RESUMO
Abstract Extracellular vesicles (EV) are spherical structures limited by membranes and shed by several cell types. Specifically, outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are nanometric particles constitutively produced by Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) under different environmental conditions. OMVs are biologically active; they are loaded with selected lipids, polysaccharides, proteins, and even different types of nucleic acids. OMVs from pathogenic oral bacteria play key roles in pathogen-host interactions, constituting a possible link between oral health and systemic disease. OMVs participate in adhesion, invasion, and damage to cells, as well as in modulating the host's immune response, biofilm formation, and promotion of virulence. The objective of this systematic review was to collect, analyze and synthesize the knowledge available on literature reviews on OMVs of the most studied pathogenic oral anaerobic GNB. This information was classified into the following categories: induction of vesiculation and biogenesis, its liberation from the parental cell, content, internalization by another host cell, and the interaction with the host cell. It was found that the most studied OMVs are those of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Bacteroides spp. and, to a lesser extent, Aggregatibacter spp., and Treponema spp. This systematic review provides a synthesis of the current knowledge regarding OMVs, with emphasis on the information available for periodontopathogens.
Resumen Las vesículas extracelulares (EV) son estructuras esféricas delimitadas por membranas y producidas por varios tipos de células. En particular, las vesículas de membrana externa (OMV) son partículas nanométricas producidas constitutivamente por bacterias Gram negativas (GNB) en diferentes condiciones ambientales. Las OMV son biológicamente activas; están cargadas de lípidos, polisacáridos, proteínas e incluso diferentes tipos de ácidos nucleicos. Las OMV de bacterias orales patógenas desempeñan papeles clave en las interacciones patógeno-hospedero, constituyendo un posible vínculo entre la salud oral y las enfermedades sistémicas. Las OMV participan en la adhesión, la invasión y el daño celular, así como en la modulación de la respuesta inmunitaria del hospedero, la formación de biopelículas y la promoción de la virulencia. El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática era recopilar, analizar y sintetizar los conocimientos disponibles sobre las OMV de las GNB anaerobias orales patógenas más estudiadas. Esta información se clasificó en las siguientes categorías: inducción de la vesiculación y biogénesis, su liberación de la célula parental, contenido, internalización por otra célula hospedadora e interacción con la célula hospedadora. Se observó que las OMV más estudiadas son las de Porphyromonas gingivalis y Bacteroides spp. y, en menor medida, Aggregatibacter spp. y Treponema spp. Esta revisión sistemática ofrece una síntesis de los conocimientos actuales sobre las OMV, haciendo hincapié en la información disponible para los periodontopatógenos.
RESUMO
In this study, the presence of putative periodontal organisms, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Tannerella forsythensis, Fusobacterium nucleatum,Dialister pneumosintes,Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans,Campylobacter rectus,Eikenella corrodens and Treponema denticola were examined from subgingival samples of 40 dogs of different breeds with (25) and without (15) periodontitis, by using the PCR method. The PCR products of each species showed specific amplicons. Of the 25 dogs with periodontitis, P. gingivalis was detected in 16 (64%) samples, C. rectus in 9 (36%), A. actinomycetemcomitans in 6 (24%), P. intermedia in 5 (20%), T. forsythensis in 5 (20%), F. nucleatum in 4 (16%) and E. corrodens in 3 (12%). T. denticola and D. pneumosintes were not detected in clinical samples from dogs with periodontitis. Moreover, P. gingivalis was detected only in one (6.66%) crossbred dog without periodontitis. Our results show that these microorganisms are present in periodontal microbiota of dogs with periodontitits, and it is important to evaluate the role of these putative periodontal microorganisms play in the periodontitis in household pets particularly, dogs in ecologic and therapeutic terms, since these animals might acquire these periodontopahogens from their respective owners.
Neste estudo, a presença de patógenos periodontais, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Tannerella forsythensis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Dialister pneumosintes, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Campylobacter rectus, Eikenella corrodens e Treponema denticola foi determinada por PCR, em amostras subgengivais de 40 cães com (25) e sem (15) doença periodontal. Os produtos amplificados pelo PCR para cada espécie bacteriana mostraram amplicons específicos. Dos 25 cães apresentando doença periodontal, P. gingivalis foi detectado em 16 amostras (64%), C. rectus em 9 (36%), A. actinomycetemcomitans em 6 (24%), P. intermedia em 5 (20%), T. forsythensis em 5 (20%), F. nucleatum em 4 (16%) e E. corrodens em 3 (12%). Em nenhuma amostra clínica periodontal foi observada a presença de T. denticola ou D. pneumosintes. Adicionalmente, P. gingivalis foi detectado em apenas um (6,66%) cão saudável, sem raça definida. Nossos resultados mostram que esses microrganismos estão presentes na microbiota periodontal de cães com periodontitis, e isto torna importante a avaliação do papel que esses microrganismos periodontais desempenham na periodontite de animais domésticos, particularmente cães, em termos ecológicos e terapêuticos, desde que esses cães podem adquirir esses periodontopatógenos de seus respectivos proprietários.