Clinical application of biomaterials in orbital implants: a systematic review.

PURPOSE: Various materials have been proposed for reconstructing orbital fractures. The materials used must meet certain criteria to ensure their suitability for restoring the structure and function of the organ. These criteria include biocompatibility, ease of application, non-toxicity, hypo-allergenicity, and non-carcinogenicity. In this study, we systematically reviewed the studies regarding the biomaterials in orbital implants and their clinical application. METHODS: A comprehensive search across various databases, including PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science, was conducted until April 10th, 2023. After retrieving the search results and eliminating duplicates, final studies were included after screening through defined criteria. Human and animal studies assessing the clinical application of biomaterials in orbital implants were included. The quality of the case series and controlled intervention studies were evaluated using the NIH tool, and for animal studies, the risk of bias was assessed using SYRCLE's tool. RESULTS: Seventeen studies were included according to defined criteria. These studies aimed to explore the clinical application of biomaterials and examine the associated complications in orbital implants. CONCLUSION: We found that using biomaterials did not result in elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). However, we did observe certain complications, with infection, residual diplopia, and enophthalmos being the most frequently reported issues.

Biomechanical analysis using finite element analysis of orbital floor fractures reproduced in a realistic experimental environment with an anatomical model.

Introduction: In this study, we attempted to demonstrate the actual process of orbital floor fracture visually and computationally in anatomically reconstructed structures and to investigate them using finite element analysis. Methods: A finite element model of the skull and cervical vertebrae was reconstructed from computed tomography data, and an eyeball surrounded by extraocular adipose was modeled in the orbital cavity. Three-dimensional volume mesh was generated using 173,894 of the 4-node hexahedral solid elements. Results: For the cases where the impactor hit the infraorbital foramen, buckling occurred at the orbital bone as a result of the compressive force, and the von Mises stress exceeded 150 MPa. The range of stress components included inferior orbital rim and orbital floor. For the cases where the impactor hit the eyeball first, the orbital bone experienced less stress and the range of stress components limited in orbital floor. The critical speeds for blowout fracture were 4 m/s and 6 m/s for buckling and hydraulic mechanism. Conclusion: Each mechanism has its own fracture inducing energy and its transmission process, type of force causing the fracture, and fracture pattern. It is possible to determine the mechanism of the fracture based on whether an orbital rim fracture is present.

Incidence of Pure Orbital Fractures with Concomitant Lacrimal Drainage System Injury in the Japanese Population: A Retrospective Study.

PURPOSE: This study aims to determine the incidence of pure orbital fractures with concomitant lacrimal drainage system injuries. METHODS: A retrospective observational study involving 956 sides from 940 pure orbital blowout fracture patients was conducted in our institution. Patients with concomitant orbital rim fracture and those with old orbital fractures were excluded. RESULTS: A total of 13 sides (1.4%) from 13 patients were included in the study. Canalicular laceration, bony nasolacrimal canal fracture, and lacrimal sac wall laceration were found in 9, 4, and 1 patients, respectively (one overlapping). Majority of the injuries resulted from either sports or falls. Inferomedial orbital strut fracture (23.1% vs. 7.6%; p = .075) and orbital floor fracture occurring lateral to the infraorbital groove (30.8% vs. 9.9%; p = .035) tended to be higher in patients with lacrimal drainage system injuries. CONCLUSION: There is a 1.4% incidence rate of pure orbital fractures with concomitant lacrimal drainage system injuries among the Japanese population included in this study. Inferomedial orbital strut fractures and orbital floor fracture lateral to the infraorbital groove were found to have higher association with lacrimal drainage system injuries.

Orbital fractures treated in a university hospital of southern Italy: epidemiology, outcomes and prognostic factors resulting from 538 retrospectively analyzed cases.

PURPOSE: Orbital fractures are common injuries and represent an interesting chapter in maxillofacial surgery. This retrospective study analyses data collected from 528 patients surgically treated at the University Hospital "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy, from 1st January 2007 to 31st January 2021. METHODS: The inclusion criteria were a diagnosis of orbital bone fracture, complete clinical and radiological records, and a minimum follow-up of 12 months. We analyzed gender, age, etiology, fracture type, treatment, timing of repair, and associated complications. RESULTS: The most frequent cause of trauma was road accidents (37.88%), followed by domestic accidents (25.95%). The manifestation of diplopia (72.35%), infraorbital nerve hypoesthesia (53.41%), extrinsic eye movement limitation (51.70%), and enophthalmos (41.29%), determined the indication for surgery. Our trauma team preferred the sub-eyelid approach (79.36%). The study shows a statistical significance in the correlation between the severity of the herniation of the lower rectus muscle and the presence of preoperative diplopia (p-value = 0.00416); We found the same statistical significance for the post-postoperative diplopia (p-value = 0.00385). Patients treated two weeks after the trauma show a higher rate of diplopia and a greater limitation of long-term post-operative eye movements than those treated within two weeks (diplopia 23.08% vs. 15.56%; eye movements limitation 13.33% vs. 7.69%). Early surgical treatment (> 14 days) reduces the likelihood of functional and structural damage to the lower rectus muscle. CONCLUSION: Our data will support future maxillofacial traumatology studies, and the education and prevention measures taken will reduce the incidence of orbital trauma.

Abordagem cirúrgica de fratura blow-out através de acesso transconjuntival: relato de caso / Surgical approach to blow-out fracture through transconjunctival access: case report

Introdução: a região orbitária é bastante suscetível a fraturas, devido a sua posição exposta e a ossos frágeis. As fraturas do tipo blow-out caracterizam-se pela fratura do assoalho orbitário com ou sem herniação de conteúdo para o seio maxilar, gerando consequências funcionais e estéticas. Relato do caso: paciente do sexo feminino, 48 anos de idade, vítima de queda da própria altura, compareceu ao Hospital Geral do Estado da Bahia com queixa de diplopia, apresentando fratura de assoalho de órbita direita. Foi programada uma abordagem transconjuntival e instalação de tela de titânio para reconstrução. Na alta hospitalar, a paciente negou diplopia, não apresentando prejuízos funcionais ou estéticos. Conclusão: o acesso transconjuntival possibilita uma adequada exposição do assoalho de órbita, para colocação de telas, deixando uma cicatriz imperceptível na conjuntiva. Apesar das vantagens, este acesso cirúrgico apresenta maior complexidade técnica, sendo pouco realizado pelos cirurgiões

Introduction: the orbital region is very susceptible to fractures due to its exposed position and fragile bones. Blow-out fractures are characterized by fractures of the orbital floor with or without herniation of contents to the maxillary sinus, generating functional and aesthetic consequences. Case report: a 48-year-old female patient, victim of a fall from her height, presented to the General Hospital of the State of Bahia complaining of diplopia, presenting with a fracture of the floor of the right orbit. A transconjunctival approach and installation of titanium mesh for reconstruction were scheduled. At hospital discharge, the patient denied diplopia, with no functional or aesthetic impairments. Conclusion: the transconjunctival approach allows adequate exposure of the orbital floor for mesh placement, leaving an imperceptible scar on the conjunctiva. Despite the advantages, this surgical approach presents greater technical complexity and is rarely performed by surgeons.

A systematic literature review and narrative synthesis on the use of autologous cartilage in the repair of orbital fractures.

Introduction: Fractures of the orbit are common injuries within the maxillofacial skeleton, and can often result in restrictions to ocular movement, diplopia, and enophthalmous if herniation of globe content occurs. Various studies have demonstrated the use of autologous cartilage grafts in the reconstruction of orbital fractures. Methods: A systematic review protocol was registered with PROSPERO, and reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting for Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Comprehensive electronic search strategies of four databases were developed. Studies were screened according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria by two independent reviewers. Results: Seven thousand one hundred seventy-one articles were identified following a comprehensive literature search. These articles were filtered for relevance and duplication, which reduced the number of articles to 16. A total of 259 patients underwent orbital reconstruction with the use of autologous cartilage. Conchal cartilage was harvested in 148 patients, auricular cartilage in 22 patients, nasoseptal cartilage in 72 patients, and costal cartilage in 17 patients. Thirty, seven, twelve, and four complications were observed in patients where cartilage was harvested from the concha, auricle, nasoseptum and rib, respectively. Most common complications included diplopia (n=23), infra-orbital para/anaesthesia (n=27), and enophthalmos (n=7). No failure of graft or donor site morbidity were observed in the studies. Conclusion: Autogenous materials such as cartilage can be used as an alternative for orbital reconstruction. Cartilage was considered by the authors to provide adequate structural support to the orbital contents, and that it was easy to harvest, shape, and position.

[Orbital trauma]. / Traumata der Orbita.

Orbital trauma can occur independently or in conjunction with other craniofacial trauma and can cause damage to bony and neurovascular structures as well as soft tissues. Appropriate interdisciplinary treatment of patients is essential to prevent long-term damage such as blindness or muscle dysfunction. Even complex fractures and soft tissue damage can be visualized using modern thin-layer computed tomography (CT), which is necessary for proper treatment.

Intraoperative computed tomography for orbital reconstruction: a systematic review.

Orbital reconstruction is a common procedure with inherent challenges and important consequences. Intraoperative use of computed tomography (CT) is an emerging application that facilitates accurate intraoperative evaluation to improve clinical outcomes. This review aims to investigate the intraoperative and postoperative outcomes of intraoperative CT use in orbital reconstruction. PubMed and Scopus databases were systematically searched. Inclusion criteria were: clinical studies investigating intraoperative CT use in orbital reconstruction. Exclusion criteria were: duplicates; non-English publications; non-full-text publications; studies with insufficient data. Of the 1022 articles identified, seven eligible articles representing 256 cases were included. The mean age was 39 years. Most cases were male (69.9%). With regards to intraoperative outcomes, the mean revision rate was 34.1%, with plate repositioning being the most common type (51.1%). Intraoperative time was variably reported. With regards to postoperative outcomes, there were no revisions, and only one case that had a complication (transient exophthalmos). Mean volumetric difference between the repaired and contralateral orbits was reported in two studies. The findings of this review present an updated evidence-based summary of the intraoperative and postoperative outcomes of intraoperative CT use in orbital reconstruction. Robust longitudinal comparisons of clinical outcomes between intraoperative and non-intraoperative CT cases are required.

Evaluation of commotio retinae in orbital fractures / Avaliação com commotio retinae (Edema de Berlim) em fraturas orbitárias

ABSTRACT Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the mechanisms of injury and types of orbital fractures and their relation to concurrent commotio retinae. Methods: This retrospective study evaluated the records of patients with orbital fractures whose diagnoses had been confirmed by computer tomography between July 2017 and September 2019. Patient demographics, the circumstances of injury, ophthalmic examination results, and radiological findings were tabulated. Statistical analysis of the data used two-tailed student's t-tests, chi-squared tests, and odds ratio calculations. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Results: Of the 204 patients with orbital fractures included in this study, 154 (75.5%) were male. The mean age was 42.1 years. Orbital fractures involving one orbital wall (58.8%) were more common than those affecting multiple walls (41.2%). The majority of fractures affected the inferior wall (60.3%), with the medial walls being the next most frequently affected (19.6%). The most common cause of injury was assault (59.3%), and the second most common was falls (24%). Commotio retinae was observed in 20.1% of orbital fracture cases and was most associated with injuries caused by assault (OR=5.22, p<0.001) and least associated with those caused by falls (OR=0.06, p<0.001). Eye movement restrictions were more common in central than peripheral commotio (OR=3.79, p=0.015) and with medial wall fractures than fractures to other orbital walls (OR=7.16, p<0.001). The odds of commotio were not found to be higher in patients with multi-walled orbital fractures than in those with single-walled fractures (p=0.967). Conclusions: In the study population, assault was the most common cause of orbital fractures and resulted in commotio retinae than other causes. Ophthalmologists should be aware of the likelihood of commotio retinae in patients with orbital fractures resulting from assault, regardless of the extent of the patient's injuries.

RESUMO Objetivo: Este estudo visou avaliar os mecanismos da lesão e os tipos de fraturas orbitárias e sua relação com commotio retinae simultânea. Métodos: Este estudo retrospectivo avaliou registros de pacientes com fraturas orbitárias cujos diagnósticos foram confirmados por tomografia computadorizada entre julho de 2017 e setembro de 2019. Foram registrados os dados demográficos, circunstâncias da lesão, os resultados do exame oftalmológico e achados radiológicos. A análise estatística dos dados usou os testes de t-Student bicaudal, qui-quadrado e cálculos de odds ratio. O significado estatístico foi fixada em p<0,05. Resultados: Dos 204 pacientes com fraturas orbitárias incluídos neste estudo, 154 (75,5%) eram sexo masculino (75,5%). A média de idade foi de 42,1 anos. As fraturas orbitárias envolvendo uma parede orbital (58,8%) foram mais comuns do que as que acometeram várias paredes (41,2%). A maioria das fraturas acometeu a parede inferior (60,3%), sendo as paredes mediais as próximas mais frequentemente afetadas (19,6%). A causda mais comum de lesão foi agressão (59,3%), e a segunda mais comum foi queda (24%). A commotio retinae foi observada em 20,1% dos casos de fratura orbital e foi mais associada a lesões causadas por agressão (OR=5,22, p<0,001) e menos associada com aquelas causadas por quedas (OR=0,06, p<0,001). As restrições de movimentos oculares eram mais comuns na comoção central do que na periférica (OR=3,79, p=0,015) e com fraturas da parede medial do que com fraturas de outras paredes orbitais (OR=7,16, p<0,001). As chances de comoção não foram maiores em pacientes com fraturas orbitais de paredes múltiplas do que naqueles com fraturas de parede simples (p=0,967). Conclusões: Na população do estudo, a agressão foi a causa mais comum de fraturas orbitais e resultou em commotio retinae mais grave do que qualquer outra causa. Os oftalmologistas devem estar cientes da probabilidade de commotio retinae em pacientes com fraturas orbitais resultantes de agressão, independentemente da extensão das lesões do paciente.

Missed games, financial losses, and characteristics of eye injuries in the National Basketball Association during the 2010-2011 to 2017-2018 seasons.

PURPOSE: The purpose is to report financial loss, demographic metrics, and mechanisms of injury associated with eye injuries in the National Basketball Association (NBA) from the 2010-2011 to 2017-2018 seasons. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of eye injuries in the NBA from the 2010-2011 to 2017-2018 seasons using publicly available information from Basketball Reference and the Pro Sports Transactions websites. Only injuries of the eye and adnexa that caused players to miss games in the regular season and playoffs were included in the study. Financial loss was calculated based on the regular season salary of the players and normalized for inflation with 2018 as the base year. RESULTS: There were 30 eye injuries causing a total of 106 missed games and $7,486,770 in financial losses across eight seasons. Linear regressions showed a moderately positive increase in eye injuries (Pearson's r = 0.68, P = 0.07, and 0.79 injuries per year/1000 game-days increase) and financial losses (Pearson's r = 0.67, P = 0.07, and $185.75 increase per year/1000 game-days) over time. There were significantly more games missed due to orbital fractures than games missed due to contusions/lacerations (11.5 vs. 2.8 missed games, P = 0.01). CONCLUSION: We demonstrate an increasing trend of eye injuries in the NBA, resulting in increased financial loss. Injuries may be varied in type and affect the number of games missed.

Accuracy of surgical navigation for patient-specific reconstructions of orbital fractures: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to review the recent literature on the technical accuracy of surgical navigation for patient-specific reconstruction of orbital fractures using a patient-specific implant, and to compare surgical navigation with conventional techniques. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed (Medline), Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane (Core Collection) databases on May 16, 2023. Literature comparing surgical navigation with a conventional method using postoperative three-dimensional computed tomography imaging was collected. Only articles that studied at least one of the following outcomes were included: technical accuracy (angular accuracy, linear accuracy, volumetric accuracy, and degree of enophthalmos), preoperative and perioperative times, need for revision, complications, and total cost of the intervention. MINORS criteria were used to evaluate the quality of the articles. RESULTS: After screening 3733 articles, 696 patients from 27 studies were included. A meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate volumetric accuracy and revision rates. Meta-analysis proved a significant better volumetric accuracy (0.93 cm3 ± 0.47 cm3) when surgical navigation was used compared with conventional surgery (2.17 cm3 ± 1.35 cm3). No meta-analysis of linear accuracy, angular accuracy, or enophthalmos was possible due to methodological heterogeneity. Surgical navigation had a revision rate of 4.9%, which was significantly lower than that of the conventional surgery (17%). Costs were increased when surgical navigation was used. CONCLUSION: Studies with higher MINORS scores demonstrated enhanced volumetric precision compared with traditional approaches. Surgical navigation has proven effective in reducing revision rates compared to conventional approaches, despite increased costs.

Tratamento de fratura órbito-zigomática decorrente de acidente com projétil de bala de borracha / Treatment of orbito-zygomatic fracture due to accident with rubber bullet project / Tratamiento de fractura orbito-cigomática por accidente com proyecto bala de goma

Objetivo: Relatar um caso clínico de um paciente com fratura zigomático orbitária vítima de tiro de bala de borracha e mostrar a importância de um planejamento adequado. Relato de caso: Paciente do sexo masculino, 19 anos de idade, deu entrada no Hospital de Urgências de Teresina, relatando ter sofrido uma agressão por bala de borracha durante uma manifestação. Foi observado no exame clínico: aumento de volume, equimose palpebral superior e dificuldade de abertura bucal. Na imagem foi observado, projétil de borracha na região zigomática esquerda, fraturas de zigoma com comunicação na região de pilar zigomático, fratura com deslocamento na região de margem Infraorbital e fratura na sutura fronto-zigomática. Foi proposto para o caso clínico, cirurgia sob anestesia geral com acesso intrabucal para fixação do pilar zigomático com placa do sistema 2.0mm, acesso superciliar para fixação da sutura fronto-zigomática com placa 1.5mm, e reconstrução do assoalho orbitário com malha de titânio. Conclusão: No pós-operatório o paciente não apresenta relato de enoftalmia, distopia ou diplopia, ausência de dor e déficits visuais.

Objective: To report a clinical case of a patient with zygomatic-orbital fracture, victim of rubber bullet shooting and show the importance of an adequate planning. Case Report: A 19-year-old male patient was admitted to the Teresina Emergency Hospital, reporting having suffered an aggression by rubber bullet during a demonstration. On clinical examination was observed: increased volume, upper eyelid ecchymosis and difficulty opening the mouth. In the image it was observed, rubber bullet in the left zygomatic region, zygoma fractures with communicationin the region of the zygomatic pillar, fracture with displacement in the region of infraorbital margin and fracture in the fronto-zygomatic suture. It was proposed for the clinical case, surgery under general anesthesia with intraoral access for fixation of the zygomatic pillar with a 2.0 mm plate, superciliary access for fixation of the fronto-zygomatic suture with a 1.5 mm plate, and reconstruction of the orbital floor with titanium mesh. Conclusion: Postoperatively, the patient did not report enophthalmia, dystopia or diplopia, absence of pain and visual deficits.

Objetivo: Informar de un caso clínico de un paciente confractura zigomática-orbital víctima de un disparo de bala de goma y mostrar la importancia de una planificación adecuada. Reporte de caso: Paciente masculino, de 19 años, fue admitido enel Hospital de Urgencias de Teresina, informando haber sufrido una agresión por bala de goma durante una manifestación. Se observó en elexamen clínico: aumento de volumen, equimosis del párpado superior y dificultad para abrir la boca. En la imagen se observó, bala de goma en la región cigomática izquierda, fractura del cigoma con comunicación en la región del pilar cigomático, fractura con desplazamiento en la región del margen infraorbitario y fractura en la sutura fronto-cigomática. Se propuso para el caso clínico, cirugía bajo anestesia general conacceso intraoral para fijacióndel pilar cigomáticocon sistema de placas de 2,0 mm, acceso superciliar para fijación de la sutura fronto-cigomática de placas de 1,5 mm, y reconstrucción del suelo orbitario con malla de titanio. Conclusión: En el post operatorio, la paciente no presentó informes de enoftalmia, distopía o diplopía, ausencia de dolor y déficit visual.

Correção secundária de Fratura Blow-Out: relato de caso / Secondary correction of Blow-Out Fracture: case report / Corrección secundaria de Fractura Blow-Out: reporte de caso

Objetivo: Discutir o tratamento cirúrgico secundário de uma fratura de órbita tipo Blow-Out, explorando os desafios e limitações relacionados a este padrão de fratura. Relato de Caso: Paciente sexo masculino, 50 anos, ASA I relatando histórico de agressão física e quatro cirurgias prévias em região orbitária direita. Clinicamente foram observados sinais como enoftalmo, hipoftalmo, encurtamento da pálpebra inferior, dificuldade de oclusão palpebral, entrópio, hiperemia em conjuntiva, além de presença de secreção purulenta, todos em região orbitária à direita. Diante do exposto, uma nova intervenção cirúrgica foi proposta pela Cirurgia e Traumatologia Bucomaxilofacial, na tentativa corrigir alguns problemas listados, além de encaminhamento a outras especialidades. Encontra-se em acompanhamento de um ano, com boa evolução. Conclusão: O tratamento de fraturas orbitárias é um dos mais desafiadores, especialmente quando se trata sequelas. A definição pelo melhor momento para realização destes procedimentos não é um consenso, sendo necessário uma avaliação clínica criteriosa. Apesar da utilização dos enxertos autógenos ser amplamente recomendada, os materiais aloplásticos vem se tornando a primeira escolha para tratamento das correções secundárias pelas diversas vantagens oferecidas.

Aim: To discuss the secondary surgical treatment of a Blow-Out orbit fracture, exploring the challenges and limitations related to this fracture pattern. Case report: Male patient, 50 years old, ASA I reporting a history of physical aggression and four previous surgeries in the right orbital region. Clinically, enophthalmos, hypophthalmos, shortening of the lower eyelid, difficulty in eyelid occlusion, entropion, hyperemia in the conjunctiva were observed, in addition to the presence of purulent secretion, all in the right orbit. In view of the above, a new surgical intervention was proposed by Buccomaxillofacial Surgery and Traumatology, in an attempt to correct some listed problems, in addition to referral to other specialties. He is being followed up for one year, with good progress. Conclusion: The treatment of orbital fractures is one of the most challenging, especially when dealing with sequelae. The definition of the best time to perform these procedures is not a consensus, requiring a careful clinical evaluation. Although the use of autogenous grafts is widely recommended, alloplastic materials are becoming the first choice for treating secondary corrections due to the several advantages offered.

Objetivo: Discutir el tratamiento quirúrgico secundario de una fractura orbitaria Blow-Out, explorando los desafíos y las limitaciones relacionadas con este patrón de fractura. Caso Clínico: Paciente masculino, 50 años, ASA I, que refi ere antecedentes de agresión física y cuatro cirugías previas en región orbitaria derecha. Clínicamente se observaron signos como enoftalmos, hipoftalmos, acortamiento del párpado inferior, difi cultad en la oclusión palpebral, entropión, hiperemia en la conjuntiva, además de la presencia de secreción purulenta, todos en la región orbitaria derecha. Ante lo anterior, se propuso una nueva intervención quirúrgica desde Cirugía Oral y Maxilofacial y Traumatología, en un intento de corregir algunos de los problemas enumerados, además de la derivación a otras especialidades. Está en seguimiento desde hace un año, con buena evolución. Conclusión: El tratamiento de las fracturas de órbita es uno de los más desafi antes, especialmente cuando se trata de secuelas. La defi nición del mejor momento para realizar estos procedimientos no es un consenso, lo que requiere una evaluación clínica cuidadosa. A pesar de que se recomienda ampliamente el uso de injertos autógenos, los materiales aloplásticos se han convertido en la primera opción para el tratamiento de correcciones secundarias debido a las múltiples ventajas que ofrecen.

Complete transection of the inferior rectus following blunt trauma: a case report.

This report describes a rare case of complete transection of the inferior rectus resulting from blunt trauma to the orbit. Only eight other cases were identified in the literature. Computed tomography scans should be examined carefully for potential extraocular muscle injury.

Automatic orbital segmentation using deep learning-based 2D U-net and accuracy evaluation: A retrospective study.

The purpose of this study was to verify whether the accuracy of automatic segmentation (AS) of computed tomography (CT) images of fractured orbits using deep learning (DL) is sufficient for clinical application. In the surgery of orbital fractures, many methods have been reported to create a 3D anatomical model for use as a reference. However, because the orbit bone is thin and complex, creating a segmentation model for 3D printing is complicated and time-consuming. Here, the training of DL was performed using U-Net as the DL model, and the AS output was validated with Dice coefficients and average symmetry surface distance (ASSD). In addition, the AS output was 3D printed and evaluated for accuracy by four surgeons, each with over 15 years of clinical experience. One hundred twenty-five CT images were prepared, and manual orbital segmentation was performed in all cases. Ten orbital fracture cases were randomly selected as validation data, and the remaining 115 were set as training data. AS was successful in all cases, with good accuracy: Dice, 0.860 ± 0.033 (mean ± SD); ASSD, 0.713 ± 0.212 mm. In evaluating AS accuracy, the expert surgeons generally considered that it could be used for surgical support without further modification. The orbital AS algorithm developed using DL in this study is extremely accurate and can create 3D models rapidly at low cost, potentially enabling safer and more accurate surgeries.

Heridas de guerra en el Perú del siglo XIX: la lesión ocular de Andrés Avelino Cáceres / War wounds in nineteenth century Peru: the eye injury of Andrés Avelino Cáceres

RESUMEN Andrés Avelino Cáceres (1836-1923) fue un destacado político y militar peruano que ocupó la presidencia en dos periodos y lideró al ejército peruano durante la Guerra del Pacífico, por lo que es considerado un héroe nacional. Al inicio de su carrera militar, durante el sitio a la ciudad de Arequipa en 1858, sufrió una lesión ocular cuya cicatriz se observa en las fotografías que se le tomaron posteriormente a lo largo de su vida, lo que hizo que fuera apodado "El Tuerto" aunque al parecer su agudeza visual estuvo indemne. En este trabajo describiremos las circunstancias en las que se produjo la lesión oftálmica de Andrés Avelino Cáceres, las secuelas que pudo tener este traumatismo oftálmico y el tratamiento médico que pudo haber recibido, en base al propio relato del héroe y a las imágenes suyas que se conservan.

ABSTRACT Andrés Avelino Cáceres (1836-1923) was a prominent Peruvian politician and military man who held the presidency for two terms and led the Peruvian army during the Pacific War, for which he is considered a national hero. At the beginning of his military career, during the siege of the city of Arequipa in 1856, he suffered an eye injury whose scar can be seen in the photographs that were taken of him later throughout his life, which led to him being nicknamed "El Tuerto". We will describe the circumstances in which the ophthalmic injury of Andrés Avelino Cáceres occurred, the consequences that this ophthalmic trauma could have had and the treatment he could have received, based on the hero's own story and the images of him that are preserved.

Augmented and Virtual Reality for Preoperative Trauma Planning, Focusing on Orbital Reconstructions: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: This systematic review summarizes recent literature on the use of extended reality, including augmented reality (AR), mixed reality (MR), and virtual reality (VR), in preoperative planning for orbital fractures. METHODS: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane on 6 April 2023. The included studies compared extended reality with conventional planning techniques, focusing on computer-aided surgical simulation based on Computed Tomography data, patient-specific implants (PSIs), fracture reconstruction of the orbital complex, and the use of extended reality. Outcomes analyzed were technical accuracy, planning time, operative time, complications, total cost, and educational benefits. RESULTS: A total of 6381 articles were identified. Four articles discussed the educational use of VR, while one clinical prospective study examined AR for assisting orbital fracture management. CONCLUSION: AR was demonstrated to ameliorate the accuracy and precision of the incision and enable the better identification of deep anatomical tissues in real time. Consequently, intraoperative imaging enhancement helps to guide the orientation of the orbital reconstruction plate and better visualize the precise positioning and fixation of the PSI of the fractured orbital walls. However, the technical accuracy of 2-3 mm should be considered. VR-based educational tools provided better visualization and understanding of craniofacial trauma compared to conventional 2- or 3-dimensional images.

Mapping the Posterior Ledge and Optic Foramen in Orbital Floor Blowout Fractures.

Background The posterior ledge (PL) is a vital structure that supports the implant posteriorly during orbital floor reconstruction. This study describes a technique for mapping the PL in relation to the infraorbital margin (IM) in patients with orbital floor blowout fractures. This study establishes the location of the optic foramen in relation to the PL. Methods Facial computed tomography (FCT) scans of 67 consecutive patients with isolated orbital floor blowout fractures were analyzed using Osirix. Planes of reference for orbital fractures, a standardized technique for performing measurements on FCT, was used. Viewed coronally, the orbit was divided into seven equal sagittal slices (L1 laterally to L7 medially) with reference to the midorbital plane. The distances of PL from IM and location of optic foramen were determined. Results The greatest distance to PL is found at L5 (median: 30.1 mm, range: 13.5-37.1 mm). The median and ranges for each slice are as follows: L1 (median: 0.0 mm, range: 0.0-19.9 mm), L2 (median: 0.0 mm, range: 0.0-21.5 mm), L3 (median: 15.8 mm, range: 0.0-31.7 mm), L4 (median: 26.1 mm, range: 0.0-34.0 mm), L5 (median: 30.1 mm, range: 13.5-37.1 mm), L6 (median: 29.0 mm, range: 0.0-36.3 mm), L7 (median: 20.8 mm, range: 0.0-39.2 mm). The median distance of the optic foramen from IM is 43.7 mm (range: 37.0- 49.1) at L7. Conclusion Distance to PL from IM increases medially until the L5 before decreasing. A reference map of the PL in relation to the IM and optic foramen is generated. The optic foramen is located in close proximity to the PL at the medial orbital floor. This aids in preoperative planning and intraoperative dissection.

Utilization of Ophthalmic Management in Patients with Head-and-Neck Trauma Secondary to Firearms.

Introduction: This retrospective cohort study presents the epidemiology of severe firearm-related ophthalmic injury and the level of ophthalmology involvement in the multidisciplinary management of head-and-neck gunshot injuries. Methods: A retrospective study identified 207 patients with firearm-related injuries involving the head and neck treated at an Academic Tertiary Care Institution from 2010 to 2020. Results: Ophthalmology consulted on 29% of patients with head-and-neck firearm injuries. At least one of the services managing facial trauma (plastic surgery and otolaryngology) consulted on 71.5% of cases (P < 0.001). Of patients evaluated by ophthalmology, 93.3% survived to discharge; 78.2% of patients who were not evaluated survived to discharge (P = 0.009). Ophthalmology consulted on all patients with open globe injury (10.6%) (P < 0.001), all of which were evaluated by the facial trauma service (P = 0.002), 77.3% by otolaryngology (P = 0.42), 50% by neurosurgery, 36.4% by plastic surgery, 13.6% by orthopedic surgery, and 4.5% by vascular surgery. Ophthalmology consulted on 76.5% of patients with orbital fracture (32.9%) (P < 0.001); 83.8% were evaluated by the facial trauma service (P = 0.006), 69.1% by otolaryngology (P = 0.014), 54.4% by neurosurgery, 27.9% by plastic surgery, 10.3% by orthopedic surgery, and 2.9% by vascular surgery. For patients with orbital fractures, 92.3% survived when ophthalmology was consulted (P = 0.698); 43.8% survived when not consulted (P = 0.001). Conclusions: Firearm-related injuries of the head and neck frequently involve ocular and orbital structures, often causing serious vision-threatening injuries. Multispecialty management is common and early ophthalmology specialist evaluation and co-management are indicated to best identify ophthalmic injuries.

Acesso transconjutival com cantotomia lateral para abordagem do completo orbito-zigomático-maxilar: relato de caso / Transconjutival access with side cantotomy to approach the orbito-zygomatic-maxillary complex: case report

Objetivo: relatar um caso clínico, embasando os aspectos relativos à técnica cirúrgica transconjutival com cantotomia lateral como tratamento para fratura de COZM. Relato de caso: Paciente, gênero masculino, compareceu ao Serviço de Cirurgia e Traumatologia Bucomaxilofacial do Hospital Geral do Estado (HGE), vítima de acidente motociclístico, apresentando distopia ocular, degrau ósseo em rebordo infraorbitário direito, perda de projeção malar direita, abertura bucal limitada com desvio ipsilateral e distopia oclusal com sinais sugestivos de fratura do complexo-orbito-zigomático-maxilar direito, juntamente com fratura complexa da mandíbula. A abordagem cirúrgica para acessar o COZM contou com a técnica de incisão transconjuntival com cantotomia lateral para uma melhor visualização dos cotos ósseos fraturados. Considerações finais: a escolha por esse tipo de acesso resultou em uma abordagem cirúrgica bem-sucedida, proporcionando segurança na visualização do campo cirúrgico para posterior reabilitação do paciente, estabelecendo uma devolutiva estética e funcional, cicatriz imperceptível e consequentemente um melhor prognóstico para o paciente.(AU)

Objective: to report a clinical case, basing the aspects related to the transconjunctival surgical technique with lateral canthotomy as a treatment for COZM fracture. Case report: Patient, male gender, attended the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Traumatology Service of the General Hospital of the State (HGE), victim of a motorcycle accident, presenting ocular dystopia, bone step in the right infraorbital ridge, loss of right malar projection, mouth opening limited with ipsilateral deviation and occlusal dystopia with signs suggestive of a fracture of the right orbito-zygomatico-maxillary complex along with a complex fracture of the mandible. The surgical approach to access the contoured COZM with the transconjunctival incision technique with lateral canthotomy for better visualization of the fractured bone stumps. Final considerations: the choice for this type of access resulted in a successful behavioral approach, providing security in the experience of the respiratory field for subsequent rehabilitation of the patient, establishing a devolutionary and functional aesthetics, imperceptible healing and, consequently, a better prognosis for the patient.(AU)