Pregnancy outcomes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus compared to a high-risk tertiary cohort and to standard population from the Austrian birth registry.

INTRODUCTION: Women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have a higher risk for fetal and maternal complications. We aimed to investigate maternal and fetal complications in pregnant women with SLE compared to a high-risk pregnancy cohort (HR) from a tertiary university center and a standard-risk general population (SR) from the Austrian Birth Registry. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this retrospective data analysis, we compared the incidence of fetal/neonatal and maternal complications of pregnancies and deliveries of women with SLE to age, body mass index and delivery date-matched high-risk pregnancies from the same department, a progressive tertiary obstetric center and to a group of women, who represent pregnancies with standard obstetric risk from the Austrian Birth Registry. RESULTS: One hundred women with SLE were compared to 300 women with high-risk pregnancies and 207 039 women with standard-risk pregnancies. The incidence of composite maternal complications (preeclampsia, Hemolysis, Elevated Liver enzymes and Low Platelets [HELLP] syndrome, pregnancy-related hypertension, gestational diabetes mellitus, maternal death, thromboembolic events) was significantly higher in the SLE as compared to the SR group (28% vs. 6.28% SLE vs. SR, p = 0.001). There was no difference between the SLE and the HR groups (28% vs. 29.6% SLE vs. HR group, p = 0.80). The incidence of composite fetal complications (preterm birth before 37 weeks of gestation, stillbirths, birth weight less than 2500 g, fetal growth restriction, large for gestational age, admission to neonatal intensive care unit, 5-min Apgar <7) was also higher in the SLE than in the SR group (55% vs. 25.54% SLE vs. SR p < 0.001) while the higher incidence of adverse fetal outcome was detected in the HR than in the SLE group (55% vs. 75% SLE vs. HR group, p = 0.0005). CONCLUSIONS: Although composite fetal risk is higher in the SLE group than in the general population, it is still significantly lower as compared to high-risk pregnant women at a tertiary obstetric center. Prepregnancy counseling of women with SLE should put fetal and maternal risk in perspective, not only in relation to healthy, low risk cohorts, but also compared to mixed HR populations.

Stillbirth mortality by Robson ten-group classification system: A cross-sectional registry of 80 663 births from 16 hospital in sub-Saharan Africa.

OBJECTIVE: To assess stillbirth mortality by Robson ten-group classification and the usefulness of this approach for understanding trends. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Prospectively collected perinatal e-registry data from 16 hospitals in Benin, Malawi, Tanzania and Uganda. POPULATION: All women aged 13-49 years who gave birth to a live or stillborn baby weighting >1000 g between July 2021 and December 2022. METHODS: We compared stillbirth risk by Robson ten-group classification, and across countries, and calculated proportional contributions to mortality. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Stillbirth mortality, defined as antepartum and intrapartum stillbirths. RESULTS: We included 80 663 babies born to 78 085 women; 3107 were stillborn. Stillbirth mortality by country were: 7.3% (Benin), 1.9% (Malawi), 1.6% (Tanzania) and 4.9% (Uganda). The largest contributor to stillbirths was Robson group 10 (preterm birth, 28.2%) followed by Robson group 3 (multipara with cephalic term singleton in spontaneous labour, 25.0%). The risk of dying was highest in births complicated by malpresentations, such as nullipara breech (11.0%), multipara breech (16.7%) and transverse/oblique lie (17.9%). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that group 10 (preterm birth) and group 3 (multipara with cephalic term singleton in spontaneous labour) each contribute to a quarter of stillbirth mortality. High mortality risk was observed in births complicated by malpresentation, such as transverse lie or breech. The high mortality share of group 3 is unexpected, demanding case-by-case investigation. The high mortality rate observed for Robson groups 6-10 hints for a need to intensify actions to improve labour management, and the categorisation may support the regular review of labour progress.

Periconceptional Counselling in Women with Autoimmune Inflammatory Rheumatic Diseases.

Systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases (SARDs) in pregnancy represent a complex challenge for both patients and healthcare providers. Timely preparation for pregnancy enables adequate disease control, thereby reducing the risk of disease flare and pregnancy complications. Interdisciplinary care starting from the pre-pregnancy period throughout pregnancy and during breastfeeding ensures better fetal and maternal outcomes. This review provides a comprehensive guide to pre-pregnancy counselling in SARDs, an overview of medication management strategies tailored to pregnancy, disease activity and pregnancy monitoring in patients, and the promotion of shared decision making between healthcare providers and patients. Guidelines from international organizations were selected to provide a basis for this review and guidance through the quintessential discussion points of care.

Incidence of shoulder dystocia and risk factors for recurrence in the subsequent pregnancy-A historical register-based cohort study.

INTRODUCTION: Shoulder dystocia is a rare obstetric complication, and the risk of recurrence is important for planning future deliveries. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The objectives of our study were to estimate the incidence and risk factors for recurrence of shoulder dystocia and to identify women at high risk of recurrence in a subsequent vaginal delivery. The study design was a nationwide register-based study including data from the Danish Medical Birth Registry and National Patient Register in the period 2007-2017. Nulliparous women with a singleton fetus in cephalic presentation were included for analysis of risk factors in index and subsequent delivery. RESULTS: During the study period, 6002 cases of shoulder dystocia were reported with an overall incidence among women with vaginal delivery of 1.2%. Among 222 225 nulliparous women with vaginal births, shoulder dystocia complicated 2209 (1.0%) deliveries. A subsequent birth was registered in 1106 (50.1%) of the women with shoulder dystocia in index delivery of which 837 (77.8%) delivered vaginally. Recurrence of shoulder dystocia was reported in 60 (7.2%) with a six-fold increased risk compared with women without a prior history of shoulder dystocia (risk ratio [RR] 5.70, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.41 to 7.38; adjusted RR 3.06, 95% CI: 2.03 to 4.68). Low maternal height was a significant risk factor for recurrence of shoulder dystocia. In the subsequent delivery, significant risk factors for recurrence were birthweight >4000 g, positive fetal weight difference exceeding 250 g from index to subsequent delivery, stimulation with oxytocin and operative vaginal delivery. In the subsequent pregnancy following shoulder dystocia, women who underwent a planned cesarean (n = 176) were characterized by more advanced age and a higher prevalence of diabetes in the subsequent pregnancy. Furthermore, they had more often experienced operative vaginal delivery, severe perineal lacerations, and severe neonatal complications at the index delivery. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of shoulder dystocia among nulliparous women with vaginal delivery was 1.0% with a 7.2% risk of recurrence in a population where about 50% had a subsequent birth and of these 78% had subsequent vaginal delivery. Important risk factors for recurrence were low maternal height, increase of birthweight ≥250 g from index to subsequent delivery and operative vaginal delivery.

EUROPEAN ASSOCIATION OF PERINATAL MEDICINE (EAPM) EUROPEAN MIDWIVES ASSOCIATION (EMA) Joint position statement: Caesarean delivery rates at a country level should be in the 15-20 % range.

While cesarean deliveries performed for health indications can save lives, unnecessary cesareans cause unjustifiable health risks for the mother, newborn, and for future pregnancies. Previous recommendations for cesarean delivery rates at a country level in the 10-15% range are currently unrealistic, and the proposed concept that striving to achieve specific rates is not important has resulted in a confusing message reaching healthcare professionals and the public. It is important to have a clear understanding of when cesarean delivery rates are deviating from internationally acceptable ranges, to trigger the implementation of healthcare policies needed to correct this problem. Based on currently existing scientific evidence, we recommend that cesarean delivery rates at a country level should be in the 15-20% range. This advice is based on the demonstration of decreased maternal and neonatal mortalities when national cesarean delivery rates rise to circa 15%, but values exceeding 20% are not associated with further benefits. It is also based on real-world experiences from northern European countries, where cesarean delivery rates in the 15-20% range are associated with some of the best maternal and perinatal quality indicators in the world. With the increase in cesarean delivery rates projected for the coming years, experience in provision of intrapartum care may come under threat in many hospitals, and recovering from this situation is likely to be a major challenge. Professional and scientific societies, together with healthcare authorities and governments need to prioritize actions to reverse the upward trend in cesarean delivery rates observed in many countries, and to strive to achieve values as close as possible to the recommended range.

Bebidas de soja y salud femenina. Revisión de la evidencia y opinión de expertos / Soy beverages and women’s health: evidence review and experts opinion

Las bebidas vegetales de soja constituyen una alternativa dentro de la dieta habitual. Sin embargo, existe la preocupación de potenciales efectosen la salud reproductiva de la mujer por mecanismos de disrupción endócrina.En esta revisión se evalúan documentos científicos en el área de la Ginecología y la Obstetricia bajo el tamiz de la medicina basada en la evidencia,respondiendo preguntas estructuradas. La metodología se apegó a las guías establecidas por la declaración PRISMA 2020.Los estudios evaluados descartan un riesgo incrementado de pubertad precoz o cáncer de mama; incluso se aprecia un efecto protector frentea dicha neoplasia. Se ha reportado el paso transplacentario de isoflavonas de soja y su presencia en la leche materna, sin que ello implique unarelación con complicaciones materno-fetales o malformaciones congénitas. La exposición a productos de soja no parece influir sobre el pesocorporal y la salud ósea de la mujer.Los estudios en adultos indican que la soja favorece un mínimo incremento de tirotropina (TSH) en personas con antecedente de hipotiroidismosubclínico.El impacto de los alimentos basados en soja sobre la microbiota intestinal parece ser favorable para su diversidad, particularmente al consumirproductos fermentados.Muchos de los estudios en humanos han sido realizados con suplementos de isoflavonas o con productos que contienen proteínas aisladas otexturizadas de soja. Por tanto, los resultados y las conclusiones deben interpretarse con cautela ya que no son totalmente extrapolables a lasbebidas comerciales de soja. (AU)

Soy drinks are an increasingly consumed option within the Western diet. However, there are concerns about potential endocrine disruptor effectsand possible impact on women’s reproductive health.This review evaluates scientific documents in gynecology and obstetrics under an evidence-based medicine approach. All methods adhered toPRISMA 2020 declaration guidelines.The evaluated studies do not support a positive association between soy intake and early puberty or breast cancer; instead, a protective effectagainst such neoplasm was observed. Transplacental passage of soy isoflavones and their presence in breast milk has been reported withoutany maternal-fetal complications nor congenital malformations.Exposure to soy-derived products appears to have a neutral effect on body weight and bone health. Studies performed in adults indicate that soymay promote a minimal increase in thyrotropin (TSH) in subjects with subclinical hypothyroidism. The impact of soy-based foods on gut microbiotaappears favorable, especially when consuming fermented products.Many of the human studies have been conducted with isoflavones supplements, isolated or textured soy proteins. Therefore, the results andconclusions should be interpreted cautiously, as these are not entirely applicable to commercial soy beverages. (AU)

Uterine artery Doppler in early labor and perinatal outcome in low-risk term pregnancy: prospective multicenter study.

OBJECTIVE: The prediction of adverse perinatal outcomes in low-risk pregnancies is poor, mainly owing to the lack of reliable biomarkers. Uterine artery (UtA) Doppler is closely associated with placental function and may facilitate the peripartum detection of subclinical placental insufficiency. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of mean UtA pulsatility index (PI) measured in early labor with obstetric intervention for suspected intrapartum fetal compromise and adverse perinatal outcome in uncomplicated singleton term pregnancies. METHODS: This was a prospective multicenter observational study conducted across four tertiary maternity units. Low-risk term pregnancies with spontaneous onset of labor were included. The mean UtA-PI was recorded between uterine contractions in women admitted for early labor and converted into multiples of the median (MoM). The primary outcome of the study was the occurrence of obstetric intervention, i.e. Cesarean section or instrumental delivery, for suspected intrapartum fetal compromise. Secondary outcomes were the occurrence of adverse perinatal outcomes, including 5-min Apgar score < 7, low cord arterial pH, raised cord arterial base excess, admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and postnatal diagnosis of small-for-gestational-age fetus. Composite adverse perinatal outcome was defined as the occurrence of at least one of the following: acidemia in the umbilical artery, defined as pH < 7.10 and/or base excess > 12 mmol/L, 5-min Apgar score < 7 or admission to the NICU. RESULTS: Overall, 804 women were included, of whom 40 (5.0%) had abnormal mean UtA-PI MoM. Women who had an obstetric intervention for suspected intrapartum fetal compromise were more frequently nulliparous (72.2% vs 53.6%; P = 0.008), had a higher frequency of increased mean UtA-PI MoM (13.0% vs 4.4%; P = 0.005) and had a longer duration of labor (456 ± 221 vs 371 ± 192 min; P = 0.01). On logistic regression analysis, only increased mean UtA-PI MoM (adjusted odds ratio (aOR), 3.48 (95% CI, 1.43-8.47); P = 0.006) and parity (aOR, 0.45 (95% CI, 0.24-0.86); P = 0.015) were independently associated with obstetric intervention for suspected intrapartum fetal compromise. Increased mean UtA-PI MoM was associated with a sensitivity of 0.13 (95% CI, 0.05-0.25), specificity of 0.96 (95% CI, 0.94-0.97), positive predictive value of 0.18 (95% CI, 0.07-0.33), negative predictive value of 0.94 (95% CI, 0.92-0.95), positive likelihood ratio of 2.95 (95% CI, 1.37-6.35) and negative likelihood ratio of 0.91 (95% CI, 0.82-1.01) for obstetric intervention for suspected intrapartum fetal compromise. Pregnancies with increased mean UtA-PI MoM also showed a higher incidence of birth weight < 10th percentile (20.0% vs 6.7%; P = 0.002), NICU admission (7.5% vs 1.2%; P = 0.001) and composite adverse perinatal outcome (15.0% vs 5.1%; P = 0.008). CONCLUSION: Our study, conducted in a cohort of low-risk term pregnancies enrolled in early spontaneous labor, showed an independent association between increased mean UtA-PI and obstetric intervention for suspected intrapartum fetal compromise, albeit with moderate capacity to rule in, and poor capacity to rule out, this condition. © 2023 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal anxiety during pregnancy: A prevalence study / Impacto de la pandemia por COVID-19 en la ansiedad materna durante el embarazo: Un estudio de prevalencia

Aim: To assess the impact of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on the level of anxiety in low-risk pregnant women. Material and method: Epidemiological, descriptive, prevalence study. A total of 74 patients who underwent low risk antenatal controls during the state of alarm because of COVID-19, were included. They filled in the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale and a specific document about the pandemic. Clinical histories and different variables of clinical interest were reviewed and compiled, respectively. Results: Mean age was 34.05 years with average amenorrhoea of 28.17 weeks. A total of 77% of the sample presented symptoms and signs compatible with anxiety. Of these, 44.6% and 32.4% presented minor and major anxiety, respectively. Concern over the time of the birth and postpartum and fear of being at greater risk because of possible infection was present in 95.9% and 94.6% of the sample, respectively. A total of 93.2% of the sample was afraid of intrauterine virus transmission; 94.5% admitted fear over the neonatal consequences of infection. Conclusions: The pregnant women assessed had three times more anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic. This incidence is independent of most study variables.(AU)

Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de la pandemia del coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 en el nivel de ansiedad en mujeres embarazadas de bajo riesgo. Material y método: Estudio epidemiológico, descriptivo, de prevalencia. Se incluyeron un total de 74 pacientes que se sometieron a controles prenatales de bajo riesgo durante el estado de alarma por COVID-19. Completaron la escala de calificación de ansiedad de Hamilton y un documento específico sobre la pandemia. Se revisaron y recopilaron historias clínicas y diferentes variables de interés clínico, respectivamente. Resultados: La edad promedio fue de 34,05 años con amenorrea promedio de 28,17 semanas. El 77% de la muestra presentó síntomas y signos compatibles con la ansiedad. De estos, el 44,6 y el 32,4% presentaron ansiedad menor y mayor, respectivamente. La preocupación por el momento del parto y el puerperio y el temor de presentar mayor riesgo por una posible infección estuvieron presentes en el 95,9 y 94,6% de la muestra, respectivamente. El 93,2% de la muestra temía una posible transmisión del virus intrauterino; el 94,5% admitió tener miedo a las consecuencias neonatales tras una posible infección. Conclusiones: Las embarazadas evaluadas tenían tres veces más ansiedad durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Esta incidencia es independiente de la mayoría de las variables de estudio.(AU)

Acceptance, experiences, and needs of hospitalized pregnant women toward an electronic mindfulness-based intervention: A pilot mixed-methods study.

Background: Anxiety disorders and depression during pregnancy are highly prevalent. Hospitalized pregnant women with high maternal or fetal risk represent a particularly vulnerable population often excluded from research samples. Screening for mental health disorders is not routinely offered for this particular patient group. Electronic mindfulness-based interventions constitute an accessible, convenient, and cost-effective mental health resource but have not yet been evaluated for acceptance in inpatient settings. To date, little is known about the needs and perceptions of this group of women. Objective: The aim of this study was to examine whether a brief electronic mindfulness-based intervention (eMBI) is accepted among hospitalized high-risk pregnant women. We assessed personal motivation and barriers, experiences, usability requirements, and overall acceptance of the eMBI, as well the specific needs and demands of patients with high-risk pregnancies regarding mental health services. Methods: An exploratory pilot study with a mixed-methods study design was carried out among 30 women hospitalized with a high obstetric risk. The study participants were given access to an eMBI with a 1-week mindfulness program on how to deal with stress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with the 30 participants and analyzed using systematic content analysis. In addition, acceptance and usability were assessed via questionnaires. Results: Study findings showed a high level of acceptance of the eMBI. Most of the respondents were satisfied with the usability and considered the eMBI program to be helpful. The greatest barriers to using the eMBI were a general negative attitude toward using apps, preference for personal contact, or no current need for psychotherapy. Participants criticized the lack of awareness of mental health issues during pregnancy and expressed a need for low-threshold treatment offers, especially during hospitalization. Conclusions: There is a strong need for mental health services in pregnancy care, especially for pregnant women with risk profiles. An eMBI offers an acceptable means of providing mental health support for hospitalized women with a severe obstetric risk.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal anxiety during pregnancy: A prevalence study.

Aim: To assess the impact of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on the level of anxiety in low-risk pregnant women. Material and method: Epidemiological, descriptive, prevalence study. A total of 74 patients who underwent low risk antenatal controls during the state of alarm because of COVID-19, were included. They filled in the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale and a specific document about the pandemic. Clinical histories and different variables of clinical interest were reviewed and compiled, respectively. Results: Mean age was 34.05 years with average amenorrhoea of 28.17 weeks. A total of 77% of the sample presented symptoms and signs compatible with anxiety. Of these, 44.6% and 32.4% presented minor and major anxiety, respectively. Concern over the time of the birth and postpartum and fear of being at greater risk because of possible infection was present in 95.9% and 94.6% of the sample, respectively. A total of 93.2% of the sample was afraid of intrauterine virus transmission; 94.5% admitted fear over the neonatal consequences of infection. Conclusions: The pregnant women assessed had three times more anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic. This incidence is independent of most study variables.

Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de la pandemia del coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 en el nivel de ansiedad en mujeres embarazadas de bajo riesgo. Material y método: Estudio epidemiológico, descriptivo, de prevalencia. Se incluyeron un total de 74 pacientes que se sometieron a controles prenatales de bajo riesgo durante el estado de alarma por COVID-19. Completaron la escala de calificación de ansiedad de Hamilton y un documento específico sobre la pandemia. Se revisaron y recopilaron historias clínicas y diferentes variables de interés clínico, respectivamente. Resultados: La edad promedio fue de 34,05 años con amenorrea promedio de 28,17 semanas. El 77% de la muestra presentó síntomas y signos compatibles con la ansiedad. De estos, el 44,6 y el 32,4% presentaron ansiedad menor y mayor, respectivamente. La preocupación por el momento del parto y el puerperio y el temor de presentar mayor riesgo por una posible infección estuvieron presentes en el 95,9 y 94,6% de la muestra, respectivamente. El 93,2% de la muestra temía una posible transmisión del virus intrauterino; el 94,5% admitió tener miedo a las consecuencias neonatales tras una posible infección. Conclusiones: Las embarazadas evaluadas tenían tres veces más ansiedad durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Esta incidencia es independiente de la mayoría de las variables de estudio.

Assisted reproductive technology treatment increases obstetric and neonatal risks over that of the underlying infertility diagnosis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatment adds obstetric and neonatal risks over and above that of underlying infertility-related diagnoses. DESIGN: Retrospective study of linked ART, birth certificate, hospital discharge data, and outpatient insurance claims data in Massachusetts (2013-2017). SETTING: Database. PATIENT(S): Singleton deliveries in women with and without diagnoses of tubal disease, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), other ovulatory conditions, or endometriosis, identified from the insurance claims and ART data. INTERVENTION(S): None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): ART and non-ART pregnancy and delivery outcomes were compared with each other and with women with no history of infertility or usage of fertility treatment (fertile group). Generalizing estimating equations with Poisson distribution and exchangeable correlation structure were used to obtain adjusted relative risk ratios (aRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULT(S): Infertility-related diagnoses significantly increased the risks of pregnancy hypertension (PCOS: aRR, 1.13, 95% CI 1.00-1.27), preeclampsia/eclampsia (tubal: aRR 1.28, 95% CI 1.02-1.61; PCOS: aRR 1.23, 95% CI 1.06-1.43; other ovulatory: aRR 1.11, 95% CI 1.02-1.20), gestational diabetes (tubal: aRR 1.28, 95% CI 1.08-1.50; PCOS: aRR 1.58, 95% CI 1.42-1.75; other ovulatory: aRR 1.19, 95% CI 1.12-1.26), and placental problems (tubal aRR 1.47, 95% CI 1.11-1.94), as well as low birthweight and prematurity, compared with deliveries from the fertile group. Within each diagnosis, the use of ART consistently increased the risk of placental problems (aRR 1.49-2.86) but varied for other conditions. CONCLUSION(S): Our study demonstrated that compared with the fertile group, risk was elevated in pregnancies and deliveries from women with tubal, PCOS, other ovulatory, and endometriosis diagnoses who did/did not undergo ART treatment. Placental abnormalities were particularly elevated in ART compared to non-ART deliveries having the same diagnosis.

Principales causas de riesgo obstétrico en el centro de salud "Roberto Astudillo" de la cuidad de Milagro enero-junio 2019 / Main causes of obstetric risk in the center of health "Roberto Astudillo" of the city of milagro

Un factor de riesgo obstétrico es una condición médica obstétrica o sociodemográfica que, en una mujer gestante puede ocasionar un aumento en la morbimortalidad que repercute como ya se ha mencionado a nivel materno -fetal con respecto al resto de la población. Objetivo: El objetivo primordial de evaluar el riesgo obstétrico, es poder realizar acciones preventivas que encaminen a evitar complicaciones que comprometan la vida materno fetal. Materiales y Métodos: Investigación cuantitativa documental, retrospectiva de corte transversal descriptivo. La investigación es cuantitativa, porque se obtiene datos los cuales son procesados, documental, porque toma la información de historia clínica que reposa en el área de estadística del centro de Salud Roberto Astudillo. Resultados: Dentro de los factores desencadenantes del alto riesgo obstétrico se encuentra el embarazo gemelar, y los embarazos mal controlados; entendiendo que el Síndrome de Hellp puede ser prevenible si hay un control exhaustivo desde el primer trimestre del embarazo, sobre todo cuando hay antecedentes de preeclampsia. Por otro lado, en los hábitos psicobiológicos se obtuvo una incidencia alta de consumo de café, de medicamentos, de consumo de alcohol y de pacientes con hábitos tabáquicos abandonados en el primer trimestre del embarazo (hábitos tóxicos). Aunque no hay una teoría que determine que el consumo de café influye directamente sobre la tensión arterial, se sabe, que las teofilinas estimulan los receptores B1 y B2 trayendo esto como consecuencia un leve incremento de la frecuencia cardíaca, y por ende un ligero incremento de la presión arterial. Conclusiones: Mantener una política de conducta expectante, generalmente incluye la atención intrahospitalaria con corticoides para la maduración pulmonar fetal, sulfato de magnesio (según sea necesario), antihipertensivos (según sea necesario) y monitoreo fetal y materno cuidadoso para identificar las indicaciones para el parto (por ejemplo, hipertensión no controlada, deterioro del estado de la madre y del feto, incluidos disfunción orgánica y sufrimiento fetal). Como parte de la conducta expectante, debe considerarse el traslado intraútero (antes del parto) a un centro de nivel terciario con capacidad para cuidados intensivos neonatales(AU)

An obstetric risk factor is a medical condition, obstetric or sociodemographic that, in a pregnant woman, can cause a increase in morbidity and mortality that has repercussions, as already mentioned, maternal-fetal level with respect to the rest of the population. Objective: The objective essential to assess the obstetric risk is to be able to carry out preventive actions that lead to avoid complications that compromise maternal and fetal life. Materials and Methods: Documentary quantitative research, retrospective of descriptive cross section. The research is quantitative, because it is obtained data which are processed, documentary because it takes the information from clinical history that rests in the statistics area of ​​the health center Robert Astudillo. Result: Within the triggering factors of the high obstetric risk is found in twin pregnancy, and miscarriages controlled; understanding that Hellp Syndrome can be preventable if there is comprehensive control from the first trimester of pregnancy, especially when there is a history of preeclampsia. On the other hand, in habits psychobiological results, a high incidence of coffee consumption, of drugs, alcohol consumption and patients with smoking habits abandoned in the first trimester of pregnancy (toxic habits). But not there is a theory that determines that coffee consumption directly influences on blood pressure, it is known that theophyllines stimulate B1 receptors and B2 bringing this as a consequence a slight increase in the frequency heart rate, and therefore a slight increase in blood pressure. Conclusions: Maintaining a watchful waiting policy generally includes inpatient care with corticosteroids for fetal lung maturation, magnesium sulfate (as needed), antihypertensives (as needed necessary) and careful fetal and maternal monitoring to identify indications for delivery (eg, uncontrolled hypertension, impaired of the condition of the mother and fetus, including organ dysfunction and distress fetal). As part of watchful waiting, transfer should be considered. intrauterine (before delivery) to a tertiary-level facility with the capacity to neonatal intensive care(AU)

Profile and obstetric outcome of teenage pregnancies compared with pregnant adults at a district hospital in KwaZulu-Natal.

BACKGROUND: Teenage pregnancy remains a major public health concern and a challenge for developing countries. Young maternal age can lead to serious physical, social and psychological consequences as teenage mothers are less likely to gain full educational potential and are at higher risk of poverty and complications of pregnancy. The objective of the study was to describe the profile and obstetric outcome of teenage pregnancy compared with that of pregnant adults at a district hospital in KwaZulu-Natal. METHODS: A retrospective descriptive study utilising data obtained from randomly selected hospital records of 216 teenage mothers compared the socio-demographic profile, foetal and maternal outcomes to that of pregnant adults. RESULTS: The mean age of the teenage group was 17.6 and 26.0 years for the adults (control group). Both groups had a remarkable booking status (97.2% vs. 100%) and antenatal attendance (62.5% vs. 66.2% with ≥ 5 visits). No significant difference in anaemia, caesarean delivery and obstetric complications were found in both groups. There was, however, a significant risk of hypertensive disorder of pregnancy (39.8% vs. 26.4%, p = 0.030) and higher risk of episiotomy being carried out during delivery (31.5% vs. 13.0%). On the other hand, the control group had a significant higher risk of HIV infection (12.5% vs. 38.4% p = 0.000). CONCLUSION: The study showed that teenage pregnancy has a similar obstetric risk to adult pregnant patients except for hypertension disorder of pregnancy. Although this study demonstrated improved antenatal attendance by pregnant teenagers, the psychosocial impact on young mothers requires further research.

Caesarean section rate in Nigeria between 2013 and 2018 by obstetric risk and socio-economic status.

OBJECTIVES: Caesarean section (CS) can be life-saving for both mother and child, but in Nigeria the CS rate remains low, at 2.7% of births. We aimed to estimate the rate of CS and early neonatal mortality in Nigeria according to obstetric risk and socio-economic background and to identify factors associated with CS. METHODS: We used the 2018 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey, encompassing 33 924 live births within the last 5 years, to estimate the CS rate and early neonatal mortality rate (ENMR) by obstetric risk group, informed by the Robson classification. The CS rate and ENMR were assessed within each Robson group and stratified by socio-economic background. Logistic regression analyses were used to explore determinants of CS. RESULTS: Almost three-quarters (72.4%) of all births were to multiparous women, with a singleton baby of normal birthweight, thus a low-risk group similar to Robson 3, and with a CS rate of 1.0%. CS rates in the two high-risk groups (multiple pregnancy and preterm/low birthweight) were low, 7.1% (95% CI: 5.2-9.7) and 1.8 % (95% CI: 1.4-2.4), respectively. The ENMR was particularly high for multiple pregnancy (175 per 1000 live births; 95% CI: 131-230). Greater number of antenatal visits, unwanted pregnancy, multiple pregnancy, household wealth, maternal education, Christians/Others versus Muslims and referral during childbirth were positively associated with CS. CONCLUSION: Inequitable access to CS is not limited to socio-economic determinants, but also related to obstetric risk factors, calling for increased efforts to improve access to CS for high-risk pregnancies.

Cumulative risk factors and mental health of mothers of infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit.

Purpose: The present study examined predictive linkages between multiple risk factors and their contribution to the development of anxiety and depression in Puerto Rican mothers of infants admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU).Method: The scales used were: the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale, the Hollingshead, and a Demographic Questionnaire was constructed to obtain information about mother and infant characteristics.Results: Both the cumulative psychosocial risk factor (B = 0.267, p = .011) and the cumulative neonatal risk factor (B = -0.220, p = .039) were significant predictors of mothers' anxiety.Discussion: It could be beneficial to create psychosocial interventions in the NICU to address parents' needs and promote emotional resilience. Also, training staff to provide an adequate explanation to mothers, regarding the infants' recovery process is of particular importance.

Obstetric and psychosocial risk factors associated with maternity blues.

AIM: To identify risk factors for maternity blues (MB) and to evaluate the impact of obstetric factors on MB prevalence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 194 mothers have completed the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) 2 days after delivery. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to identify the predictors of MB. RESULTS: 57 women (29.4%) were positive at screening. Comparing the two groups, no statistically significant difference was found in age (p = .536), nationality (p = .065) and BMI before pregnancy (p = .224). Interestingly, no significant differences were highlighted in terms of assisted reproduction technology or spontaneous pregnancies and the presence of labor analgesia, while MB was significantly more frequent in case of cesarean section (CS) (p = .035). Statistical differences have been found in previous CS (p = .022), previous voluntary interruption of pregnancy (p = .021), number of previous pregnancies (p = .007), Apgar 5' (p = .026), lower level of education (p = .009), and previous postpartum depression (PPD) (p = .026). A logistic regression analysis was realized according to a multivariate model incorporating all the variables with a p-value ≤.25 in bivariate analysis. In the final model vaginal delivery (OR 0.451, 95% CI [0.224-0.911], p = .026) resulted to be MB protective factor, while a lower level of education (OR 3.657, 95% CI [1.482-9.023], p = .005) as well as previous PPD (OR 4.714, 95% CI [1.273-17.458], p = .020) were identified as independent risk factors. CONCLUSION: This study showed that a lower education level and a previous PPD resulted to be important risk factors for MB development, while natural delivery was revealed as a protective factor. These results could be used to develop a better and more accurate prevention program after delivery.

Change in prevalence of major levator ani muscle defects from 6 weeks to 1 year postpartum, and maternal and obstetric risk factors: A longitudinal ultrasound study.

INTRODUCTION: The present study aimed first to investigate the change in prevalence of major levator ani muscle (LAM) defects, also called avulsions, from 6 weeks to 1 year postpartum, and second to assess maternal and obstetric risk factors for having persistent major LAM defects/avulsions at 1 year postpartum. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a secondary analysis of data from a prospective cohort study including 300 nulliparous women at 17-19 weeks of gestation. Major LAM defects were diagnosed at 6 weeks and 1 year postpartum using transperineal ultrasonography. We defined persistent major LAM defects as a defect diagnosed both at 6 weeks and 1 year postpartum. Maternal and obstetric data were obtained from the hospital's electronic birth records. Pelvic floor muscle function was measured vaginally by manometer at 21 weeks of gestation. The main outcome measurement was change in prevalence of major LAM defects. Maternal and obstetric risk factors for having persistent major LAM defect were also assessed. RESULTS: Prevalence of major LAM defects was 19.4% at 6 weeks and 10.4% at 1 year postpartum. No new major LAM defects were diagnosed at 1 year postpartum. Persisting major LAM defects were associated with longer second stage of labor (median 74.5 minutes vs median 48.0 minutes, P = .012) and higher neonatal birthweight (mean difference of 232.3 g, 95% confidence interval [CI] 21.5-443.1). Vacuum delivery was independently associated with persistent major LAM defects, adjusted OR 3.0 (95% CI 1.0-9.0). CONCLUSIONS: There was a 50% reduction of sonographically diagnosed major LAM defects from 6 weeks to 1 year postpartum. This finding suggests that assessment of the major LAM 6 weeks postpartum may be too early to diagnose defects/avulsions. Long second stage of labor, high neonatal birthweight and vacuum delivery were associated with persistent major LAM defects/avulsions.

Perinatal risk factors and reactive attachment disorder: A nationwide population-based study.

AIM: To examine the association between several perinatal and obstetric risk factors and reactive attachment disorder in children diagnosed in specialised services. METHODS: In this nested case-control study, 614 cases with reactive attachment disorder and 2423 controls matched with age and sex were identified from Finnish national registers. Conditional logistic regression was used to examine the association between a number of perinatal risk factors and reactive attachment disorder. RESULTS: In the adjusted analysis, a low birthweight of <2500 g was associated with an increased odds of reactive attachment disorder, with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.96 and 95% confidence interval (CI) of 1.17, 3.30 and a birthweight of 4000-4499 grams was associated with decreased odds OR 0.49 (95% CI 0.31, 0.75). The odds for being diagnosed with reactive attachment disorder increased with a gestational age of <32 weeks OR 3.72 (95% CI 1.52, 9.10), induced labour OR 1.34 (95% CI 1.03, 1.75) and monitoring in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) OR 1.67 (95% CI 1.09, 2.55). CONCLUSION: We found associations between low birthweight, preterm birth, NICU admission and reactive attachment disorder. The findings add to the current literature on the understanding of the development of reactive attachment disorder in children.

Caesarean section by country of birth in New South Wales, Australia.

OBJECTIVE: To determine rates of caesarean section by country of birth and by obstetric risks. METHODS: We analysed the New South Wales Perinatal Data Collection data of women giving birth between January 2013 and December 2015. Obstetric risk was classified using the Robson's 10-group classification. Multilevel logistic regression with a random intercept was used to measure the variation in caesarean section rate between immigrants from different countries and between regional immigrant groups. RESULTS: We analysed data from 283,256 women, of whom 90,750 had a caesarean section (32.0%). A total of 100,120 women were born overseas (35.3%), and 33,028 (33.0%) had a caesarean section. The caesarean section rate among women from South and Central Asia ranged from 32.6% for women from Pakistan to 47.3% for women from Bangladesh. For South East Asia, women from Cambodia had the lowest caesarean section rate (19.5%) and women from Indonesia had the highest rate (37.3%). The caesarean section rate for North Africa and the Middle East ranged from 28.0% for women from Syria to 50.1% for women from Iran. Robson groups that accounted for most of the caesarean sections were women who had previous caesarean section (36.5%); nulliparous women, induced or caesarean section before labour (26.2%); and nulliparous women, spontaneous labour (8.9%). CONCLUSIONS: The caesarean section rate varied significantly between women from different countries of birth within the same region. Women from some countries of birth had the higher caesarean section rates in some Robson groups.

Do maternal personality variables influence childbirth satisfaction? A longitudinal study in low-risk pregnancies.

To analyze the influence of maternal personality (big five personality, coping and childbirth expectations) on birth satisfaction. A longitudinal prospective design was used with 116 pregnant women during November 2014-December 2015 at a public hospital (Madrid, Spain) with three assessment stages: first trimester of pregnancy (personality factors), third trimester (childbirth expectations and coping strategies) and 48 hours after childbirth (labor satisfaction). The highest childbirth satisfaction scores were for professional support, support from partner and overall satisfaction. Higher childbirth satisfaction scores were found for vaginal births than for cesarean sections or instrumental births. Childbirth expectation dimensions showed the highest number of associations with childbirth satisfaction. Significant correlations were found between neuroticism and home assessment, agreeableness and environment, and openness to experience and overall satisfaction. Significant positive correlations were found between positive reappraisal and continuity, and negative correlations between avoidance coping and home assessment. Regression analyses showed the predictive role played by the type of birth, and the caregiving environment as childbirth expectation, and positive reappraisal and avoidance as coping strategies. These findings have important implications for health professionals who provide assistance to pregnant women through holistic models which include the assessment and adjustment of childbirth expectations.