Mix-method toolbox for monitoring greenhouse gas production and microbiome responses to soil amendments.

In this study, we adopt an interdisciplinary approach, integrating agronomic field experiments with soil chemistry, molecular biology techniques, and statistics to investigate the impact of organic residue amendments, such as vinasse (a by-product of sugarcane ethanol production), on soil microbiome and greenhouse gas (GHG) production. The research investigates the effects of distinct disturbances, including organic residue application alone or combined with inorganic N fertilizer on the environment. The methods assess soil microbiome dynamics (composition and function), GHG emissions, and plant productivity. Detailed steps for field experimental setup, soil sampling, soil chemical analyses, determination of bacterial and fungal community diversity, quantification of genes related to nitrification and denitrification pathways, measurement and analysis of gas fluxes (N2O, CH4, and CO2), and determination of plant productivity are provided. The outcomes of the methods are detailed in our publications (Lourenço et al., 2018a; Lourenço et al., 2018b; Lourenço et al., 2019; Lourenço et al., 2020). Additionally, the statistical methods and scripts used for analyzing large datasets are outlined. The aim is to assist researchers by addressing common challenges in large-scale field experiments, offering practical recommendations to avoid common pitfalls, and proposing potential analyses, thereby encouraging collaboration among diverse research groups.•Interdisciplinary methods and scientific questions allow for exploring broader interconnected environmental problems.•The proposed method can serve as a model and protocol for evaluating the impact of soil amendments on soil microbiome, GHG emissions, and plant productivity, promoting more sustainable management practices.•Time-series data can offer detailed insights into specific ecosystems, particularly concerning soil microbiota (taxonomy and functions).

Enhancement of integrated nano-sensor performance comprised of electrospun PANI/carbonaceous material fibers for phenolic detection in aqueous solutions.

The detection of trace levels of organic residue in water samples is a key health issue. This manuscript describes the fabrication of integrated nano-sensors composed of electrospun microfibers consisting of a nanocomposite of carbonaceous materials (CNMs) containing polyaniline (PANI) and polycaprolactone (PCL) for phenolic detection in aqueous solutions. The morphology of the resulting microfiber composite was characterized by scanning electron microscopy. It revealed elongated fibers with a highly interconnected web-like pattern in the presence of reduced graphene oxide (rGO). Shorter microfibers were observed in the composite filled with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), whereas large agglomerates were formed upon the incorporation of single-walled CNTs (SWCNTs) and graphene 300 (G300). Comparative analysis showed that the PANI/CNM sensors exhibited the best electrochemical properties, in particular in the presence of rGO and MWCNTs, where greater electrical conductivity was achieved, i.e., 4.33 × 10-3 and 7.22 × 10-4 S/cm, respectively, as compared to the PANI-PCL sensor (3.79 × 10-4 S/cm). All the PANI/CNM sensors exhibited high sensitivity. Notably, PANI/rGO was found to have a detection limit of 8.34 × 10-3 µM for aminophenol. All the sensors exhibited good selectivity in the presence of interference to detecting phenolic compounds in aqueous solutions, thus confirming their value for industrial applications.

Molecular evidence for new foodways in the early colonial Caribbean: organic residue analysis at Isla de Mona, Puerto Rico.

Ceramic objects account for over 90% of the cultural material recovered from archaeological sites in the Caribbean. However, little research has been conducted on molecular evidence for past food production from these same vessels. Forty ceramic sherds from Isla de Mona have been analysed by GC-MS and GC-C-IRMS in order to address questions surrounding foodways in the Greater Antilles prior to and post European arrival. We evaluate evidence for dietary changes to illuminate aspects of cultural exchange between Indigenous populations and the first generations of Spanish colonists. Here, we show that plant residues are found in a variety of pottery forms, with some evidence for non-ruminant and ruminant fats. The dearth of marine biomarkers is curious given the volume of fish bones found in archaeological contexts on Isla de Mona and may offer evidence for spit-roasting, pit-roasting, or the use of a 'barbacoa' to cook fish on the island. The ubiquity of plant residues in a variety of pottery forms may relate to the large-scale cultivation and export of cassava (Manihot esculenta) from the island. A Spanish olive jar revealed evidence of wine residues, which may constitute the earliest detection of wine residues in pottery found in the Americas. Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12520-023-01771-y.

Physicochemical and bacterial changes during composting of vegetable and animal-derived agro-industrial wastes.

This study investigates the impact of different agro-industrial organic wastes (i.e., sugarcane filter cake, poultry litter, and chicken manure) on the bacterial community and their relationship with physicochemical attributes during composting. Integrative analysis was performed by combining high-throughput sequencing and environmental data to decipher changes in the waste microbiome. The results revealed that animal-derived compost stabilized more carbon and mineralized a more organic nitrogen than vegetable-derived compost. Composting enhanced bacterial diversity and turned the bacterial community structure similar among all wastes, reducing Firmicutes abundance in animal-derived wastes. Potential biomarkers indicating compost maturation were Proteobacteria and Bacteroidota phyla, Chryseolinea genus and Rhizobiales order. The waste source influenced the final physicochemical attributes, whereas composting enhanced the complexity of the microbial community in the order of poultry litter > filter cake > chicken manure. Therefore, composted wastes, mainly the animal-derived ones, seem to present more sustainable attributes for agricultural use, despite their losses of C, N, and S.

Influence of grain size, organic carbon and organic matter residue content on the sorption of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in aqueous film forming foam contaminated soils - Implications for remediation using soil washing.

A soil that was historically contaminated with Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF) was dry sieved into size fractions representative of those produced during soil washing. Batch sorption tests were then conducted to investigate the effect of soil parameters on in situ per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) sorption of these different size fractions: < 0.063 mm, 0.063 to 0.5 mm, 0.5 to 2 mm, 2 to 4 mm, 4 to 8 mm, and soil organic matter residues (SOMR). PFOS (513 ng/g), 6:2 FTS (132 ng/g) and PFHxS (58 ng/g) were the most dominant PFAS in the AFFF contaminated soil. Non-spiked, in situ Kd values for 19 PFAS ranged from 0.2 to 138 L/Kg (log Kd -0.8 to 2.14) for the bulk soil and were dependant on the head group and perfluorinated chain length (spanning C4 to C13). The Kd values increased with decreasing grain size and increasing organic carbon content (OC), which were correlated to each other. For example, the PFOS Kd value for silt and clay (< 0.063 mm, 17.1 L/Kg, log Kd 1.23) were approximately 30 times higher compared to the gravel fraction (4 to 8 mm, 0.6 L/Kg, log Kd -0.25). The highest PFOS Kd value (116.6 L/Kg, log Kd 2.07) was found for the SOMR fraction, which had the highest OC content. Koc values for PFOS ranged from 6.9 L/Kg (log Koc 0.84) for the gravel fraction to 1906 L/Kg (log Koc 3.28) for the silt and clay, indicating that the mineral composition of the different size fractions also influenced sorption. The results here emphasize the need to separate coarse-grained fractions and fine-grained fractions, and in particular the SOMR, to optimize the soil washing process. Higher Kd values for the smaller size fractions indicate that coarser soils are better suited for soil washing.

Ethyl Butanoate, Constituent of Cassava Wastewater Volatiloma, a Potential Soil Fumigant Against Meloidogyne Javanica.

As a result of more restrictive legislation regarding the use of pesticides, over the last two decades, the demand for new soil fumigants has increased. These compounds can come from a variety of sources, including organic residues. In this study, we identified in the cassava wastewater volatiloma a molecule with potential to be developed as a new fumigant nematicide. Cassava wastewater (20 mL) releases volatile compounds toxic to Meloidogyne javanica second-stage juveniles (J2), causing J2 mortality up to 89%. Through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, eight compounds were identified in the cassava wastewater volatiloma, with alcohols being the major class. The compounds ethyl butanoate and butyric acid identified in cassava wastewater volatiloma were selected for in vitro nematicidal activities and substrate fumigation tests. The lethal concentration predicted LC50-48 hr values (effective doses to kill 50% of M. javanica J2 population after 48 h of exposure) were 172.6 µg ∙ mL - 1 and 301.2 µg ∙ mL - 1 for butyric acid and ethyl butanoate, respectively. In a pot assay, the application of butyric acid and ethyl butanoate as a soil fumigant, at a dose of 0.5 mL ∙ kg - 1 substrate, significantly (P < 0.05) decreased M. javanica infectivity and reproduction compared to the negative control (water). However, ethyl butanoate proved to be a more efficient soil fumigant (P < 0.05) than butyric acid, as its application reduced the number of galls and eggs to the level of the commercial fumigant Dazomet. This study is the first to demonstrate the potential of ethyl butanoate as a soil fumigant against M. javanica.

Exploring Yeast Diversity to Produce Lipid-Based Biofuels from Agro-Forestry and Industrial Organic Residues.

Exploration of yeast diversity for the sustainable production of biofuels, in particular biodiesel, is gaining momentum in recent years. However, sustainable, and economically viable bioprocesses require yeast strains exhibiting: (i) high tolerance to multiple bioprocess-related stresses, including the various chemical inhibitors present in hydrolysates from lignocellulosic biomass and residues; (ii) the ability to efficiently consume all the major carbon sources present; (iii) the capacity to produce lipids with adequate composition in high yields. More than 160 non-conventional (non-Saccharomyces) yeast species are described as oleaginous, but only a smaller group are relatively well characterised, including Lipomyces starkeyi, Yarrowia lipolytica, Rhodotorula toruloides, Rhodotorula glutinis, Cutaneotrichosporonoleaginosus and Cutaneotrichosporon cutaneum. This article provides an overview of lipid production by oleaginous yeasts focusing on yeast diversity, metabolism, and other microbiological issues related to the toxicity and tolerance to multiple challenging stresses limiting bioprocess performance. This is essential knowledge to better understand and guide the rational improvement of yeast performance either by genetic manipulation or by exploring yeast physiology and optimal process conditions. Examples gathered from the literature showing the potential of different oleaginous yeasts/process conditions to produce oils for biodiesel from agro-forestry and industrial organic residues are provided.

Ecotoxicological effects of untreated pig manure from diets with or without growth-promoting supplements on Eisenia andrei in subtropical soils.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of untreated pig manure from diets incorporating growth-promoting supplements (antibiotics and Zn oxide) on the survival and reproduction of Eisenia andrei earthworms. The tested manures were obtained from four different groups of pigs fed with four different diets: CS, a diet based on corn and soymeal; TR, a diet based on corn, soymeal, and ground wheat (15%); CSa, a diet based on corn and soymeal + 100 ppm of doxycycline + 50 ppm of colistin + 2500 ppm of Zn oxide; and TRa, a diet based on corn, soymeal, and ground wheat (15%) + 100 ppm of doxycycline + 50 ppm of colistin + 2500 ppm of Zn oxide. The study used two soils representative of the Southern region of Brazil (Oxisol and Entisol). In general, there were no significant differences between the different manures tested in each soil. However, there were differences in the toxicity manure on E. andrei between the soils, and the magnitude of this effect was dependent on the applied dose. In Oxisol, LC50 values were higher than 80 m3 ha-1, and EC50 varied from 9 to 27 m3 ha-1. In Entisol, the LC50 values were below the lowest dose tested (< 25 m3 ha-1), and EC50 remained around 5 m3 ha-1. It may be possible that the effects observed were attributed to an excess of nitrogen, copper, and zinc, promoted by the addition of the untreated manure and how these factors interacted with soil type.

Proteomics and Integrated Techniques to Characterize Organic Residues in Funerary Findings from Italic Populations of the First Millennium BC.

Multiple analytical techniques were combined to achieve a detailed characterization of organic residues in different typologies of funerary pottery, which were found at two separate archeological sites in the Campania Region (Italy) and both dated back to the first millennium BC. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of lipids provided inconclusive results. The attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectra of encrustation on two glazed bowls of the 3rd to 4th century BC were comparable to those of fresh bone, revealing the presence of hydroxyapatite and proteins, which were identified as bovine collagen chains by liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based proteomics. This finding confirmed that Italic populations used to inhume the dead along with votive meat offerings. Proteomics was decisive for identifying bovine milk in an unusually shaped amphora unearthed from a grave that belonged to a woman at the necropolis of the Greek colony in Cuma (7th century BC). Peptidomic analysis demonstrated that the genetic variant A1 of ß-casein was already present in the southern Mediterranean area at least 2500 years ago. Overall, these results depict an agropastoral system of Italic populations at the age of Magna Graecia based on a significant role of domesticated cattle.

Sorption/Desorption and Kinetics of Atrazine, Chlorfenvinphos, Endosulfan Sulfate and Trifluralin on Agro-Industrial and Composted Organic Wastes.

The use of pesticides presents a risk to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. For this reason, the development of strategies to prevent and restore pollution is of the greatest interest, including the adsorption to organic matter. The aim of the present study was to investigate the sorption/desorption and kinetics of atrazine, chlorfenvinphos, endosulfan sulfate, and trifluralin onto several raw organic wastes by batch experiments. Three kinetic models were used to fit the obtained sorption kinetics data and two to fit the obtained adsorption isotherm data; both the Freundlich and pseudo-second-order kinetic models described the sorption isotherms well. The desorption study revealed hysteresis in all cases, showing strong, and not completely reversible, adsorption in most cases, with the exception of atrazine-sawdust and chlorfenvinphos-sawdust and chicken manure combinations, for which responses were weak and irreversible. The best kinetic, adsorption and desorption constants were achieved for the hydrophobic pesticides. With respect to sorption-desorption rates, orujillo was found to be the best adsorbent for atrazine, while composted urban solid waste was more suitable for trifluralin and endosulfan sulfate. Sorption constants and simple correlations indicated that, not only the organic matter content, but also the nature of the organic matter itself, and the pesticide and adsorbent properties, determine pesticide sorption-desorption. The use of wastes as efficient and cheap adsorbents for reducing the risk of pesticide pollution is proposed.

Comparing the effects of algae and macrophyte residues' degradation on biological nitrogen fixation in freshwater lake sediments.

The degradation and mineralization of organic residues are important factors that drive biochemical processes in lake ecosystems. However, the effect of organic matter's degradation on biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) in freshwater lake sediments remains poorly understood. This study investigated the response of sediment nitrogen fixation to the degradations of algae and macrophyte residues through continuous flow mesocosms combined with nifH sequencing analysis and isotope tracing. The results suggested that the active nitrogen fixation of sediments only occurred in the first two weeks of the rapid degradation of organic residues. Degradation of algae and macrophytes residues quickly increased the nifH abundance and the nitrogenase activity (NA) in sediments; however, the maximum NA triggered by algae's degradation (658.2 ± 16.8 ng g-1 day-1) was six times higher than that induced by the degradation of macrophytes residues. There was no significant difference in NA of sediments with the degradation of Potamogeton and Phragmites. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that the variation of diazotrophic community in sediment was significantly (p < 0.01) correlated with the concentrations of SO42- and NH4+ in overlying water and the Fe(II) content and Eh in sediment. Overall, the BNF of sediments can quickly respond to the degradation of organic residues, and the degradation of algae has a stronger promoting effect on the nitrogen fixation in sediments than that of macrophyte residues.

Development and Characterization of Integrated Nano-Sensors for Organic Residues and pH Field Detection.

Meeting global water quality standards is a real challenge to ensure that food crops and livestock are fit for consumption, as well as for human health in general. A major hurdle affecting the detection of pollutants in water reservoirs is the lapse of time between the sampling moment and the availability of the laboratory-based results. Here, we report the preparation, characterization, and performance assessment of an innovative sensor for the rapid detection of organic residue levels and pH in water samples. The sensor is based on carbonaceous nanomaterials (CNMs) coated with an intrinsically conductive polymer, polyaniline (PANI). Inverse emulsion polymerizations of aniline in the presence of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) or graphene were prepared and confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis and high-resolution scanning electron microscopy. Aminophenol and phenol were used as proxies for organic residue detection. The PANI/CNM nanocomposites were used to fabricate thin-film sensors. Of all the CNMs, the smallest limit of detection (LOD) was achieved for multi-walled CNT (MWCNT) with a LOD of 9.6 ppb for aminophenol and a very high linearity of 0.997, with an average sensitivity of 2.3 kΩ/pH at an acid pH. This high sensor performance can be attributed to the high homogeneity of the PANI coating on the MWCNT surface.

Use of Hyperspectral Imaging for the Quantification of Organic Contaminants on Copper Surfaces for Electronic Applications.

To correctly assess the cleanliness of technical surfaces in a production process, corresponding online monitoring systems must provide sufficient data. A promising method for fast, large-area, and non-contact monitoring is hyperspectral imaging (HSI), which was used in this paper for the detection and quantification of organic surface contaminations. Depending on the cleaning parameter constellation, different levels of organic residues remained on the surface. Afterwards, the cleanliness was determined by the carbon content in the atom percent on the sample surfaces, characterized by XPS and AES. The HSI data and the XPS measurements were correlated, using machine learning methods, to generate a predictive model for the carbon content of the surface. The regression algorithms elastic net, random forest regression, and support vector machine regression were used. Overall, the developed method was able to quantify organic contaminations on technical surfaces. The best regression model found was a random forest model, which achieved an R2 of 0.7 and an RMSE of 7.65 At.-% C. Due to the easy-to-use measurement and the fast evaluation by machine learning, the method seems suitable for an online monitoring system. However, the results also show that further experiments are necessary to improve the quality of the prediction models.

Effects of temperature and soil fauna on the reduction and leaching of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone from Fusarium graminearum-infected maize stubbles.

A microcosm study was conducted at two different temperatures under laboratory conditions to investigate the regulatory capacity and the interactive performance of two soil fauna species (Aporrectodea caliginosa, earthworms, and Proisotoma minuta, collembolans) on the reduction of Fusarium toxins in contaminated maize stubbles. Single and mixed species treatments were exposed to artificially infected maize stubbles highly contaminated with the mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON) (10,462 µg kg-1) and zearalenone (ZEN) (2,780 µg kg-1) at 17 °C and 25 °C for time periods of 3 and 6 weeks. Immediately after the respective end of incubation, the microcosms were heavily watered to determine the leaching potential of DON and ZEN from contaminated maize stubbles. Maize residues, soil, and eluted water (percolate) samples were analysed for mycotoxin content using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The biomass of introduced earthworms and number of collembolans were monitored to get information about their adaptability to the experimental conditions. While the decline of ZEN was temperature-dependent, but not influenced by faunal activities, a reduction of DON due to faunal impact was observed by trend. In the leaching experiment, 67-82% of the DON content in the residual maize stubbles leached from the plant material by irrigation and was detected in the soil (1.9-3.4 µg kg-1) and in the percolate (12-295 µg L-1). In the case of ZEN, 27-50% of the mycotoxin leached from the residual maize stubbles due to watering but was only occasionally detected in traces in the soil and not found in the percolate. The results clearly reveal a leaching potential of both DON and ZEN, respectively, but a mobilisation with water was only observed for DON. Temperature confirmed to be a key factor, affecting the fate of the mycotoxins in the soil by driving the interaction between different soil fauna members as well as functional and trophic levels within the soil food web.

Upgrading wineries to biorefineries within a Circular Economy perspective: An Italian case study.

In the challenge of transforming waste into useful products that can be re-used in a circular perspective, Italian wine industry can represent a suitable model for the application of the bioeconomy principles, including the valorisation of the agricultural and food waste. In the present study, a comprehensive environmental assessment of the traditional production of wine was performed and the potentiality of a biorefinery system, based on winery waste and aimed at recovering useful bio-based products, such as grapeseed oil and calcium tartrate, was examined through Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The wine company "I Borboni", producing Asprinio wine in the Campania Region (Italy), was proposed as a case study. The hotspots of the linear production system were identified and the bottling phase, in particular the production of packaging glass, resulted to contribute to the generation of impacts at 63%, on average, versus 14.3% of the agricultural phase and 22.7% of the vinification phase. The LCA results indicated human carcinogenic toxicity, freshwater eutrophication and fossil resource scarcity impact categories as the most affected ones, with normalized impacts amounting to 9.22E-03, 3.89E-04 and 2.64E-04, respectively. Two side production chains (grapeseed oil and tartrate production) were included and circular patterns were designed and introduced in the traditional production chain with the aim of valorising the winery residues and improving the overall environmental performance. By implementing the circular approach, environmental impacts in the global warming, freshwater eutrophication and mineral resource scarcity impact categories, in particular, resulted three times lower than in the linear system. The results achieved demonstrated that closing the loops in the wine industry, through the reuse of bio-based residues alternatively to fossil-based inputs within the production process, and integrating the traditional production system with new side production chains led to an upgrade of the wineries to biorefineries, towards more sustainable production patterns.

Assessment of the Materials Employed in Green Artificial Reefs for the Galician Estuaries in Terms of Circular Economy.

To exploit marine resources in a sustainable way, efficient management systems must be used such as green artificial reefs (GARs). These reefs are mostly made up of renewable and organic materials. When adopting the circular economy (CE) model, industrial processes must be reconsidered. By adapting how conventional artificial reefs (CARs) are engineered and produced to embrace the principles of the CE, certain materials can be used. Renewable resources are designed to be reintroduced into the biosphere without producing harmful organic residues or nutrients. Within a framework that covers economic, environmental and social considerations, this study offers four new proposals related to substituting the materials destined for the components in an artificial reef. For the first time, two different methodologies were applied to determine the best alternative in terms of its contribution to both sustainability and CE. From the results obtained, the best solutions are in line with substituting a certain amount of the cement and sand with mussel shells. The importance of the results lies in the fact that the canning industry in Galicia (northwest Spain) generates shell residues which promote grave environmental consequences.

How Clean Is Clean? Recipes for van der Waals Heterostructure Cleanliness Assessment.

Van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures, artificial stacks of two-dimensional materials, present an exciting platform to explore new physical phenomena and unique applications. An important and increasingly recognized factor limiting the electrical and optical performance of heterostructure samples is the presence of interfacial contamination. In published work reporting various heterostructure fabrication methods, evidence for the cleanliness of samples is often presented as optical and atomic force microscopy images, typically exhibiting a completely flat topography. In this work, we demonstrate that such samples may nonetheless contain a uniformly thin layer of contaminants at the heterostructure interface. As alternatives, we propose two robust visualization methods that are highly sensitive to such residues, based on photoluminescence mapping and on selective solvent diffusion. The detection capability and straightforward implementation of these two imaging techniques make them powerful tools to assess and improve the cleanliness of a wide variety of fabrication techniques for heterostructures comprising any combination of vdW materials.

Phosphorus sorption and availability in an andosol after a decade of organic or mineral fertilizer applications: Importance of pH and organic carbon modifications in soil as compared to phosphorus accumulation.

The effect of organic fertilizers on soil phosphorus (P) availability is usually mainly associated with the rate and forms of P applied, while they also alter the soil physical-chemical properties, able to change P availability. We aimed to highlight the impact of pH and organic C modifications in soil on the inorganic P (Pi) sorption capacity and availability as compared to the effect of P accumulation after mineral or organic fertilizers. We conducted a 10-years-old field experiment on an andosol and compared fields that had been amended with mineral or organic (dairy slurry and manure compost) fertilizers against a non-fertilized control. Water and Olsen extractions and Pi sorption experiments were realized on soils sampled after 6 and 10 years of trial. We also realized an artificial and ex situ alkalization of the control soil to isolate the effect of pH on Pi sorption capacity. Organic fertilizer application increased total P, pH, and organic C in soil. Pi-Olsen increased mainly with soil total P (r2 adj = 0.79), while Pi-water increased jointly with soil total P and pH (r2 adj = 0.85). The Pi sorption capacity decreased with organic fertilizer application. Artificial and ex situ alkalization of the control soil showed that Pi sorption capacity decreased with increasing pH. Our study demonstrated that, beyond the P fertilization rate, the increase in organic C content and even more so in pH induced by a decade of organic fertilizer applications in soil decreased the Pi sorption capacity and consequently increased Pi-water in soil.

Continuous pretreatment, hydrolysis, and fermentation of organic residues for the production of biochemicals.

Agricultural residues pose a valuable resource. Through microbial fermentations, a variety of products can be obtained, ranging from fuels to platform chemicals. Depending on the nature of the organic residue, pretreatment and hydrolysis are needed prior to fermentation in order to release fermentable sugars. Continuous set-ups are common for the production of methane or ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass, however, this does not apply for the fermentative generation of biochemicals, an approach that conserves chemical functionality present in biomass. Certainly, continuous set-ups could beneficially contribute to bioeconomy by providing techniques allowing the production of biochemicals in a sustainable and efficient way. This review summarizes research conducted on the continuous pretreatment, hydrolysis, and fermentation of lignocellulosic biomass, and particularly towards the production of the biobased molecules: Succinic and lactic acid.

El compostaje, una alternativa para el aprovechamiento de residuos orgánicos en las centrales de abastecimiento / Composting, an alternative for the use of organic residues In the supply centers / Compostagem, uma alternativa para o uso de resíduos orgânicos no suprimento central

Resumen La pérdida de alimentos a lo largo de la cadena de suministro se ha convertido en un tema de gran interés en el mundo, debido a que afecta la seguridad alimentaria de la sociedad. Uno de estos eslabones de la cadena de distribución de alimentos son las centrales de abasto local, donde diariamente se pierden importantes cantidades de alimentos especialmente por carencia de protocolos de poscosecha. El objetivo del presente estudio consistió en analizar la pérdida de alimentos en la central de abastos del municipio de Acacias, Colombia y evaluar el sistema de compostaje como alternativa de gestión ambiental. Se realizó mediante el método de cuarteo la estimación de la cantidad y tipo de residuos desperdiciados, que posteriormente se sometieron al proceso de compostaje donde se evaluó la calidad del producto. En conclusión, los residuos orgánicos son un problema ambiental que requiere de alternativas como el compostaje, que permite reducir la cantidad y aprovechar el contenido nutricional de la fracción orgánica, generando subproductos con alto valor agregado.

Abstract The loss of food along the supply chain has become a topic of great interest in the world, because this affect to the food security of society. One of these stages in the food distribution chain are the local supply centers, where important quantities of food are often lost, especially due to the lack of post-harvest protocols. The objective of this study was to analyze the loss of food in the supply center of the municipalities of Acacias, Colombia and evaluate the composting system as an alternative for environmental management. It was carried out by means of the quartering method the estimation of the quantity and type of residues lost, and subsequently, the composting process, where the quality of the product is evaluated. In conclusion, organic residues is an environmental problem that requires alternatives such as composting, which allows to reduce the amount and take advantage of the nutritional content of organic matter, generating by-products with high added value.

Resumo A perdida de alimentos ao longo da cadeia de fornecimento converteu-se em um tema de grande interesse no mundo, como isto afeta a segurança alimentar da sociedade. Um destes elos da cadeia de distribuição de alimentos são as centrais de abastecimento locais, onde diariamente se perdem importantes quantidades de alimentos especialmente por carência de protocolos de pós-colheita. O objetivo do presente estudo consistiu em analisar a perdida de alimentos na central de abastecimento do município de Acacias, Colômbia e avaliar o sistema de compostagem como alternativa de gerenciamento ambiental. Realizou-se mediante o método de cuarteo a estimativa da quantidade e tipo de resíduos perdidos, que posteriormente se submeteram ao processo de compostagem onde se avaliou a qualidade do produto. Em conclusão, os resíduos orgânicos são um problema ambiental que requer de alternativas como o compostagem, que permite reduzir a quantidade e aproveitar o conteúdo nutricional da fração orgânica, gerando subprodutos com alto valor agregado.