 12.8% (95% CI: 7.7%-20.5%, p <0.001) in HPFS, 14.3% (95% CI: 10.4%-19.4%, p<0.001) in NHS and 39.4% (95% CI: 31.2%-48.1%, p<0.001) in NHS II. The partial population attributable risk was estimated at 15.9% (95% CI: 13.4%-18.3%). CONCLUSION: UPF consumption is associated with a higher risk of gallstone disease, particularly consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and artificially-sweetened beverages. A substantial proportion of this risk is potentially mediated by obesity in younger females.

Associations of sugary beverage consumption with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and asthma-COPD overlap syndrome: A prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The associations between specific types of sugary beverages and major chronic respiratory diseases remain relatively unexplored. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the associations of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), artificially sweetened beverages (ASBs), and natural juices (NJs) with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and asthma-COPD overlap syndrome (ACOS). METHODS: This prospective cohort study included 210,339 participants from the UK Biobank. Sugary beverage intake was measured in units (glasses/cans/cartons/250 ml) through 24-hour dietary questionnaires. Logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards models were used to analyze the prevalence and incidence, respectively. Quantile G-computation was employed to estimate the joint associations and relative contributions of the three types of sugary beverages. RESULTS: Over a median follow-up of 11.6 years, 3,491 participants developed COPD, 4,645 asthma, and 523 ACOS. In prevalence analysis, certain categories of SSB and NJ consumption were associated with increased asthma prevalence, while high ASB consumption (>2 units/day) was linked to higher risks of all three outcomes. In incidence analysis, high SSB consumption (>2 units/day) was associated with incident COPD [hazard ratio (HR) 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.53 (1.19, 1.98)] and asthma [HR (95% CI): 1.22 (0.98, 1.52)]. Dose‒response relationships were observed for ASB consumption with all three outcomes [continuous HR (95% CI): 1.98 (1.36, 2.87) for COPD; 1.65 (1.24, 2.20) for asthma; and 2.84 (1.20, 6.72) for ACOS]. Moderate NJ consumption (>0-1 unit/day) was inversely associated with COPD [HR (95% CI): 0.89 (0.82, 0.97)], particularly grapefruit and orange juice. Joint exposure to these beverages (per unit increase) was associated with COPD [HR (95% CI): 1.15 (1.02, 1.29)] and asthma [HR (95% CI): 1.16 (1.06, 1.27)], with ASBs having greater positive weights than SSBs. CONCLUSION: Consumption of SSBs and ASBs was associated with increased risks of COPD, asthma, and potentially ACOS, whereas moderate NJ consumption was associated with a reduced risk of COPD, depending on the juice type.

Adherence to a planetary health diet, genetic susceptibility, and incident cardiovascular disease: a prospective cohort study from the UK Biobank.

BACKGROUND: The influence of adherence to a planetary health diet (PHD) proposed by the EAT-Lancet Commission on cardiovascular disease (CVD) is inconclusive. Besides, whether genetic susceptibility to CVD can modify the association of PHD with CVD remains unknown. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate the association between adherence to PHD and CVD, and to evaluate the interaction between PHD and genetic predisposition to CVD. METHODS: This study included 114,165 participants who completed at least two 24-hour dietary recalls and were initially free of cardiovascular disease from the UK biobank. PHD score was calculated to assess adherence to PHD. Genetic risk was evaluated using the polygenic risk score. Incidence of total CVD, ischemic heart disease (IHD), atrial fibrillation (AF), heart failure (HF), and stroke were identified via electronic health records. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 9.9 years, 10,071 (8.8%) incident CVD cases were documented. Compared to participants with the lowest adherence to PHD, HRs (95% CIs) for total CVD, IHD, AF, HF, and stroke among those with the highest adherence were 0.79 (0.74, 0.84), 0.73 (0.67, 0.79), 0.90 (0.82, 0.99), 0.69 (0.59, 0.82), and 0.88 (0.75, 1.04), respectively. No significant interaction between genetic risk of CVD and PHD was observed. Participants with high genetic risk and low PHD score, as compared with those with low genetic risk and high PHD score, had a 48% (95% CI, 40%, 56%) higher risk of CVD. The population-attributable risk (95% CI) of CVD for poor adherence to PHD ranged from 8.79% (5.36%, 12.51%) to 14.00% (9.00%, 18.88%). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that higher adherence to PHD was associated with lower risks of total CVD, IHD, AF, and HF in populations across all genetic risk categories.

Reliance on self-reports and estimated food composition data in nutrition research introduces significant bias that can only be addressed with biomarkers.

The chemical composition of foods is complex, variable, and dependent on many factors. This has a major impact on nutrition research as it foundationally affects our ability to adequately assess the actual intake of nutrients and other compounds. In spite of this, accurate data on nutrient intake are key for investigating the associations and causal relationships between intake, health, and disease risk at the service of developing evidence-based dietary guidance that enables improvements in population health. Here, we exemplify the importance of this challenge by investigating the impact of food content variability on nutrition research using three bioactives as model: flavan-3-ols, (-)-epicatechin, and nitrate. Our results show that common approaches aimed at addressing the high compositional variability of even the same foods impede the accurate assessment of nutrient intake generally. This suggests that the results of many nutrition studies using food composition data are potentially unreliable and carry greater limitations than commonly appreciated, consequently resulting in dietary recommendations with significant limitations and unreliable impact on public health. Thus, current challenges related to nutrient intake assessments need to be addressed and mitigated by the development of improved dietary assessment methods involving the use of nutritional biomarkers.

Studies about the health benefits of foods or nutrients are often inconsistent. One study may find a health benefit of a particular food and may recommend that people increase their consumption of this food to reduce their disease risk. Yet another study may find the opposite. Inconsistent study results fuel confusion and frustration, and reduce trust in research. Limitations in the studies' designs are likely to be blamed for the inconsistent findings. For example, many studies rely on participants to self-report their food intake and on databases of the nutritional content of food. But people may not accurately report their food intake. Foods vary in their nutritional content, even between two items of the same food such as two apples. And how individuals metabolize foods can further affect the nutrients they receive. Nutritional biomarkers are a potential alternative to measuring dietary intake of specific nutrients. Biomarkers are compounds the body produces when it metabolizes a specific nutrient. Measuring biomarkers therefore give scientists a more accurate and unbiased assessment of nutrient intake. Ottaviani et al. conducted a study to test the differences when estimating nutrient intake using nutritional biomarkers compared with more conventional tools. They analyzed data from a nutrition study that involved over 18,000 participants. The experiments used computer modelling to assess study results using self-reported food intake in combination with food composition database information, or measures of three biomarkers estimating the intake of flavan-3-ols, epicatechin, and nitrates. The models showed that self-reported intake and food database information often led to inaccurate results that did not align well with biomarker measurements. Measuring nutritional biomarkers provides a more accurate and unbiased assessment of nutritional intake. Using these measurements instead of traditional methods for measuring nutrient intake may help increase the reliability of nutrition research. Scientists must work to identify and confirm biomarkers of nutrients to facilitate this work. Using these more precise nutrient measurements in studies may result in more consistent results. It may also lead to more trustworthy recommendations for consumers.

Dietary Patterns of Pregnant Women and Their Association with Diet Quality Measures: A Comparative Analysis.

Healthy dietary patterns during pregnancy are crucial for ensuring maternal and foetal health outcomes. Numerous methodologies exist for assessing the diet of pregnant women, including dietary patterns and various appraisal tools of diet quality. This study aimed to assess the dietary patterns and diet quality of pregnant women and to investigate the relationship between dietary patterns, diet quality estimators, and the adequacy of nutrient intake. EPIC FFQ was applied to a sample of 251 pregnant women, and questionnaires were interpreted with the FETA program. Dietary patterns were then determined by means of principal component analysis. Our results showed a substantial association between dietary patterns and total diet quality, as measured by the Diet Quality Index for Pregnancy (DQI-Pc), PURE Healthy Diet Score, and FIGO Diet Quality Score. We also found correlations between certain dietary patterns and particular nutrient intakes recommended by the European Food Safety Authority during pregnancy. The most deficient intake was registered for iron (86.1%), zinc (87.3%) and magnesium (79.3%), posing a threat to normal bone development, anaemia prophylaxis, and immune status. These results highlight the importance of assessing and understanding eating habits during pregnancy in order to achieve optimal outcomes for both the mother and the foetus.

Higher Magnesium Depletion Score Increases the Risk of All-cause and Cardiovascular Mortality in Hypertension Participants.

The magnesium depletion score (MDS) is a novel index utilized for evaluating body magnesium status. The present study intended to explore the association of MDS with mortality among hypertension (HTN) participants. In this cohort study, we utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) covering the years 2003 to 2018. MDS levels were categorized into three groups (lower: MDS = 0-1; middle: MDS = 2; higher: MDS = 3-5). Kaplan-Meier curves were employed to illustrate survival differences between groups with varying MDS levels. The relationship between MDS and mortality was assessed through weighted multivariate Cox regression models. Subgroup analyses, along with sensitivity analyses, were also conducted to further explore and validate the findings. This study encompassed 12,485 participants, recording 2537 all-cause deaths and 707 cardiovascular deaths. The Kaplan-Meier curves revealed that the higher MDS group had the highest rates of all-cause and cardiovascular death. (P < 0.001). Controlling for all confounding variables, participants belonging to the higher MDS group demonstrated a substantially elevated risk of mortality in comparison to the lower MDS group (all-cause mortality: hazard ratio (HR) = 1.31, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.10-1.54; cardiovascular mortality: HR = 1.63, 95% CI 1.19-2.22). There were no interaction factors found in subgroup analyses that affected the relationship between MDS and mortality, except for cardiovascular disease. The findings were confirmed to be robust through further sensitivity analyses. Higher MDS levels independently predict an elevated risk of mortality among US adults with HTN. Therefore, MDS may serve as a cost-effective and widely available prognostic marker for HTN.

Association between magnesium deficiency score and sleep quality in adults: A population-based cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: The association between magnesium status and sleep quality is unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between renal reabsorption-related magnesium depletion score (MDS) and sleep quality. METHODS: This study was conducted through a cross-sectional survey of adults aged ≥20 years who participated in NHANES 2005-2014. We used weighted logistic regression to examine the association between MDS and sleep quality and performed trend tests to analyze for the presence of a dose-response relationship. Subgroup analyses were performed based on various sleep outcomes and covariates. RESULTS: A total of 20,585 participants were included in the study, with a mean age of 48.8 years and 50.7 % female. After adjusting for all covariates, we found a graded dose-response relationship between MDS and sleep trouble as well as sleep disorder. Further analyses revealed a significant positive association between MDS and sleep apnea (OR = 3.01; 95 % CI 1.37-6.62), but no association with restless legs, insomnia or insufficient sleep. In addition, subgroup analyses revealed that middle-aged, male, obese, low magnesium intake, and depressed patients were more prone to sleep trouble and sleep disorder; interestingly, MDS was positively associated with excessive sleep in subjects ≥60 years and without depression. CONCLUSIONS: Our study found a significant association between MDS and sleep quality, particularly sleep apnea, but adequate magnesium intake may be beneficial in mitigating this association. MDS may be associated with excessive sleep in older adults, but not with insufficient sleep or insomnia.

A plant-based diet index to study the relation between diet and disease risk among adults: a narrative review.

Plant-based diets (PBD) may offer various health benefits and contribute to a sustainable way of life, but, if not planned correctly, may also confer risks, e.g., by focusing on plant foods with low nutrient density, such as foods primarily consisting of refined carbohydrates. A plant-based diet index (PDI) differentiating between a healthful, unhealthful, and overall PBD, offers a promising approach to standardize and compare studies and integrate results. In this review we (1) summarize current evidence on the PDI and disease risk of relevance to public health, (2) discuss the methodology of the PDI and how it can be sensibly applied in further studies and (3) indicate areas with a lack of knowledge, such as vulnerable populations. In summary, our amalgamation shows, that adherence to a healthier plant-based diet is associated with an 8-68% lower risk for metabolic risk factors, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, while adherence to an unhealthier plant-based diet is associated with a 10-63% higher risk. Although differences in calculation methods and underlying diet patterns between populations should be accounted for, the PDI can be a useful tool to assess adherence to different plant-based diet patterns and their association with health outcomes in cohort studies across cultures.

Measurement error models with zero inflation and multiple sources of zeros, with applications to hard zeros.

We consider measurement error models for two variables observed repeatedly and subject to measurement error. One variable is continuous, while the other variable is a mixture of continuous and zero measurements. This second variable has two sources of zeros. The first source is episodic zeros, wherein some of the measurements for an individual may be zero and others positive. The second source is hard zeros, i.e., some individuals will always report zero. An example is the consumption of alcohol from alcoholic beverages: some individuals consume alcoholic beverages episodically, while others never consume alcoholic beverages. However, with a small number of repeat measurements from individuals, it is not possible to determine those who are episodic zeros and those who are hard zeros. We develop a new measurement error model for this problem, and use Bayesian methods to fit it. Simulations and data analyses are used to illustrate our methods. Extensions to parametric models and survival analysis are discussed briefly.

Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption and Height Loss in Adults: A Longitudinal Analysis in the EPIC-Norfolk Study.

BACKGROUND: Height loss in aging has been recognized to reflect a decline in musculoskeletal health but not investigated in relation to dietary factors, such as sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), the consumption of which may deteriorate musculoskeletal health. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the longitudinal association of habitual consumption of total SSBs and its subtypes with height loss and examine effect-modification by age, sex, and anthropometry. METHODS: We evaluated 16,230 adults aged 40-79 y in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Norfolk cohort. At baseline (1993-1997), SSB consumption (soft drinks, squashes, sweetened milk beverages, sweetened coffee/tea, and sweetened alcoholic beverages) was assessed using 7-d food diaries. Height was objectively measured at the baseline, second (1997-2000), and third (2004-2011) health checks. Multivariable linear regression was used to examine baseline SSB consumption and the rate of height change over the follow-up. RESULTS: The median (IQR) height change was -1.07 (-2.09 to -0.28) cm/10 y. Adjusted for potential confounders including behavioral factors, medications, and baseline body mass index (BMI), total SSB consumption was associated with height loss (ß: -0.024; 95% CI: -0.046, -0.001 cm/10 y per 250 g/d of SSB), and similar results were seen for the individual beverages, except for sweetened milk beverages (ß: +0.07; 95% CI: -0.16, 0.30), with wide CIs. No effect-modification by prespecified factors was evident, except for baseline BMI (P-interaction = 0.037). Total SSB consumption was associated with height loss (-0.038; 95% CI: -0.073, -0.004) in participants with BMI ≤ 25 kg/m2 but not apparently in those with BMI > 25 kg/m2. CONCLUSIONS: SSB consumption was modestly associated with height loss, particularly in adults with normal weight status.

Tailored Prompting to Improve Adherence to Image-Based Dietary Assessment: Mixed Methods Study.

Background: Accurately assessing an individual's diet is vital in the management of personal nutrition and in the study of the effect of diet on health. Despite its importance, the tools available for dietary assessment remain either too imprecise, expensive, or burdensome for clinical or research use. Image-based methods offer a potential new tool to improve the reliability and accessibility of dietary assessment. Though promising, image-based methods are sensitive to adherence, as images cannot be captured from meals that have already been consumed. Adherence to image-based methods may be improved with appropriately timed prompting via text message. Objective: This study aimed to quantitatively examine the effect of prompt timing on adherence to an image-based dietary record and qualitatively explore the participant experience of dietary assessment in order to inform the design of a novel image-based dietary assessment tool. Methods: This study used a randomized crossover design to examine the intraindividual effect of 3 prompt settings on the number of images captured in an image-based dietary record. The prompt settings were control, where no prompts were sent; standard, where prompts were sent at 7:15 AM, 11:15 AM, and 5:15 PM for every participant; and tailored, where prompt timing was tailored to habitual meal times for each participant. Participants completed a text-based dietary record at baseline to determine the timing of tailored prompts. Participants were randomized to 1 of 6 study sequences, each with a unique order of the 3 prompt settings, with each 3-day image-based dietary record separated by a washout period of at least 7 days. The qualitative component comprised semistructured interviews and questionnaires exploring the experience of dietary assessment. Results: A total of 37 people were recruited, and 30 participants (11 male, 19 female; mean age 30, SD 10.8 years), completed all image-based dietary records. The image rate increased by 0.83 images per day in the standard setting compared to control (P=.23) and increased by 1.78 images per day in the tailored setting compared to control (P≤.001). We found that 13/21 (62%) of participants preferred to use the image-based dietary record versus the text-based dietary record but reported method-specific challenges with each method, particularly the inability to record via an image after a meal had been consumed. Conclusions: Tailored prompting improves adherence to image-based dietary assessment. Future image-based dietary assessment tools should use tailored prompting and offer both image-based and written input options to improve record completeness.

Health effects of drinking 100% juice: an umbrella review of systematic reviews with meta-analyses.

CONTEXT: Low fruit and vegetable intakes are major modifiable determinants of disease. One hundred percent juice may facilitate intake and deliver essential nutrients and bioactive compounds. However, the position of 100% juice in healthy eating guidelines remains controversial due to its lower dietary fiber and higher free-sugar contents compared with whole fruits and vegetables. OBJECTIVE: To conduct an umbrella review of systematic literature reviews with meta-analyses (MAs) to summarize the health benefits of drinking 100% fruit and/or vegetable juice. DATA SOURCES: Four databases (Medline, The Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and CINAHL) were systematically searched for MAs of 100% juice and any health outcomes. DATA ANALYSIS: Screening, quality, risk of bias, and content overlap tools were applied, and extracted data were narratively synthesized. No eligible studies for vegetable juice were found. Fifteen systematic literature reviews (51 primary MAs, 6 dose-response, and 87 subanalyses; 50-1200 mL/day; hours to years of duration) were included. Ten MAs (19.6%) reported health benefits (4 for blood pressure, 2 for vascular function, 3 for inflammation, 1 for stroke mortality), 3 MAs (5.9%) reported adverse risks (1 each for cardiovascular disease mortality, prostate cancer, type 2 diabetes risk), while most (74.5%) reported no effect (blood lipids, body composition, liver function, metabolic health, cancers, and inflammation). Risks were limited to cohort studies and benefits were found in both cohort and intervention studies. CONCLUSION: The findings collate evidence showing some potential health benefits associated with 100% juice consumption, with fewer potential risks. The balance of evidence does not support the exclusion of 100% juice from food-based guides to healthy eating, although caution may be warranted in certain groups or individuals, and the body of evidence is not yet conclusive. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO registration no. CRD42022380588.

Association of Habitual Green Tea Consumption with Sarcopenia Assessed Using SARC-F in Community-Dwelling Japanese Older People: A Cross-Sectional Study.

To ascertain whether habitual green tea consumption is associated with sarcopenia among Japanese older adults, using the screening tool for sarcopenia (SARC-F). This cross-sectional study in Mukawa, Hokkaido, Japan, was conducted between June and September 2022 and included 364 Japanese participants older than 65 y. Habitual green tea consumption and energy intake were ascertained using a validated self-administered food frequency questionnaire. Sarcopenia was evaluated using the SARC-F. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of sarcopenia risk across participant tertiles of green tea consumption, with adjustments for age, sex, body mass index, living alone, habitual exercise, walking hours, current smoking status, current alcohol consumption status, energy intake, protein intake, vegetable intake, and fruit intake. In this study of 364 participants (154 men and 210 women), the prevalence of sarcopenia risk was 9.3%. The multivariable-adjusted OR [95% CI] of green tea consumption for ≥1 cup/d compared with that of <1 cup/wk of sarcopenia was 0.312 [0.129-0.752]. Higher habitual green tea consumption was inversely associated with sarcopenia among Japanese older adults. Further longitudinal studies are required to confirm these findings.

Intake of Table Sugar and Their Corresponding Food Sources in Adults from the 2017-2018 Brazilian National Dietary Survey.

Excessive intake of free sugars is associated with adverse health outcomes. Table sugar is one of the main dietary sources of free sugars; however, the amount added by Brazilian consumers in their culinary preparations is unknown. The aims were to estimate the daily intake of table sugar (g/day), its contribution to total energy intake (E%) and the main food groups that contribute to the intake of this sugar in a nationwide multi-ethnic sample of Brazilian adults (2017-2018 Brazilian National Dietary Survey). Based on two 24-h recalls adjusted for the within-person variation, the overall median table sugar intake was 14.3 g/day, corresponding to 3.2 E%. Males, individuals living in rural areas, with low income, low education and experiencing food insecurity had a higher intake of table sugar. The main food sources of table sugar were coffee (55.8%), juice (33.9%), milk-based preparations and smoothies (3.1%), powdered and processed juice (2.7%), whole milk (1.9%), and tea (1.6%). There are no recommendations regarding the limit of table sugar intake, but considering that the WHO limits the intake of free sugars to <10 E%, it is concluded that table sugar intake by Brazilians corresponds to about 30% of the upper recommended daily intake of free sugars.

Associations between Four Diet Quality Indexes and High Blood Pressure among Adults: Results from the 2015 Health Survey of Sao Paulo.

Several dietary quality indexes (DQIs) have been proposed to investigate adherence to a healthy diet. However, only a few studies have been conducted to investigate their association with high blood pressure (BP) in Brazil. In the present work, we examine the association between four established DQIs-2020 Healthy Eating Index (HEI-2020), Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), Alternative Healthy Eating Index (AHEI), and Brazilian Healthy Eating Index (BHEI)-and high BP in a cross-sectional sample of Brazilian adults from the 2015 Health Survey of São Paulo with Focus on Nutrition. Based on two 24 h recalls adjusted for the within-person variation, higher HEI-2020 and BHEI total scores were inversely related to elevated BP (HEI-2020: OR 0.94, BHEI: OR 0.95). Individuals at the second quartile (OR 0.33) and the fourth quartile of BHEI (OR 0.35), as well as individuals with higher scores on dairy components (HEI-2020: OR 0.80, BHEI: OR 0.83, DASH: OR 0.75), and fruit components (AHEI: OR 0.82, HEI-2020: OR 0.72, BHEI: OR 0.77, DASH: OR 0.79) also presented lower odds for the occurrence of elevated BP. In conclusion, healthier diet quality using the HEI-2020 and BHEI indexes and the fruit and dairy components were identified as protective factors for high BP.

[Key challenges in the dietary intake structure and cutting edge technologies for optimizing nutrition to protect the health of the Russian рopulation].

This article presents an analysis of some of the results of the work of the Federal Research Center for Nutrition and Biotechnology (Center) in recent years, highlighting the most important, promising areas of Nutrition Science and Food Hygiene that need further development. The priority area of Center functioning is scientific support for the implementation of the Doctrine of Food Security of the Russian Federation (Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated January 21, 2020 No. 20), Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated July 21, 2020 No. 474 «On the national development goals of the Russian Federation for the period until 2030 «in terms of ensuring an increase in life expectancy and improving the life quality of the population, the Strategy for Improving the Quality of Food Products in the Russian Federation until 2030 (Order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated June 29, 2016 No. 1364-r). The Center coordinates all research on medical nutrition problems in the Russian Federation within the framework of the work of the Problem Commission on Nutrition Hygiene of the Scientific Council of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare, the Scientific Council of the Russian Academy of Sciences on Medical Nutrition Problems, the Scientific and Technical Committee of the Comprehensive Scientific Program «Priority Research in the Field of Nutrition of the Population¼, Profile Commission on Dietetics of the Expert Council in the Field of Health of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, ensuring the implementation of their results with the participation of members of the Consortium "Healthcare, Nutrition, Demography". The most important area of the Center's work is scientific and expert support in the field of international and national technical regulation of the production and turnover of foods and raw materials, in particular, the work of the Russian national contact point of the Codex Alimentarius Commission (established by FAO and WHO), as well as the work of the Russian side in the Eurasian Economic Commission regarding the preparation of proposals for technical regulations of the Customs Union in the field of food safety, evaluation of draft technical regulations and amendments and additions to them.

Dietary patterns among U.S. food insecure cancer survivors and the risk of mortality: NHANES 1999-2018.

PURPOSE: Food insecurity-the lack of unabated access to nutritious foods-is a consequence many cancer survivors face. Food insecurity is associated with adverse health outcomes and lower diet quality in the general public. The goal of this analysis was to extract major and prevailing dietary patterns among food insecure cancer survivors from observed 24-h recall data and evaluate their relationship to survival after a cancer diagnosis. METHODS: We implemented two dietary patterns analysis approaches: penalized logistic regression and principal components analysis. Using nationally representative data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) study, we extracted three dietary patterns. Additionally, we evaluated the HEI-2015 for comparison. Cox proportional hazards models assessed the relationship between the diet quality indices and survival after a cancer diagnosis. RESULTS: There were 981 deaths from all causes and 343 cancer-related deaths. After multivariable adjustment, we found higher risks of all-cause mortality associated with higher adherence to Pattern #1 (HR 1.25; 95% CI 1.09-1.43) and Pattern #2 (HR 1.15; 95% CI 1.01-1.31) among cancer survivors. CONCLUSION: Among all cancer survivors, higher adherence to major and prevailing dietary patterns from the U.S. food insecure cancer survivor population may lead to worse survival outcomes.

Association between dietary patterns and periodontal disease: The OsteoPerio cohort study.

AIM: To examine the association of dietary patterns with periodontal disease (PD) and its progression over 5 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Analyses involved 1197 post-menopausal women from the OsteoPerio cohort. Dietary patterns assessed include Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI), Alternative HEI (AHEI), Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) and alternate Mediterranean Diet (aMed) at baseline (the average of two food frequency questionnaires administered between 1993 and 2001). At baseline and the 5-year follow-up, periodontal assessments evaluated alveolar crestal height (ACH), probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), percentage of gingival sites bleeding on probing (%BOP) and missing teeth due to PD. Linear and logistic regression were used to examine the associations. RESULTS: Cross-sectionally, HEI and aMed were associated with smaller CAL and %BOP; along with DASH, they were associated with a decreased odds of teeth missing due to PD. AHEI and aMed were associated with a decreased odds of severe PD. Prospectively, AHEI was associated with greater ACH progression. This association was attenuated to the null after loss of ACH was imputed for teeth lost due to PD over follow-up, or after excluding participants with diabetes, osteoporosis, hypertension or heart disease at baseline. CONCLUSIONS: Better adherence to healthy dietary patterns was associated with better PD measures cross-sectionally but greater progression of ACH over 5 years. The latter might be explained by incident tooth loss due to PD and pre-existing comorbidities.

Associations between sodium, potassium, and blood pressure: results from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos, a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Although the subject of numerous studies, the associations between dietary sodium, potassium, and the ratio of dietary sodium to potassium with blood pressure are not clear-cut. In addition, there is a paucity of research on these relationships in prospective cohort studies with representation from diverse Hispanic/Latino adults. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the associations between dietary intake of sodium, potassium, and the ratio of dietary sodium to potassium and blood pressure in a diverse sample of Hispanics living in the United States. METHODS: This analysis included 11,429 Hispanic/Latino participants of the prospective cohort Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos recruited between 2008 and 2011 in visit 1 who participated in a follow-up visit in 2014-2017. Dietary sodium and potassium intakes were averaged from 2 interviewer-administered 24-h diet recalls collected at visit 1. At both visits, blood pressure was measured 3 times in a seated position and averaged. We assessed the relationship between dietary sodium, potassium, and the sodium-to-potassium ratio with changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure using survey-weighted multivariable-adjusted regression models. RESULTS: At visit 1, the mean age was 41 y, and the mean sodium intake was 3203 mg/d. Each 500 mg/d sodium increment in intake was associated with an increase in systolic blood pressure (ß: 0.35 [mmHg]; 95% confidence interval: 0.06, 0.63) and diastolic blood pressure (ß: 0.45 [mmHg]; 95% confidence interval: 0.08, 0.82). Dietary potassium and the molar ratio of dietary sodium to potassium were not associated with changes in systolic or diastolic blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS: Among a large sample of diverse United States Hispanic/Latino adults, higher sodium intake was associated with small increases in systolic blood pressure over 6 y. This research underscores the importance of dietary sodium reduction in maintaining lower blood pressure.

Magnesium Depletion Score and Metabolic Syndrome in US Adults: Analysis of NHANES 2003-2018.

BACKGROUND: The association between magnesium status and metabolic syndrome remains unclear. This study aimed to examine the relationship between the kidney reabsorption-related magnesium depletion score (MDS) and metabolic syndrome among US adults. METHODS: We analyzed data from 15,565 adults participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2018. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel III report. The MDS is a scoring system developed to predict the status of magnesium deficiency that fully considers the pathophysiological factors influencing the kidneys' reabsorption capability. Weighted univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to assess the association between MDS and metabolic syndrome. Restricted cubic spline analysis was conducted to characterize dose-response relationships. Stratified analyses by sociodemographic and lifestyle factors were also performed. RESULTS: In both univariate and multivariate analyses, higher MDS was significantly associated with increased odds of metabolic syndrome. Each unit increase in MDS was associated with approximately a 30% higher risk for metabolic syndrome, even after adjusting for confounding factors (OR 1.31; 95% CI 1.17-1.45). Restricted cubic spline graphs depicted a linear dose-response relationship across the MDS range. This positive correlation remained consistent across various population subgroups and exhibited no significant interaction by age, gender, race, adiposity, smoking status, or alcohol consumption. CONCLUSIONS: Higher urinary magnesium loss as quantified by MDS may be an independent linear risk factor for metabolic syndrome in US adults, irrespective of sociodemographic and behavioral factors. Optimizing magnesium nutritional status could potentially confer benefits to patients with metabolic syndrome.