Adverse cardiovascular, obstetric and perinatal events during pregnancy and puerperium in patients with heart disease.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: cardiovascular changes during pregnancy carry greater risk in heart disease. We analyze cardiovascular, obstetric and perinatal adverse effects associated with congenital and acquired heart disease during pregnancy and postpartum. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional and retrospective study, which included the 2017-2023 registry of pregnant or postpartum patients hospitalised with diagnosis of congenital or acquired heart disease. Adverse events (heart failure, stroke, acute pulmonary edema, maternal death, obstetric haemorrhage, prematurity and perinatal death) were compared with the clinical variables and the implemented treatment. RESULTS: 112 patients with a median age of 28 years (range 15-44) were included. Short circuits predominated 28 (25%). Thirty-six patients (32%) were classified in class IV of the modified WHO scale for maternal cardiovascular risk. Heart failure occurred in 39 (34.8%), acute lung edema 12 (10.7%), stroke 2 (1.8%), maternal death 5 (4.5%), obstetric haemorrhage 4 (3.6%), prematurity 50 (44.5%) and perinatal death 6 (5.4%). Shunts were associated with prematurity (adjusted odds ratio 4; 95% CI: 1.5-10, p = 0.006). Peripartum cardiomyopathy represented higher risk of pulmonary edema (adjusted OR 34; 95% CI: 6-194, p = 0.001) and heart failure (adjusted OR 16; 95% CI: 3-84, p = 0.001). An increased risk of obstetric haemorrhage was observed in patients with prosthetic valves (adjusted OR 30; 95% CI: 1.5-616, p = 0.025) and with the use of acetylsalicylic acid (adjusted OR 14; 95% CI: 1.2-16, p = 0.030). Furthermore, the latter was associated with perinatal death (adjusted OR 9; 95% CI: 1.4-68, p = 0.021). CONCLUSIONS: severe complications were found during pregnancy and postpartum in patients with heart disease, which is why preconception evaluation and close surveillance are vital.

Experiencia de parto instrumental con vacuum en Hospital Público de Santiago de Chile

Introducción: El vacuum es el instrumento de elección para asistir el parto instrumental en países desarrollados. Objetivo: El objetivo del estudio es exponer los resultados maternos y fetales del uso del vacuum en población chilena y promover su disponibilidad y uso en nuestro país y Latinoamérica. Método: El estudio se realizó entre octubre de 2017 y diciembre de 2021, incluyendo a pacientes que tuvieron parto instrumental con vacuum en el Hospital San Juan de Dios de Chile. Se compararon los partos exitosos con vacuum y los partos en los que se requirió el uso de otro instrumento o una cesárea posterior al uso del instrumento. Resultados: Se realizaron 153 vacuum, correspondientes al 28,59% del total de partos instrumentales. El 79,74% tuvo éxito. El 5,88% no recibió anestesia o se aplicó anestesia local. Solo el 3,27% presentó desgarro perineal con compromiso del esfínter anal. El 91,5% de los recién nacidos no tuvieron complicaciones fetales. Un 20,3% requirió reanimación neonatal. Conclusiones: El estudio muestra que el vacuum es una opción segura y efectiva de parto instrumental en nuestra población. La correcta capacitación y protocolos adecuados son necesarios para garantizar resultados exitosos.

Introduction: Vacuum extraction is the instrument of choice for assisting instrumental delivery in developed countries. Objective: The aim of the study is to present the maternal and fetal outcomes of vacuum use in the Chilean population and promote its availability and usage in our country and Latin America. Method: The study was performed between October 2017 and December 2021, including patients who underwent instrumental delivery with a vacuum extraction at the Hospital San Juan de Dios in Chile. Successful vacuum deliveries were compared with deliveries where another instrument was required, or a cesarean section was performed after instrument use. Results: A total of 153 vacuum deliveries were carried out, accounting for 28.59% of all instrumental deliveries. 79.74% were successful. 5.88% did not receive anesthesia or received local anesthesia. Only 3.27% experienced perineal tear with involvement of the anal sphincter. 91.5% of newborns had no fetal complications. 20.3% required neonatal resuscitation. Conclusions: The study demonstrates that the vacuum is a safe and effective option for instrumental delivery in our population. Proper training and appropriate protocols are necessary to ensure successful outcomes.

Impacto de retroalimentación integral (debriefing) frente al modelo de enseñanza tradicional en la mejora de la calidad en estudios de ultrasonido obstétrico / Impact of comprehensive feedback (debriefing) vs traditional teaching model on quality improvement in obstetric ultrasound studies

Introducción: El debriefing es una técnica que permite mejorar los resultados en el proceso de aprendizaje a través de un proceso de reflexión y retroalimentación. El objetivo del estudio es comparar la efectividad del debriefing frente al modelo tradicional de enseñanza para mejorar el cumplimiento de calidad en ultrasonido obstétrico. Sujetos y métodos: Se evaluaron los resultados del control de calidad de 45 médicos recién egresados de diplomados de ultrasonido durante tres meses. Los médicos fueron divididos en dos grupos para llevar a cabo la retroalimentación de áreas de oportunidad: el grupo de control sólo recibió educación a través del modelo tradicional y el grupo de intervención recibió retroalimentación con metodología de debriefing. Resultados: Al comparar, ambos métodos mostraron ser efectivos para la mejora global del cumplimiento de calidad (42,9% el tradicional; p = 0,0083; 75% el de debriefing; p = 0,0002). El grupo de debriefing fue significativamente mejor en los rubros de calidad global (el 56,7 frente al 38,1%; p = 0,009 frente a p = 0,0432) y error de medición (el 88,1 frente al 68,7%, con significancia estadística; p = 0,349). Conclusión: Ambas técnicas de retroalimentación tuvieron un impacto positivo para la mejora del cumplimiento de la calidad en estudios de ultrasonido obstétrico, y la técnica de debriefing mostró ventajas significativas sobre el modelo deenseñanza tradicional en la retroalimentación de las áreas de oportunidad detectadas.(AU)

Introduction: Debriefing is a technique to improve learning outcomes through a process of reflection and feedback. The aim of the study is to compare the effectiveness of debriefing vs. the traditional teaching model to improve quality compliance in obstetric ultrasound. Subjects and methods: Forty-five recent graduates of ultrasound diploma courses were evaluated during three months of quality control. The physicians were divided into two groups to carry out feedback on areas of opportunity: the control group only received education through the traditional model and the intervention group, which received feedback with debriefing methodology. Results: When compared, both methods were shown to be effective for the overall improvement of quality compliance (42.9% traditional, p = 0.0083, 75% debriefing, p = 0.0002). The debriefing group was significantly better in the areas of overall quality (56.7% vs. 38.1%, p = 0.0090 vs. p = 0.0432), measurement error (88.1% vs. 68.7%, with statistical significance p = 0.349). Conclusion: Both feedback techniques offered positive results for the improvement of quality compliance in obstetric ultrasound studies, with the debriefing technique showing significant advantages over the traditional teaching model in the feedback of detected areas of opportunity.(AU)

Insucesso de indução por misoprostol em gestantes: revisão integrativa / Fracaso de la inducción por misoprostol en mujeres embarazadas: revisión integradora / Unsuccessful misoprostol induction in pregnant women: an integrative review

Resumo Objetivo Analisar as evidências disponíveis na literatura acerca do insucesso da indução do trabalho de parto com misoprostol em gestações a termo. Métodos Revisão integrativa, realizada entre janeiro e novembro de 2022, cuja pergunta de pesquisa e descritores foram delineados por meio da estratégia PECO. As buscas foram realizadas nas bases de dados MEDLINE; Web of Science; CINAHL; EMBASE e Scopus por duas pesquisadoras de forma independente, assim como a avaliação. Para a fase de seleção e identificação dos estudos foi utilizado o Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). A avaliação do risco de viés dos artigos incluídos foi realizada através do questionário Newcastle Ottawa Scale. Resultados Foram identificados 3.674 artigos, 84 foram lidos na íntegra, dos quais 11 compuseram a revisão (n=9.010 gestantes), com publicação entre os anos de 2005 a 2021, sendo a maioria nos Estados Unidos. Quanto ao nível de evidência, todos os artigos foram classificados como 2b, avaliada coforme o delineamento de cada investigação. O estudo apontou evidências quanto aos seguintes fatores: IMC elevado (maior igual a 30kg/m2), nuliparidade, bishop imaturo, comprimento cervical (maior igual a 30mm), estatura, etnia (não caucasianas do sul da Europa) e peso fetal (maior igual a 4kg). Conclusão Alcançou-se o objetivo do estudo tendo sido demonstrado seis fatores maternos e um fetal que podem levar ao insucesso da indução. Vale ressaltar a necessidade de evidências que incorporem a individualidade de cada característica e destaca-se a contribuição desse estudo para embasar a escolha da melhor conduta para cada gestação de forma individualizada.

Resumen Objetivo Analizar las evidencias disponibles en la literatura acerca del fracaso de la inducción del trabajo de parto con misoprostol en gestaciones a término. Métodos Revisión integradora, realizada entre enero y noviembre de 2022, cuya pregunta de investigación y descriptores fueron definidos mediante la estrategia PECO. Las búsquedas fueron realizadas en las bases de datos MEDLINE, Web of Science, CINAHL, EMBASE y Scopus por dos investigadoras de forma independiente, al igual que la evaluación. Para la fase de selección e identificación de los estudios se utilizó el Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). La evaluación del riesgo de sesgo de los artículos incluidos se realizó a través del cuestionario Newcastle Ottawa Scale. Resultados Se identificaron 3.674 artículos, 84 se leyeron en su totalidad, de los cuales 11 conformaron la revisión (n=9.010 mujeres embarazadas), publicados entre los años 2005 y 2021, la mayoría en Estados Unidos. Respecto al nivel de evidencia, todos los artículos fueron clasificados como 2b, evaluada de acuerdo con el diseño de cada investigación. El estudio indicó evidencias respecto a los siguientes factores: IMC elevado (mayor igual a 30 kg/m2), nuliparidad, bishop bajo, longitud cervical (mayor o igual a 30 mm), estatura, etnia (no caucasoide del sur de Europa) y peso fetal (mayor igual a 4 kg). Conclusión Se alcanzó el objetivo del estudio y se demostraron seis factores maternos y uno fetal que pueden llevar al fracaso de la inducción. Cabe resaltar la necesidad de evidencias que incorporen la individualidad de cada característica y se destaca la contribución de este estudio para fundamentar la elección de la mejor conducta en cada gestación de forma individualizada.

Abstract Objective To analyze the evidence available in literature regarding unsuccessful labor induction with misoprostol in full-term pregnancies. Methods This is an integrative review, carried out between January and November 2022, whose research question and descriptors were outlined using the PECO strategy. The searches were carried out in the MEDLINE, Web of Science, CINAHL, EMBASE and Scopus databases by two researchers independently as well as assessment. For the study selection and identification phase, the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) was used. The risk of bias assessment of included articles was carried out using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Results A total of 3,674 articles were identified, and 84 were read in full, of which 11 comprised the review (n=9,010 pregnant women), published between 2005 and 2021, with the majority in the United States. Regarding the level of evidence, all articles were classified as 2b, assessed according to the design of each study. The study showed evidence regarding the following factors: High BMI (greater than 30 kg/m2), nulliparity, immature bishop, cervical length (greater than 30 mm), height, ethnicity (non-Caucasians from southern Europe) and fetal weight (greater equal to 4 kg). Conclusion The objective study was achieved, having demonstrated six maternal factors and one fetal factor that can lead to unsuccessful induction. It is worth highlighting the need for evidence that incorporates the individuality of each characteristic and the contribution of this study to support the choice of the best conduct for each pregnancy on an individual basis stands out.

Valoración del margen de error ecográfico entre el peso fetal estimado y el peso al nacer en la Maternidad del Hospital de Clínicas

Introducción: La valoración ultrasonográfica del peso fetal permite valorar el crecimiento y bienestar fetal pudiendo estimar el peso al nacimiento, factor determinante para el pronóstico vital. Objetivos: Determinar el margen de error ecográfico del peso fetal estimado (PFE) en relación con el peso al nacer de los neonatos de la Maternidad del Hospital de Clínicas entre los años 2020 y 2022 Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal en mujeres que tuvieron un parto en el lugar y el período mencionado, y que contaban con ecografía obstétrica de crecimiento realizada con menos de 7 días respecto al nacimiento. Se calculó el error del PFE mediante la fórmula: (Peso al Nacer - Peso Fetal Estimado) / Peso al Nacer) x 100. Se contrastó el error del peso fetal estimado con el índice de masa corporal, diabetes y estados hipertensivos del embarazo, utilizando t de Student y con la edad gestacional y edad materna mediante el índice de Pearson tomando valores estadísticamente significativos menores a 0,05. Resultados: Se incluyeron 258 pacientes. El margen de error ecográfico del PFE fue de 8,3% DE ± 7. Se obtuvo un valor p para el IMC de 0,228, diabetes p 0,915, estados hipertensivos p 0,967, días en que se realizaba la ecografía p 0,5 y edad gestacional el p 0,001. Conclusiones: El margen de error ecográfico del PFE se encuentra por debajo de los parámetros internacionales. Se encontró asociación estadísticamente significativa con la edad gestacional, no así con las otras variables.

Introduction: Ultrasonographic assessment of fetal weight allows assessment of fetal growth and well-being and can estimate birth weight, a determining factor for vital prognosis. Objectives: Determine the ultrasound margin of error of the estimated fetal weight (EFP) in relation to the birth weight of neonates at the Maternity Hospital of the Hospital de Clínicas between the years 2020 and 2022. Materials and Methods: An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out on women who had their birth in the aforementioned place and period and who had an obstetric growth ultrasound performed less than 7 days after birth. The error of the EPF was calculated using the formula: (Birth Weight - Estimated Fetal Weight) / Birth Weight) x 100. The error of the estimated fetal weight was contrasted with the body mass index, diabetes and hypertensive state of pregnancy, using Student's t and with gestational age and maternal age using the Pearson index taking statistically significant values ​​less than 0.05. Results: 258 patients were included. The ultrasound margin of error of the EPF was 8.3% SD ± 7. A p value was obtained for BMI of 0.228, diabetes p 0.915, hypertensive states p 0.967, days in which the ultrasound was performed p 0.5 and age gestational p 0.001. Conclusions: The ultrasound margin of error of the EPF is below the international parameters. Statistically significant associations were found with gestational age, but not with the other variables.

Introdução: A avaliação ultrassonográfica do peso fetal permite avaliar o crescimento e bem-estar fetal e pode estimar o peso ao nascer, fator determinante para o prognóstico vital. Objetivos: Determinar a margem de erro ultrassonográfica do peso fetal estimado (PFE) em relação ao peso ao nascer dos neonatos atendidos na Maternidade do Hospital de Clínicas entre os anos de 2020 e 2022. Materiais e Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo observacional, descritivo e transversal com mulheres que tiveram o parto no local e período mencionados e que realizaram ultrassonografia obstétrica de crescimento menos de 7 dias após o nascimento. O erro do PFE foi calculado pela fórmula: (Peso ao Nascer - Peso Fetal Estimado) / Peso ao Nascer) x 100. O erro do peso fetal estimado foi contrastado com o índice de massa corporal, diabetes e estado hipertensivo da gestação, utilizando-se o teste de Student. t e com idade gestacional e idade materna utilizando o índice de Pearson assumindo valores estatisticamente significativos menores que 0,05. Resultados: foram incluídos 258 pacientes. A margem de erro ultrassonográfica do PFE foi de 8,3% DP ± 7. Obteve-se valor de p para IMC de 0,228, diabetes p 0,915, estados hipertensivos p 0,967, dias em que foi realizada a ultrassonografia p 0,5 e idade gestacional p 0,001. Conclusões: A margem de erro ultrassonográfica do PFE está abaixo dos parâmetros internacionais. Foram encontradas associações estatisticamente significativas com a idade gestacional, mas não com as demais variáveis.

Violencia obstétrica, una visión actual. Definición, percepción por parte de profesionales y propuestas de mejora. Revisión narrativa / Obstetric violence, a current vision. Definition, perception by professionals and proposals for improvement. Narrative review

Resumen ANTECEDENTES: El término violencia obstétrica es hoy en día extensamente mencionado y del que pueden encontrarse múltiples definiciones, todas ellas con el denominador común de crítica a las prácticas que no abogan por una atención digna y con respeto del parto. OBJETIVO: Evaluar, mediante una revisión bibliográfica narrativa, la situación actual de la violencia obstétrica que permita definir la percepción del personal de salud respecto a ella y a la práctica asistencial, así como respecto al término de violencia obstétrica. Además, valorar propuestas de mejora para la atención de salud que reporten a las pacientes una mejor asistencia periparto. METODOLOGÍA: Revisión bibliográfica de artículos publicados del 2017 al 2022 en las bases de datos de PubMed, Scopus, Medes, LILACS, Cinahl, SciELO y Web of Science. MesH de búsqueda: Violence; Obstetrics; Humanizing Delivery; Obstetric Delivery. RESULTADOS: Se localizaron 1469 referencias bibliográficas que luego de aplicar los criterios de inclusión y exclusión solo quedaron 17 y se tomaron en cuenta otras 13 por considerarlas de interés para enriquecer el análisis. CONCLUSIONES: El trato inadecuado durante los procedimientos obstétricos no solo genera controversia en la sociedad, sino también en los profesionales de la salud que atienden directamente a las embarazadas en el parto. Dotar a los profesionales de salud actuales y futuros de las herramientas necesarias para tratar a las pacientes desde un modelo biopsicosocial es fundamental para ofrecer una mejor asistencia, de mejor calidad.

Abstract BACKGROUND: The term "obstetric violence" is widely used today, and several definitions can be found, all with the common denominator of criticizing practices that do not promote dignified and respectful childbirth. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate, through a narrative bibliographic review, the current situation of obstetric violence in order to define the perception of health personnel regarding obstetric violence and health care practice, as well as the term obstetric violence. In addition, to evaluate proposals for improvement in health care that will provide patients with better peripartum care. METHODOLOGY: Bibliographic review of articles published from 2017 to 2022 in PubMed, Scopus, Medes, Lilacs, Cinahl, SciELO and Web of Science databases. Search terms: Violence; obstetrics; humanizing delivery; obstetric delivery. RESULTS: 1469 bibliographic references were located and after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, only 17 remained and another 13 were included because they were considered of interest to enrich the analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Obstetric violence generates controversy not only in society, but also among health professionals who directly care for pregnant women during childbirth. Providing current and future health professionals with the necessary tools to treat patients from a biopsychosocial model is essential to provide better and higher quality care.

Traumatismos en neonatos que acuden al departamento de emergencias pediátricas: frecuencia, mecanismos y formas de presentación

Introduccion: La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) estima que aproximadamente 100 niños mueren cada hora a causa de lesiones traumáticas. Objetivo: Describir la frecuencia, mecanismos y tipos de traumatismos en los neonatos en el departamento de emergencias pediátricas de un hospital. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal, ambispectivo. Se incluyeron neonatos con diagnóstico de traumatismo que acudieron al departamento de emergencias pediátricas de un hospital desde enero del 2015 a diciembre del 2019. Variables: edad, sexo, procedencia, peso de nacimiento, edad gestacional, tipo de parto, mecanismo y tipo de traumatismo y evolución, Los datos se analizaron en SPSS. El protocolo fue aprobado por el comité de ética. Resultados: Fueron incluidos 90 neonatos, la frecuencia de traumatismo fue del 1,4%, la media de la edad fue de 14,6 ±7,7 días. El 92% nacieron por parto vaginal ,27% macrosómicos. El mecanismo del trauma fue obstétrico en 75,6%, accidentes en la casa 23,3 %y 1 caso de accidente de tránsito. Los tipos de lesiones fueron fracturas de huesos largos, en 47,8%, lesión del plexo braquial 15,5% y traumatismo cráneo encefálico 13,33%. Fueron hospitalizados el 10%. Conclusiones: La frecuencia de traumatismo neonatal en la urgencia pediátrica fue del 1,4%. La edad media fue 14,6 ±7,7dias. El 75,6% fue de origen obstétrico y 23,3% accidentes en la casa y 1 caso de accidente de tránsito. Los tipos de lesiones fueron fracturas de huesos largos, 47,8%, lesión del plexo braquial 15,5% y 13,3% traumatismo cráneo encefálico 13,3%.

Introduction: The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that approximately 100 children die every hour from traumatic injuries. Objective: To describe the frequency, mechanisms and types of trauma in neonates in the pediatric emergency department of a hospital. Materials and methods: This was an observational, descriptive, transversal, and ambispective study. Neonates with a diagnosis of trauma who presented to the pediatric emergency department of a hospital from January 2015 to December 2019 were included. Variables: age, sex, town of origin, birth weight, gestational age, type of delivery, mechanism and type of trauma and evolution, Data were analyzed in SPSS. The protocol was approved by the ethics committee. Results: 90 neonates were included, the frequency of trauma was 1.4%, the mean age was 14.6 ±7.7 days. 92% were born by vaginal delivery, 27% were macrosomic at birth. The mechanism of trauma was obstetric in 75.6%, accidents at home in 23.3% and there was 1 case of a traffic accident. The types of injuries were long bone fractures, seen in 47.8%, brachial plexus injury in 15.5%, and head trauma in 13.33%. 10% were hospitalized. Conclusions: The frequency of neonatal trauma in the pediatric emergency was 1.4%. The mean age was 14.6 ±7.7 days. 75.6% were obstetric in origin and 23.3% were accidents at home and 1 case of a traffic accident. The types of injuries were long bone fractures in 47.8%, brachial plexus injury in 15.5%, and head trauma in 13.3%.

Análisis de la tasa de cesáreas en el Hospital Universitario Materno-Infantil La Paz de Madrid (2010-2018) a través de la clasificación de Robson / Analysis of the Caesarean section rate at the La Paz Maternal-Child University Hospital in Madrid (2010–2018) through the Robson classification

Introducción: La necesidad de racionalizar y optimizar el uso de las cesáreas es un reto internacional en salud pública. Para ello, la OMS recomienda el uso de la clasificación Robson, que permite comparar las tasas de cesárea en función del perfil materno-fetal. El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar la tasa de cesárea en el Hospital Universitario Materno-Infantil La Paz de Madrid entre 2010 y 2018 por medio de la clasificación Robson. Material y métodos: La población analizada corresponde a los datos de los 41.037 partos registrados en el programa Obstetricia del Hospital Universitario Materno-Infantil La Paz de Madrid de 2010 a 2018. Por medio del programa SPSS, se evalúa el cambio temporal en a) el porcentaje de partos (vaginales y por cesárea) respecto al total de nacimientos, b) la tasa de cesárea respecto a los partos vaginales y c) la contribución relativa a la tasa global de cesárea. Resultados: Las más elevadas contribuciones parciales a la tasa global de cesárea correspondieron a nulíparas con parto inducido, con cesárea previa, nulíparas con parto espontáneo y con gestaciones múltiples. El grupo de las nulíparas con parto inducido fue el único que registró un aumento significativo de su contribución a la tasa total de cesárea (30,4% en 2018). Conclusiones: Los resultados de este trabajo indican que el reto en salud pública es seguir evaluando la relación entre inducción del parto y riesgo de cesárea intraparto, particularmente en mujeres nulíparas, el grupo que registra la más alta tasa relativa de cesárea y en aumento significativo.(AU)

Introduction: The need to rationalise and optimise the use of caesarean sections is an international public health challenge. To this end, the WHO recommends the use of the Robson classification, which allows comparison of caesarean section rates according to the maternal-fetal profile. The aim of this study is to evaluate the rate of caesarean section in the Hospital Universitario Materno-Infantil La Paz in Madrid between 2010 and 2018 using the Robson classification. Material and methods: The population analysed corresponds to data from the 41,037 deliveries registered in the Obstetrics programme of the Hospital Universitario Materno-Infantil La Paz of Madrid from 2010 to 2018. Using SPSS software, the temporal change in (a) the percentage of deliveries (vaginal and caesarean) with respect to total births, (b) the caesarean rate with respect to vaginal deliveries and (c) the relative contribution to the overall caesarean rate is evaluated. Results: The highest partial contributions to the overall caesarean section rate were made by nulliparous women with induced labour, previous caesarean section, nulliparous women with spontaneous labour and multiple gestations. The group of nulliparous with induced labour was the only one with a significant increase in its contribution to the overall caesarean section rate (30.4% in 2018). Conclusions: The results of this work indicate that the challenge in public health is to further assess the relationship between induction of labour and risk of intrapartum caesarean section, particularly in nulliparous women, the group with the highest and significantly increasing relative caesarean section rate.(AU)

Bebidas de soja y salud femenina. Revisión de la evidencia y opinión de expertos / Soy beverages and women’s health: evidence review and experts opinion

Las bebidas vegetales de soja constituyen una alternativa dentro de la dieta habitual. Sin embargo, existe la preocupación de potenciales efectosen la salud reproductiva de la mujer por mecanismos de disrupción endócrina.En esta revisión se evalúan documentos científicos en el área de la Ginecología y la Obstetricia bajo el tamiz de la medicina basada en la evidencia,respondiendo preguntas estructuradas. La metodología se apegó a las guías establecidas por la declaración PRISMA 2020.Los estudios evaluados descartan un riesgo incrementado de pubertad precoz o cáncer de mama; incluso se aprecia un efecto protector frentea dicha neoplasia. Se ha reportado el paso transplacentario de isoflavonas de soja y su presencia en la leche materna, sin que ello implique unarelación con complicaciones materno-fetales o malformaciones congénitas. La exposición a productos de soja no parece influir sobre el pesocorporal y la salud ósea de la mujer.Los estudios en adultos indican que la soja favorece un mínimo incremento de tirotropina (TSH) en personas con antecedente de hipotiroidismosubclínico.El impacto de los alimentos basados en soja sobre la microbiota intestinal parece ser favorable para su diversidad, particularmente al consumirproductos fermentados.Muchos de los estudios en humanos han sido realizados con suplementos de isoflavonas o con productos que contienen proteínas aisladas otexturizadas de soja. Por tanto, los resultados y las conclusiones deben interpretarse con cautela ya que no son totalmente extrapolables a lasbebidas comerciales de soja. (AU)

Soy drinks are an increasingly consumed option within the Western diet. However, there are concerns about potential endocrine disruptor effectsand possible impact on women’s reproductive health.This review evaluates scientific documents in gynecology and obstetrics under an evidence-based medicine approach. All methods adhered toPRISMA 2020 declaration guidelines.The evaluated studies do not support a positive association between soy intake and early puberty or breast cancer; instead, a protective effectagainst such neoplasm was observed. Transplacental passage of soy isoflavones and their presence in breast milk has been reported withoutany maternal-fetal complications nor congenital malformations.Exposure to soy-derived products appears to have a neutral effect on body weight and bone health. Studies performed in adults indicate that soymay promote a minimal increase in thyrotropin (TSH) in subjects with subclinical hypothyroidism. The impact of soy-based foods on gut microbiotaappears favorable, especially when consuming fermented products.Many of the human studies have been conducted with isoflavones supplements, isolated or textured soy proteins. Therefore, the results andconclusions should be interpreted cautiously, as these are not entirely applicable to commercial soy beverages. (AU)

Racismo antinegro e morte materna por COVID-19: o que vimos na Pandemia? / Anti-Black racism and maternal death from COVID-19: what have we seen in the Pandemic?

Resumo O racismo antinegro atravessa a vida das mulheres pretas e pardas comprometendo a saúde sexual e reprodutiva. O racismo obstétrico que ocorre durante a gravidez, pré-natal, parto, aborto e puerpério atinge estas mulheres expondo-as à desfechos maternos negativos e muitas vezes letais. Este estudo objetiva apresentar o racismo e suas manifestações na morte materna por COVID-19. Estudo transversal, com dados das notificações de COVID-19 entre gestantes e puérperas registradas na base de dados da Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave (2021 e 2022). Foram coletadas informações sobre raça/cor, idade, região, sinais e sintomas clínicos, UTI e óbitos. Os resultados apontam como o racismo afeta as gestantes e puérperas pretas e pardas, que apresentam maior letalidade por COVID-19 comparada às brancas (diferença que alcança os 14,02%), em particular no puerpério. Gestantes pretas e pardas são as que menos acessaram UTI. Após ajustes, a chance de óbito materno no puerpério para as mulheres pretas foi 62% maior em comparação as brancas (RC=1,62; 95%IC: 1,01-2,63). O racismo e suas manifestações (des)organizam as trajetórias reprodutivas das mulheres pretas e pardas que na sua interação com o sexismo contribuem para desfechos maternos negativos e letais por COVID-19.

Abstract Anti-Black Racism traverses the lives of Black and Brown women, compromising sexual and reproductive health. Obstetric racism during pregnancy, prenatal care, childbirth, abortion, and puerperium affects these women, exposing them to harmful and often lethal maternal outcomes. This study aims to present racism and its manifestations in maternal death by COVID-19. It included data from COVID-19 notifications among pregnant women and puerperae recorded in the severe acute respiratory syndrome database (2021 and 2022). Information on race/skin color, age, region, clinical signs and symptoms, ICU, and deaths were collected. The results indicate how racism affects Black and Brown pregnant women and puerperae, who have higher lethality due to COVID-19 compared to White women (a difference of 14.02%), particularly in the puerperium. Black and Brown pregnant women least accessed the ICU. After adjustments, maternal death in the puerperium for Black women was 62% more likely than for White women (OR=1.62; 95%CI: 1.01-2.63). Racism and its manifestations (dis)organize the reproductive trajectories of Black and Brown women, whose interaction with sexism contributes to harmful and lethal maternal outcomes by COVID-19.

[Soy beverages and women's health: evidence review and experts opinion]. / Bebidas de soja y salud femenina. Revisión de la evidencia y opinión de expertos.

Introduction: Soy drinks are an increasingly consumed option within the Western diet. However, there are concerns about potential endocrine disruptor effects and possible impact on women's reproductive health. This review evaluates scientific documents in gynecology and obstetrics under an evidence-based medicine approach. All methods adhered to PRISMA 2020 declaration guidelines. The evaluated studies do not support a positive association between soy intake and early puberty or breast cancer; instead, a protective effect against such neoplasm was observed. Transplacental passage of soy isoflavones and their presence in breast milk has been reported without any maternal-fetal complications nor congenital malformations. Exposure to soy-derived products appears to have a neutral effect on body weight and bone health. Studies performed in adults indicate that soy may promote a minimal increase in thyrotropin (TSH) in subjects with subclinical hypothyroidism. The impact of soy-based foods on gut microbiota appears favorable, especially when consuming fermented products. Many of the human studies have been conducted with isoflavones supplements, isolated or textured soy proteins. Therefore, the results and conclusions should be interpreted cautiously, as these are not entirely applicable to commercial soy beverages.

Introducción: Las bebidas vegetales de soja constituyen una alternativa dentro de la dieta habitual. Sin embargo, existe la preocupación de potenciales efectos en la salud reproductiva de la mujer por mecanismos de disrupción endócrina. En esta revisión se evalúan documentos científicos en el área de la Ginecología y la Obstetricia bajo el tamiz de la medicina basada en la evidencia, respondiendo preguntas estructuradas. La metodología se apegó a las guías establecidas por la declaración PRISMA 2020. Los estudios evaluados descartan un riesgo incrementado de pubertad precoz o cáncer de mama; incluso se aprecia un efecto protector frente a dicha neoplasia. Se ha reportado el paso transplacentario de isoflavonas de soja y su presencia en la leche materna, sin que ello implique una relación con complicaciones materno-fetales o malformaciones congénitas. La exposición a productos de soja no parece influir sobre el peso corporal y la salud ósea de la mujer. Los estudios en adultos indican que la soja favorece un mínimo incremento de tirotropina (TSH) en personas con antecedente de hipotiroidismo subclínico. El impacto de los alimentos basados en soja sobre la microbiota intestinal parece ser favorable para su diversidad, particularmente al consumir productos fermentados. Muchos de los estudios en humanos han sido realizados con suplementos de isoflavonas o con productos que contienen proteínas aisladas o texturizadas de soja. Por tanto, los resultados y las conclusiones deben interpretarse con cautela ya que no son totalmente extrapolables a las bebidas comerciales de soja.

Análise das indicações de cesáreas com base na classificação de Robson em uma maternidade brasileira de risco habitual / Cesarean section indication analysis in a habitual-risk maternity hospital in Brazil according to Robson classification system

Objetivo: Avaliar a taxa de cesáreas e suas principais indicações com base na classificação de Robson na Maternidade Municipal de São Vicente em 2020, um hospital público de risco habitual. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal observacional. Foram efetuadas revisão, correção e análise retrospectiva e documental da classificação de Robson na Maternidade Municipal de São Vicente. Foram analisados partos de janeiro a dezembro de 2020, dos quais foram coletadas e ordenadas as informações mais relevantes para a pesquisa. Resultados: Uma amostra de 1.627 partos foi encontrada. A taxa geral de cesáreas encontrada foi de 46,3%. A contribuição relativa dos grupos 1, 2 e 5 para a taxa de cesáreas foi de 16,8%, 13,3% e 46,8%, respectivamente, enquanto a contribuição relativa das indicações de cesáreas foi de 25,5% para parto cesáreo anterior e de 21,5% para sofrimento fetal agudo. Conclusão: Foi evidenciada alta taxa de cesáreas, e as principais indicações foram cesárea prévia e sofrimento fetal agudo. Os grupos 1, 2 e 5 da classificação de Robson foram os que mais contribuíram para essa taxa.

Objective: To evaluate the cesarean section rate and the cesarean indication rate based on Robson Classification during 2020 in Sã o Vicente's Municipal Maternity, a habitual-risk public hospital. Methods: This is a cross-sectional observational study. We have reviewed, corrected, analyzed retrospectively and documented Robson Classification in Sã o Vicente's Municipal Maternity. Births from January to December 2020 were analyzed, from which the main data for the research was collected and organized. Results: A sample of 1,627 births was found. The overall rate of cesarean section was 46.3%. The relative contribution of groups 1, 2 and 5 to the cesarean rate was 16.8%, 13.3% and 46.8%, respectively. While the cesarean indication relative contribution was 25.5% for previous cesarean and 21.5% for fetal distress. Conclusion: We found a high cesarean rate and the main indications were previous cesarean and fetal distress. Robson classification groups 1, 2 and 5 contributed the most to this rate.

Assessment of responsiveness and minimum important difference of the Maternal perception of Childbirth Fatigue Questionnaire (MCFQ) / Avaliação da responsividade e diferença mínima importante do Questionário de percepção Materna de Fadiga no trabalho de Parto (QMFP)

INTRODUCTION: The assessment of responsiveness and the Minimum Clinically Important Difference (MCID) is the basis for validating the Maternal perception of Childbirth Fatigue Questionnaire (MCFQ). OBJECTIVE: To assess the responsiveness and determine the value of the MCID for the MCFQ. METHODS: This is an observational study, conducted at HC-UFPE with 50 parturients in active labor. The MCFQ was applied in two moments: in the initial evaluation (EV1), performed at the beginning of labor between 4-6 cm of uterine dilation, and final (EV2), six hours after the first evaluation. Responsiveness was determined by calculating the effect size (ES), and standardized response mean (SRM), considering that values of 0.2, 0.5, and 0.8 points represent respectively small, moderate, or large values of responsiveness. The ability to detect change through the questionnaire was also assessed by the t-test. The level of significance adopted for this analysis was p less than 0.05. The MCID was verified based on the calculation of the standard error of measurement (SEM) index. RESULTS: The MCFQ showed values of 0.4 and 0.6 for ES and SEM respectively and a p-value <0.001, thus showing a good capacity for change. The value of the MCID for this population was seven points. CONCLUSION: MCFQ presents a potentially significant change with a value of the MCID of seven points after six hours of active labor.

INTRODUÇÃO: A avaliação da responsividade e da Diferença Mínima Importante (DMI) é fundamentação para validação do Questionário de percepção Materna de Fadiga no Trabalho de Parto (QMFP). OBJETIVO: Avaliar a responsividade e determinar o valor da DMI para o QMFP. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo observacional, realizado no HC-UFPE com 50 parturientes em fase ativa do trabalho de parto. O QMFP foi aplicado em dois momentos: na avaliação inicial (AV1), realizada no início do trabalho de parto entre 4-6 centímetro de dilatação uterina, e final (AV2), após seis horas da primeira avaliação. A responsividade foi determinada pelo cálculo do effect size (ES), standardized response mean (SRM), considerando que valores de 0,2, 0,5 e 0,8 pontos representam respectivamente um pequeno, moderado ou grande valor de responsividade. A capacidade de detectar mudança pelo questionário também foi avaliada pelo test t. O nível de significância adotado para essa análise foi p menor que 0,05. A DMI foi verificada com base no cálculo do índice standard error of measurement (SEM). RESULTADOS: O QMFP apresentou valores de 0,4 e 0,6 de ES e SEM respectivamente e valor de p<0,001, logo apresenta uma boa capacidade de mudança. O valor da DMI para esta população foi de sete pontos. CONCLUSÃO: O QMFP apresenta uma mudança potencialmente significativa com um valor da DMI de sete pontos após seis horas de trabalho de parto ativo.

Déficit de vitamina D y alto riesgo obstétrico: revisión narrativa / Vitamin D deficit and high-risk pregnancies: narrative literature review

Resumen ANTECEDENTES: Existe interés creciente en los efectos de la vitamina D en el embarazo y en la función placentaria, homeostasis de la glucosa, infección y respuesta inflamatoria, además de la asociación de su deficiencia con enfermedades de alto riesgo obstétrico. OBJETIVO: Identificar los aspectos relevantes conocidos y controvertidos del déficit de vitamina D y de su suplementación en pacientes con alto riesgo obstétrico que permitan aportarle al lector herramientas para la toma de decisiones en la práctica clínica. METODOLOGÍA: Se llevó a cabo una revisión de la bibliografía registrada en las bases de datos de MEDLINE vía PubMed, EBSCO y OVID del 2016 al 2022. Se consultaron artículos publicados en inglés y español, con los términos MeSH "Vitamin D", "preeclampsia", "premature birth", "diabestes, gestational" y "fetal growth retardation". RESULTADOS: La búsqueda inicial arrojó 685 artículos de los que se descartaron 364 por falta de pertinencia, 248 por falta del recurso completo y 44 por duplicaciones. De acuerdo con el objetivo planteado, al final quedaron 29 artículos que se complementaron con 55 textos clásicos encontrados en una búsqueda manual para contextualización de la revisión. CONCLUSIONES: La evidencia respecto de la asociación entre deficiencia de vitamina D y pobres desenlaces obstétricos, en términos de tasas de preeclampsia, parto pretérmino, diabetes gestacional y restricción del crecimiento fetal no es concluyente. Sin embargo, el análisis de los estudios mencionados muestra una relación entre el déficit de vitamina D y el aumento del riesgo, desenlaces impactantes y consistentes con el riesgo de resultar con diabetes gestacional.

Abstract BACKGROUND: There is increasing interest in the effects of vitamin D in pregnancy and on placental function, glucose homeostasis, infection and inflammatory response, and the association of vitamin D deficiency with high-risk obstetric conditions. OBJECTIVE: To identify the relevant known and controversial aspects of vitamin D deficiency and its supplementation in patients at high obstetric risk, in order to provide the reader with decision-making tools for clinical practice. METHODOLOGY: A review of the literature registered in the MEDLINE databases via PubMed, EBSCO and OVID from 2016 to 2022 was performed. Articles published in English and Spanish were included using the MeSH terms "vitamin D", "pre-eclampsia", "preterm birth", "gestational diabetes" and "fetal growth retardation". RESULTS: The initial search yielded 685 articles, of which 364 were discarded for lack of relevance, 248 for lack of complete source and 44 for duplication. In accordance with the stated objective, 29 articles remained at the end, which were supplemented by 55 classic texts found in a manual search to contextualise the review. CONCLUSIONS: The evidence for an association between vitamin D deficiency and poor obstetric outcomes in terms of rates of pre-eclampsia, preterm birth, gestational diabetes and fetal growth restriction is inconclusive. However, analysis of the above studies shows an association between vitamin D deficiency and increased risk, with striking results consistent with the risk of gestational diabetes.

Percepción de atención obstétrica inadecuada a pacientes de un hospital público de Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua / Perception of obstetric violence in patients treated in a public hospital in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua

Resumen OBJETIVO: Determinar la sensación de maltrato o de acciones contra el natural modo de proceder durante la atención obstétrica e identificar los factores asociados con esa percepción por parte de las pacientes atendidas en un hospital público de Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo, prospectivo, de serie de casos al que se incluyeron todas las pacientes internadas en el área de Ginecología del Hospital 66 del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social de Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, con diagnóstico de puerperio de parto, cesárea y aborto atendidas entre los meses de junio a diciembre de 2022. RESULTADOS: De 496 pacientes, 13.9% (n = 67) percibieron algún tipo de procederes incorrectos en las dimensiones de: mal trato y abuso 9.9% (n = 49), atención médica no autorizada 2.4% (n = 12). En percepción de acciones contra el natural modo de proceder: 22% (n = 109) de las mujeres entre 14 y 19 años percibieron que el trato recibido no fue el adecuado. De las pacientes atendidas en el turno nocturno 18% percibieron tratos inadecuados. El 17% de las mujeres atendidas por aborto percibieron que el trato recibido no fue adecuado. Riesgo de atención alejada del natural modo de proceder: grupo de edad de 14 a 19 años (RR 1.96; 1.30-3.72), las mujeres que han tenido 1 embarazo tuvieron un RR 1.92 (1.15-3.21) y con escolaridad secundaria RR 1.35 (0.81-2.24). CONCLUSIONES: Las pacientes en mayor riesgo de no recibir una atención obstétrica apegada a las normas de buen trato fueron las adolescentes de entre 14 a 19 años, las mujeres con escolaridad secundaria, las atendidas en el turno nocturno y las primíparas. Esto evidencia que la atención obstétrica no estrictamente apegada al natural modo de proceder sigue siendo una problemática importante en nuestra población de estudio.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To determine the feeling of mistreatment or actions against the natural way of proceeding during obstetric care and to identify the factors associated with this perception on the part of patients attended in a public hospital in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Descriptive, prospective, case series study including all patients admitted to the Gynaecology Department of Hospital 66 of the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, with a diagnosis of postpartum labour, caesarean section and abortion attended between June and December 2022. RESULTS: Of 496 patients, 13.9% (n = 67) perceived some type of incorrect procedures in the following dimensions: mistreatment and abuse 9.9% (n = 49), unauthorised medical care 2.4% (n = 12). In perception of actions against the natural way of proceeding: 22% (n = 109) of the women between 14 and 19 years of age perceived that the treatment received was not adequate. Of the patients seen during the night shift, 18% perceived obstetric violence. 17% of the women attended for abortion perceived that the treatment received was inadequate. Risk of care away from the natural way of proceeding: age group 14-19 years (RR 1.96; 1.30-3.72), women who have had 1 pregnancy had a RR 1.92 (1.15-3.21) and with secondary schooling RR 1.35 (0.81-2.24). CONCLUSIONS: Patients at highest risk of not receiving obstetric care adhering to standards of good treatment were adolescents aged 14-19 years, women with secondary schooling, those seen on the night shift and primiparas. This shows that obstetric care that is not strictly adherent to the natural way of proceeding continues to be a major problem in our study population.

Tipos de partos y niveles de oxitocina, cortisol y hormonas tiroideas en plasma del cordón umbilical / Types of deliveries and levels of oxytocin, cortisol and thyroid hormones in umbilical cord plasma

Introducción: La placenta sintetiza y secreta varias hormonas que permiten la regulación del embarazo, el trabajo de parto y la adaptación metabólica materno-fetal. Su comportamiento asociado al tipo de parto puede dar información relevante sobre efectos epigenéticos. Objetivo: Describir el tipo de parto con los niveles de oxitocina, cortisol y hormonas tiroideas en plasma de cordón umbilical al nacer. Método: A 50 mujeres con embarazos principalmente normales se les cuantificaron los niveles neurohormonales en plasma de cordón umbilical, obtenido inmediatamente tras el periodo expulsivo. Los resultados se incorporaron a la base de datos clínicos de cada participante y se analizaron con Stata v.14.0. El protocolo fue aprobado por el comité de ética. Resultados: Hubo 33 partos vaginales (12 espontáneos, 13 acelerados y 8 inducidos) y 17 cesáreas (7 electivas y 10 de urgencia). Se observaron mayores niveles de cortisol en los partos vaginales acelerados; las cesáreas tuvieron menores niveles de cortisol y hormona estimulante de la tiroides. Las intervenciones clínicas, con altos o bajos niveles hormonales, están en directa relación con el tipo de parto. Conclusiones: El cortisol y la hormona estimulante de la tiroides medidos en plasma de cordón umbilical variaron según el tipo de parto. Esto es una primera cuantificación de hormonas en plasma de cordón umbilical y su posible regulación placentaria a propósito del tipo de parto.

Introduction: The placenta synthesizes and secretes several hormones allowing the regulation of pregnancy, labor and maternal-fetal metabolic adaptation. Their behavior associated with the type of delivery, may provide relevant information on epigenetic effects. Objective: To describe the type of delivery with the levels of oxytocin, cortisol and thyroid hormones in umbilical cord plasma at birth. Method: Neurohormonal levels from umbilical cord plasma obtained immediately post expulsion, were quantified in 50 women with mainly normal pregnancies. Results incorporated into the clinical database of each participant, statistically analyzed in Stata v.14.0. Protocol approved by ethics committee. Results: 33 were vaginal deliveries (12 spontaneous, 13 accelerated, 8 induced) and 17 cesarean sections (7 elective and 10 emergency). Higher cortisol levels were observed in accelerated vaginal deliveries, cesarean sections had lower cortisol and thyroid stimulating hormone levels. While clinical interventions, with high or low hormone levels, were related to the type of delivery. Conclusions: Cortisol and thyroid stimulating hormone measured in umbilical cord plasma varied according to the type of delivery. This is a first quantification of hormones in umbilical cord plasma and their possible placental regulation in relation to the type of delivery.

Fatores sociodemográficos e via de parto: revisão sistemática / Sociodemographic factors and type of delivery: systematic review / Factores sociodemográficos y tipo de parto: revisión sistemática

Objetivo: identificar os fatores sociodemográficos associados à via de parto. Método: trata-se de revisão sistemática com busca nas bases de dados Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde, PubMed e Cochrane em maio de 2021. O protocolo do estudo foi registrado na PROSPERO sob o nº CRD42021257340. Os artigos selecionados foram posteriormente analisados pelos sistemas Joanna Briggs Institute e Sistema Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation. Resultados: mulheres com maior nível socioeconômico, maior nível de escolaridade, com idade acima de 35 anos e parto em instituições privadas possuem maior chance de realizar cesariana comparado ao parto vaginal. A qualidade da evidência para variável de prestador hospitalar foi baixa, para idade e escolaridade materna a qualidade é moderada e classe econômica a qualidade é alta. Conclusões: os fatores sociodemográficos contribuem para o aumento da taxa de cesárea e reforçam o cenário encontrado na literatura.

Objective: to identify the sociodemographic factors associated with the mode of delivery. Method: this is a systematic review with a search in the Latin American and Caribbean Literature on Health Sciences, PubMed and Cochrane databases in May 2021. The study protocol was registered with PROSPERO under number CRD42021257340. The selected articles were analyzed by the Joanna Briggs Institute and the Grading System of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation systems. Results:women with a higher socioeconomic level, higher education, aged over 35 years and private institutions have a greater chance of having a cesarean section compared to the vaginal level. The quality of quality of quality for the service provider variable was low and the quality of maternal schooling is low and the quality of economic class is high. Conclusion: Sociodemographic conclusions in the literature.

Objetivo: identificar los factores sociodemográficos asociados a la modalidad de parto. Método: se trata de una revisión sistemática con búsqueda en las bases de datos Literatura Latinoamericana y del Caribe en Ciencias de la Salud, PubMed y Cochrane en mayo de 2021. El protocolo de estudio fue registrado en PROSPERO con el número CRD42021257340. Los artículos seleccionados fueron analizados por el Instituto Joanna Briggs y los sistemas Grading System of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation. Resultados: las mujeres con mayor nivel socioeconómico, educación superior, mayores de 35 años e instituciones privadas tienen mayor probabilidad de tener una cesárea en comparación con el nivel vaginal. La calidad de calidad de calidad para la variable proveedor de servicios fue baja y la calidad de escolaridad materna es baja y la calidad de clase económica es alta.

Association between autism spectrum disorder and peripartum events: a case-control study / Associação entre o transtorno do espectro do autismo e eventos periparto: estudo de caso-controle

Abstract Objective: To assess the association between peripartum events and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) development in children and adolescents. Methods: The current research is a case-control study in northern Minas Gerais state, Brazil. The inclusion criteria in the case group included individuals whose medical records reported an autistic disorder diagnosis, individuals had this diagnosis further confirmed by Northern Minas Autistic Support Association and specialized clinics, and their mothers had to answer positively to the question: "Was your child diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder?" in the data collection instrument. Thus, the case group included 253 mothers of children/adolescents of 2-15 years old diagnosed with autism. The inclusion criteria in the control group included 852 individuals belonging to the same age group and enrolled in the same schools as the case group. A semi-structured questionnaire was applied for mothers of children/adolescents, and the multiple logistic regression model was adopted for data analysis. Gross and adjusted Odds Ratios (ORa) were used to estimate the magnitude of the associations. Results: Autistic disorder was associated with the presence of meconium in amniotic fluid (AF) (ORa 1.67; 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 1.06-2.65) and cesarean delivery type (ORa 1.65; 95%CI 1.17-2.32). Emergency cesarean section increased autistic disorder development likelihood (ORa 2.38; 95%CI 1.61-3.51). Children and adolescents with ASD were more likely to have been exposed to two or more unfavorable peripartum events and obstetric complications than control groups (ORa 1.59; 95%CI 1.01-2.51). Conclusions: Meconium stained amniotic fluid, delivery by cesarean, and two or more unfavorable peripartum events are variables that should be considered in studies about ASD etiology.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre os eventos periparto e o desenvolvimento do transtorno do espectro autista (TEA) em crianças/adolescentes. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo de caso-controle desenvolvido no norte de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Os critérios de inclusão do grupo caso foram indivíduos com diagnóstico de TEA por laudo médico, confirmado pela Associação Norte Mineira de Apoio ao Autista ou por clínicas especializadas, e as mães que responderam positivamente a: "Seu filho foi diagnosticado com TEA?". Assim, o grupo caso incluiu 253 mães de crianças/adolescentes com 2-15 anos diagnosticadas com autismo. O critério de inclusão no grupo controle abrangeu 852 indivíduos pertencentes à mesma faixa etária e matriculados nas mesmas escolas que o grupo caso. Um questionário semiestruturado foi aplicado às mães e o modelo de regressão logística múltipla foi adotado para a análise de dados. Para estimar a magnitude das associações, utilizou-se Odds Ratio (OR) bruta e ajustada. Resultados: O TEA foi associado à presença de mecônio no líquido amniótico (ORa 1,67; intervalo de confiança [IC95%] 1,06-2,65) e ao parto cesáreo (ORa 1,65; IC95% 1,17-2,32). A cesárea de emergência aumentou a chance de desenvolvimento do autismo (ORa 2,38; IC95% 1,61-3,51). Crianças/adolescentes com autismo apresentaram maior chance de exposição a dois ou mais eventos desfavoráveis de parto (ORa 1,59; IC95% 1,01-2,51). Conclusões: A presença de mecônio no líquido amniótico, cesárea de emergência e mais de um evento de parto desfavorável são fatores que devem ser considerados nos estudos sobre a etiologia do transtorno autístico.

Relação entre iniquidade racial e violência obstétrica no parto / Relation between racial inequality and obstetric violence in childbirth

A iniquidade racial é a desigualdade em oportunidades e condições de vida que acontece em decorrência da etnia de uma pessoa. Indivíduos pretos, pardos e indígenas são modelos de povos que resistem aos desafios subsequentes dos processos históricos de segregação. Objetivo: Verificar a influência dos aspectos raciais na prática de violência obstétrica na atenção ao parto e nascimento. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo com abordagem quantitativa, de corte transversal, com coleta de dados prospectiva, realizado em uma maternidade pública na cidade de Goiânia, Goiás. Resultados: Pode-se determinar um cuidado menos satisfatórios para as mulheres negras quando comparado com as brancas para a maioria dos indicadores avaliados neste estudo. Mulheres pretas e pardas têm maior chance de sofrerem manobra de Kristeller, amniotomia precoce, privação alimentar no trabalho de parto, clampeamento imediato do cordão umbilical e menor chance de contato pele a pele e de ser ofertado métodos não farmacológicos para o alívio da dor. Conclusão: O fator raça/cor influencia no tratamento em que as mulheres recebem dentro do estabelecimento de saúde.

Racial inequity is inequality in opportunities and living conditions that occurs as a result of a person's ethnicity. Black, brown and indigenous individuals are models of peoples who resist the subsequent challenges of historical processes of segregation. Objective: To verify the influence of racial aspects in the practice of obstetric violence in labor and birth care. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach, with prospective data collection, carried out in a public maternity hospital in the city of Goiânia, Goiás. Results: Less satisfactory care can be determined for black women when compared to white women for most of the indicators evaluated in this study. Black and brown women are more likely to undergo the Kristeller maneuver, early amniotomy, food deprivation during labor, immediate clamping of the umbilical cord and less chance of skin-to-skin contact and being offered non-pharmacological methods for pain relief. Conclusion: The race/color factor alone influences the treatment that women receive within the health establishment.

Characteristics of women who underwent one or more previous cesarean sections according to Nascer no Brasil / Características de mulheres com uma ou mais cesáreas anteriores no nascer no Brasil

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To descriptively analyze Brazilian parturient women who underwent previous cesarean section and point out the factors associated with Vaginal Birth After Cesarean (VBAC) in Brazil. METHODS The study used data from women with one, two, or three or more cesarean sections from the survey Nascer no Brasil (Birth in Brazil). Differences between categories were assessed through the chi-square test (χ2). Variables with significant differences (p < 0.05) were incorporated into logistic regression. FINDINGS Out of the total of 23,894 women, 20.9% had undergone a previous cesarean section. The majority (85.1%) underwent another cesarean section, with 75.5% occurring before the onset of labor. The rate of Vaginal Birth After Cesarean (VBAC) was 14.9%, with a success rate of 60.8%. Women who underwent three or more cesarean sections displayed greater social vulnerability. The chances of VBAC were higher among those who opted for a vaginal birth towards the end of gestation, had a prior vaginal birth, underwent labor induction, were admitted with over 4 centimeters of dilation, and without partner. Receiving care from the private health care system, having two or more prior cesarean sections, obstetric complications, and deciding on cesarean delivery late in gestation reduced the chances of VBAC. Age group, educational background, prenatal care adequacy, and the reason for the previous cesarean section did not result in significant differences. CONCLUSION The majority of women who underwent a previous cesarean section in Brazil are directed towards another surgery, and a higher number of cesarean sections is linked to greater social inequality. Factors associated with VBAC included choosing vaginal birth towards the end of gestation, having had a previous vaginal birth, higher cervical dilation upon admission, induction, assistance from the public health care system, absence of obstetric complications, and without a partner. Efforts to promote VBAC are necessary to reduce overall cesarean rates and their repercussions on maternal and child health.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar descritivamente as parturientes brasileiras com cesariana anterior e apontar os fatores associados ao parto vaginal após cesárea (Vaginal Birht After Cesarean- VBAC) no Brasil. MÉTODOS Foram utilizados dados de mulheres com uma, duas ou três e mais cesáreas da pesquisa Nascer no Brasil. As diferenças entre categorias foram avaliadas pelo teste de qui-quadrado (χ2). As variáveis que apresentaram diferença significativa (< 0,05) foram incluídas em regressão logística. RESULTADOS Do total de 23.894 mulheres, 20,9% tinham cesárea anterior. A maior parte (85,1%) foi submetida a outra cesárea, 75,5% antes do início do trabalho de parto. A porcentagem de VBAC foi de 14,9%, uma taxa de sucesso de 60,8%. Mulheres com três cesáreas ou mais apresentaram maior vulnerabilidade social. As chances de VBAC foram maiores entre aquelas decididas pelo parto vaginal no fim da gestação, com parto vaginal anterior, indução de parto, admitidas com mais de 4 centímetros de dilatação e sem companheiro. Assistência no sistema privado, ter duas cesáreas ou mais, complicações obstétricas e decisão por cesariana no final da gestação diminuíram as chances de VBAC. Faixa etária, escolaridade, adequação do pré-natal e razão da cesárea anterior não apresentaram diferença significativa. CONCLUSÃO A maior parte das mulheres com cesárea anterior no Brasil é encaminhada para uma nova cirurgia, e o maior número de cesáreas está associado à maior iniquidade social. Os fatores associados ao VBAC foram decisão pelo parto vaginal no fim da gestação, parto vaginal anterior, maior dilatação cervical na internação, indução, atendimento no sistema público de saúde, ausência de complicações obstétricas e ausência de companheiro. São necessárias ações de estímulo ao VBAC, visando reduzir taxas globais de cesarianas e suas consequências para a saúde materno-infantil.