Working from home and the explosion of enduring divides: income, employment and safety risks.

Why are there so many non-teleworkable occupations? Is teleworking only a matter of ICT usage or does it also reflect the division of labour and the underlying hierarchical layers inside organizations? What does it happen to those workers not able to telework in terms of socio-economic risks, and how does the gender dimension interact with risk stratification? Hereby, we intend to shed light on these questions using a detailed integrated dataset at individual and occupational level (Indagine Campionaria delle Professioni, Indagine delle Forze di Lavoro and Inail archive) which provides information on different nature of risks (income, employment and safety). Our results entail that, first, class attributes, intended as execution of tasks, degrees of autonomy in doing the job, layers of the occupational categories, strongly influence the chance of working from home; second, those individuals who are not able to perform their work remotely are more exposed to transition to unemployment, to earn low wages, and to safety and health risks; third, being woman and employed with a temporary contract significantly amplify risk stratification.

Occupational position and alcohol use disorders in Poland.

OBJECTIVES: The following analysis covers the role of the occupational structure in the prevalence of alcohol use disorders (AUDs). The authors investigated whether the occupational position affected the prevalence of AUDs among men and women, and how this relationship varied in lifetime and past year periods. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data were taken from the General Population Survey on Mental Health in Poland (EZOP) utilizing the Composite International Diagnostic Interview questionnaire (N = 2806). Binary and multiple regression models were employed to assess the risk of AUDs adjusted for the occupational structure and socio-demographic variables. RESULTS: The occupational position affects the prevalence of AUDs in men, while it has no impact on AUDs in women. Skilled and non-skilled workers suffer from AUDs to a greater extent than those in higher occupational positions. However, the risk of alcohol harm in women seems to be equally distributed across the occupational structure. CONCLUSIONS: The uneven pattern of alcohol harm in men and women can be possibly explained by shifting working conditions and work environments, as well as traditional gender roles affecting alcohol behaviors. The findings of the study support further development of the occupational position concept in alcohol research. The problem of harmful alcohol drinking in women across the occupational structure warrants a more in-depth inquiry. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2021;34(5):591-602.

Listas Nominais de Trabalhadores: escravos e livres na construção de pontes e estradas na província de Minas Gerais (1830-1880) / Nominal list of workers: free people and slaves in the construction of bridges and roads in the Minas Gerais Province (1830-1880) / Lista nominal de trabajadores: esclavos y libres en la construcción de puentes y carreteras en la provincia de Minas Gerais (1830-1880)

Este artigo apresenta os resultados preliminares da exploração das listas nominais de trabalhadores empregados na construção de pontes e estradas na província de Minas Gerais. Enfatizam-se a ocupação e a condição social, bem como o sistema de aluguel de escravos. No século XIX, Minas Gerais ocupou posição proeminente no cenário nacional, notadamente por seu dinamismo demográfico e econômico, com taxa de crescimento populacional superior à média do Brasil e o maior sistema escravista do país. Nessa comunicação são arrolados resultados concernentes a 3.300 registros nominais.

This article shows the preliminary findings of operation of nominal lists of workers employed in the construction of bridges and roads in the Minas Gerais province. It emphasizes the occupation and social conditions of workers, as well as the slave rental system. In the 19th century, Minas Gerais held a prominent position in the national scene, especially due to its demographic and economic dynamism. It presented a population growth rate above the average in Brazil, maintained the largest slave system in the country. This article presents the results concerning 3,300 nominal lists of workers.

Este artículo presenta los resultados preliminares de la exploración de las listas nominales de trabajadores empleados en la construcción de puentes y carreteras en la provincia de Minas Gerais. Se enfatiza en la ocupación y el estatus social, así como en el sistema de alquiler de esclavos. En el siglo XIX, Minas Gerais ocupó un lugar destacado en el panorama nacional, sobre todo por su dinamismo demográfico y económico. Presentó una tasa de crecimiento poblacional superior al promedio de Brasil y mantuvo el sistema esclavista más grande del país. En esta comunicación enumeramos resultados referentes a 3300 registros nominales.

Occupational structure of bearers of Jewish rabbinical, occupational and generic surnames.

We study choice of profession in three groups of Russian-speaking Jewish families with different occupational distributions of the ancestors. This study continues exploration of the persistence of social status of families over centuries that was initiated in recent years. It was found previously that in some cases professions remain associated with the same surnames for many generations. Here the studied groups are defined by a class of the surname of individuals composing them. The class serves as a label that indicates a professional bias of the ancestors of the individual. One group are the bearers of the class of surnames which were used by rabbinical dynasties. The other group is constituted by occupational surnames, mostly connected to crafts. Finally, the last group are generic Jewish names defined as surnames belonging to neither of the above groups. We use the database that consists of 858 and 1057 of the first two groups, respectively, and 7471 generic Jewish surnames. The statistics of the database are those of individuals drawn at random from the considered groups. We determine shares of members of the groups working in a given type of occupations together with the confidence interval. The occupational type's definition agrees with International Standard Classification of Occupations. It is demonstrated that there is a statistically significant difference in the occupational structure of the three groups that holds beyond the uncertainty allowed by 95% confidence interval. We quantify the difference with a numerical measure of the overlap of professional preferences of different groups. We conclude that in our study the occupational bias of different population groups is preserved at least for two centuries that passed since the considered surnames appeared.

A comparative study of urban occupational structures: Brazil and United States / Estudo comparativo das estruturas ocupacionais urbanas: Brasil e Estados Unidos / Un estudio comparado de las estructuras ocupacionales urbanas: Brasil y Estados Unidos de Norteamérica

This paper compares the occupational structure of cities in Brazil and United States aiming to evaluate the extent to which the economic structure of these urban agglomerations is associated with the different stages of development, specifically when comparing a rich country with a developing one. Using a harmonized occupational database and microdata from the Brazilian 2010 Demographic Census and the U.S. American Community Survey (2008-2012), results show that Brazilian cities have a stronger connection between population size, both with occupational structure and human capital distribution, than the one found for cities in the United States. These findings suggest a stronger primacy of large cities in Brazil's urban network and a more unequal distribution of economic activity across cities when compared to USA, indicating a strong correlation between development and occupational structure.

Este artigo compara a estrutura ocupacional das cidades do Brasil e dos Estados Unidos, visando avaliar a extensão em que a estrutura econômica dessas aglomerações urbanas se associa aos diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento, especificamente quando se compara um país rico com um em desenvolvimento. Utilizando um banco de dados ocupacionais harmonizado e microdados do Censo Demográfico Brasileiro de 2010 e do US American Community Survey (2008-2012), os resultados mostram que as cidades brasileiras têm uma conexão mais forte do tamanho da população com a estrutura ocupacional e a distribuição de capital humano do que a observada em cidades nos Estados Unidos. Estes resultados sugerem uma primazia mais forte das grandes cidades na rede urbana do Brasil e uma distribuição mais desigual da atividade econômica entre as cidades quando comparadas aos EUA, indicando uma alta correlação entre desenvolvimento e estrutura ocupacional.

Este documento compara la estructura ocupacional de ciudades de Brasil y Estados Unidos de Norteamérica con el objetivo de evaluar la extensión a la cual la estructura económica de estas aglomeraciones urbanas se asocia en las diferentes etapas de desarrollo, específicamente cuando se compara un país rico con un país en desarrollo. Utilizando una base de datos ocupacional armonizada y microdatos del censo demográfico brasileño de 2010 y de la Encuesta de la Comunidad Estadounidense (2008-2012), los resultados muestran una conexión más fuerte en las ciudades brasileñas entre el tamaño de la población y la estructura ocupacional y la distribución del capital humano que la encontrada para ciudades de los Estados Unidos. Estos hallazgos sugieren una mayor primacía de las grandes ciudades en la red urbana de Brasil y una distribución más desigual de la actividad económica entre las ciudades en comparación con las de Estados Unidos, lo que indica una fuerte correlación entre el desarrollo y la estructura ocupacional.

Um estudo da qualidade da informação censitária em listas nominativas e uma aproximação da estrutura ocupacional da província de Minas Gerais / A study of the quality of the census information on lists of names and an approximation to the occupational structure of the Province of Minas Gerais, Brazil / Un estudio de la calidad de la información censitaria en listas nominativas y una aproximación a la estructura ocupacional de la provincia de Minas Gerais

Este artigo objetiva evidenciar a necessidade da avaliação da qualidade da informação censitária em listas nominativas de habitantes do século XIX, propor classificação, segundo a qualidade da informação, para as unidades espaciais de informação do Censo de 1831-32, realizado na província de Minas Gerais, e apresentar resultados preliminares e gerais da estrutura ocupacional de Minas, com base no referido Censo, que contemplam a diversidade regional da província. A demonstração do efeito da qualidade da informação de ocupação sobre a estrutura ocupacional, em três níveis de agregação (provincial, regional e distrital), evidenciou que o trabalho com censos históricos não pode prescindir da avaliação do alcance e limites dos dados.

This article has the objective of showing the need for evaluating the quality of census information in named lists of inhabitants in the 19th century. The aim is also to propose a classification, according to the quality of the information, for the spatial units of information of the 1831-32 Census carried out in the Province (now State) of Minas Gerais, Brazil and present preliminary and general findings on the occupational structure of the province on the basis of the mentioned census, as these results take into account the regional diversity of the province at the time. The demonstration of the effect of the quality of the information of occupation on the occupational structure on three levels of aggregation (provincial, regional and district) showed that researchers should not fail to assess the extent and limits of the data available when dealing with historical censuses.

Este artículo tiene como objetivo evidenciar la necesidad de una evaluación de la calidad de la información censitaria en listas nominativas de habitantes del siglo XIX, proponer la clasificación, según la calidad de la información, para las unidades espaciales de información del Censo de 1831-32, realizado en la provincia de Minas Gerais y presentar resultados preliminares y generales de la estructura ocupacional de Minas, en función al referido Censo, que contemplan la diversidad regional de la provincia. La demostración del efecto de la calidad de la información de ocupación sobre la estructura ocupacional, en tres niveles (provincial, regional y por distrito), demostró que el trabajo con censos históricos no puede prescindir de la evaluación del alcance y de los límites de los datos.