Comparative effectiveness of neuraxial versus general anesthesia in total joint replacement surgery: an updated retrospective analysis using more recent data.

INTRODUCTION: Over a decade ago, our study group showed improved outcomes among total hip/knee arthroplasty (THA/TKA) patients given neuraxial versus general anesthesia. As the use of neuraxial anesthesia has increased and anesthesia practices evolve, updated analyses are critical to ensure if previously found differences still persist. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included elective THA/TKAs from 2006 to 2021 as recorded in the all-payor Premier Healthcare Database. Multivariable regression models measured the association between anesthesia type (neuraxial, general, combined) and several adverse outcomes (pulmonary embolism, cerebrovascular events, pulmonary compromise, cardiac complications, acute myocardial infarction, pneumonia, all infections, acute renal failure, gastrointestinal complications, postoperative mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit admissions, and blood transfusions); models were run separately by period (2006-2015 and 2016-2021) and THA/TKA. RESULTS: We identified 587,919 and 499,484 THAs for 2006-2015 and 2016-2021, respectively; this was 1,186,483 and 803,324 for TKAs. Among THAs, neuraxial anesthesia use increased from 10.7% in 2006 to 25.7% in 2021; during both time periods, specifically neuraxial versus general anesthesia was associated with lower odds for most adverse outcomes, with sometimes stronger (protective) effect estimates observed for 2016-2021 versus 2006-2015 (eg, acute renal failure OR 0.72 CI 0.65 to 0.80 vs OR 0.56 CI 0.50 to 0.63 and blood transfusion OR 0.91 CI 0.89 to 0.94 vs OR 0.44 CI 0.41 to 0.47, respectively; all p<0.001). Similar patterns existed for TKAs. CONCLUSION: These findings re-confirm our study group's decade-old study using more recent data and offer additional evidence toward the sustained benefit of neuraxial anesthesia in major orthopedic surgery.

Adaptability of prognostic prediction models for patients with acute coronary syndrome during the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: The detrimental repercussions of the COVID-19 pandemic on the quality of care and clinical outcomes for patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) necessitate a rigorous re-evaluation of prognostic prediction models in the context of the pandemic environment. This study aimed to elucidate the adaptability of prediction models for 30-day mortality in patients with ACS during the pandemic periods. METHODS: A total of 2041 consecutive patients with ACS were included from 32 institutions between December 2020 and April 2023. The dataset comprised patients who were admitted for ACS and underwent coronary angiography for the diagnosis during hospitalisation. The prediction accuracy of the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) and a machine learning model, KOTOMI, was evaluated for 30-day mortality in patients with ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI) and non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS). RESULTS: The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUROC) was 0.85 (95% CI 0.81 to 0.89) in the GRACE and 0.87 (95% CI 0.82 to 0.91) in the KOTOMI for STEMI. The difference of 0.020 (95% CI -0.098-0.13) was not significant. For NSTE-ACS, the respective AUROCs were 0.82 (95% CI 0.73 to 0.91) in the GRACE and 0.83 (95% CI 0.74 to 0.91) in the KOTOMI, also demonstrating insignificant difference of 0.010 (95% CI -0.023 to 0.25). The prediction accuracy of both models had consistency in patients with STEMI and insignificant variation in patients with NSTE-ACS between the pandemic periods. CONCLUSIONS: The prediction models maintained high accuracy for 30-day mortality of patients with ACS even in the pandemic periods, despite marginal variation observed.

How intervention studies measure the effectiveness of medication safety-related clinical decision support systems in primary and long-term care: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Medication errors and associated adverse drug events (ADE) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In recent years, the prevention of medication errors has become a high priority in healthcare systems. In order to improve medication safety, computerized Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS) are increasingly being integrated into the medication process. Accordingly, a growing number of studies have investigated the medication safety-related effectiveness of CDSS. However, the outcome measures used are heterogeneous, leading to unclear evidence. The primary aim of this study is to summarize and categorize the outcomes used in interventional studies evaluating the effects of CDSS on medication safety in primary and long-term care. METHODS: We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, and Cochrane Library for interventional studies evaluating the effects of CDSS targeting medication safety and patient-related outcomes. We extracted methodological characteristics, outcomes and empirical findings from the included studies. Outcomes were assigned to three main categories: process-related, harm-related, and cost-related. Risk of bias was assessed using the Evidence Project risk of bias tool. RESULTS: Thirty-two studies met the inclusion criteria. Almost all studies (n = 31) used process-related outcomes, followed by harm-related outcomes (n = 11). Only three studies used cost-related outcomes. Most studies used outcomes from only one category and no study used outcomes from all three categories. The definition and operationalization of outcomes varied widely between the included studies, even within outcome categories. Overall, evidence on CDSS effectiveness was mixed. A significant intervention effect was demonstrated by nine of fifteen studies with process-related primary outcomes (60%) but only one out of five studies with harm-related primary outcomes (20%). The included studies faced a number of methodological problems that limit the comparability and generalizability of their results. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence on the effectiveness of CDSS is currently inconclusive due in part to inconsistent outcome definitions and methodological problems in the literature. Additional high-quality studies are therefore needed to provide a comprehensive account of CDSS effectiveness. These studies should follow established methodological guidelines and recommendations and use a comprehensive set of harm-, process- and cost-related outcomes with agreed-upon and consistent definitions. PROSPERO REGISTRATION: CRD42023464746.

Large language model-driven sentiment analysis for facilitating fibromyalgia diagnosis.

BACKGROUND: Fibromyalgia (FM) is a complex disorder with widespread pain and emotional distress, posing diagnostic challenges. FM patients show altered cognitive and emotional processing, with a preferential allocation of attention to pain-related information. This attentional bias towards pain cues can impair cognitive functions such as inhibitory control, affecting patients' ability to manage and express emotions. Sentiment analysis using large language models (LLMs) can provide insights by detecting nuances in pain expression. This study investigated whether open-source LLM-driven sentiment analysis could aid FM diagnosis. METHODS: 40 patients with FM, according to the 2016 American College of Rheumatology Criteria and 40 non-FM chronic pain controls referred to rheumatology clinics, were enrolled. Transcribed responses to questions on pain and sleep were machine translated to English and analysed by the LLM Mistral-7B-Instruct-v0.2 using prompt engineering targeting FM-associated language nuances for pain expression ('prompt-engineered') or an approach without this targeting ('ablated'). Accuracy, precision, recall, specificity and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) were calculated using rheumatologist diagnosis as ground truth. RESULTS: The prompt-engineered approach demonstrated accuracy of 0.87, precision of 0.92, recall of 0.84, specificity of 0.82 and AUROC of 0.86 for distinguishing FM. In comparison, the ablated approach had an accuracy of 0.76, precision of 0.75, recall of 0.77, specificity of 0.75 and AUROC of 0.76. The accuracy was superior to the ablated approach (McNemar's test p<0.001). CONCLUSION: This proof-of-concept study suggests LLM-driven sentiment analysis, especially with prompt engineering, may facilitate FM diagnosis by detecting subtle differences in pain expression. Further validation is warranted, particularly the inclusion of secondary FM patients.

Performance of contemporary cardiovascular risk stratification scores in Brazil: an evaluation in the ELSA-Brasil study.

AIMS: Despite notable population differences in high-income and low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), national guidelines in LMICs often recommend using US-based cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk scores for treatment decisions. We examined the performance of widely used international CVD risk scores within the largest Brazilian community-based cohort study (Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health, ELSA-Brasil). METHODS: All adults 40-75 years from ELSA-Brasil (2008-2013) without prior CVD who were followed for incident, adjudicated CVD events (fatal and non-fatal MI, stroke, or coronary heart disease death). We evaluated 5 scores-Framingham General Risk (FGR), Pooled Cohort Equations (PCEs), WHO CVD score, Globorisk-LAC and the Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation 2 score (SCORE-2). We assessed their discrimination using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and calibration with predicted-to-observed risk (P/O) ratios-overall and by sex/race groups. RESULTS: There were 12 155 individuals (53.0±8.2 years, 55.3% female) who suffered 149 incident CVD events. All scores had a model AUC>0.7 overall and for most age/sex groups, except for white women, where AUC was <0.6 for all scores, with higher overestimation in this subgroup. All risk scores overestimated CVD risk with 32%-170% overestimation across scores. PCE and FGR had the highest overestimation (P/O ratio: 2.74 (95% CI 2.42 to 3.06)) and 2.61 (95% CI 1.79 to 3.43)) and the recalibrated WHO score had the best calibration (P/O ratio: 1.32 (95% CI 1.12 to 1.48)). CONCLUSION: In a large prospective cohort from Brazil, we found that widely accepted CVD risk scores overestimate risk by over twofold, and have poor risk discrimination particularly among Brazilian women. Our work highlights the value of risk stratification strategies tailored to the unique populations and risks of LMICs.

Value of SLE-DAS in assessing disease activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a single-centre retrospective study.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the clinical value of the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Score (SLE-DAS) for assessing disease activity in patients with SLE. METHODS: Clinical data were collected from patients with SLE who were admitted at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University from January 2009 to December 2022. The glucocorticoid dose grading was used as the gold standard for disease activity assessment in SLE. The SLE-DAS value was calculated, and the SLE disease activity status was graded based on the SLE-DAS value. Another scoring criterion, the SLE Disease Activity Index 2000 (SLEDAI 2000), served as a control. Spearman correlation analysis was used to calculate the correlation between the scoring criteria and other variables. RESULTS: The analysis included 396 patients with SLE. A strong correlation was found between SLE-DAS and SLEDAI 2000 (ρ=0.709, 95% CI 0.648 to 0.766, p<0.001), with median SLE-DAS and SLEDAI 2000 scores of 15.32 (7.90 to 24.45) and 13 (8 to 19), respectively. Compared with the SLEDAI 2000 value, the SLE-DAS value correlated better with glucocorticoid dose grading (ρ=0.434 vs 0.518), gammaglobulin use (ρ=0.170 vs 0.318) and immunosuppressant use (ρ=0.122 vs 0.221). A moderate correlation based on disease activity grading was found between SLE-DAS and glucocorticoid dose grading (ρ=0.441), whereas a mild correlation was observed between SLEDAI 2000 and glucocorticoid dose grading (ρ=0.325). Additionally, SLE-DAS revealed a positive correlation with severe thrombocytopenia, cardiac involvement and pulmonary involvement but not SLEDAI 2000. CONCLUSION: Compared with SLEDAI 2000, SLE-DAS may provide a more accurate disease activity assessment in patients with SLE, especially those with severe thrombocytopenia and cardiopulmonary involvement.

Anatomical pattern of entheseal and synovial fibroblast activation in patients with psoriasis and its risk of developing psoriatic arthritis.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the presence and anatomical distribution of activated fibroblasts in the joints and entheses of patients with psoriasis with arthralgia and to test how fibroblast activation visualised by 68gallium-labelled fibroblast activation protein inhibitor-04 (68Ga-FAPI-04)-positron emission tomography (PET)/CT correlates with clinical tenderness, musculoskeletal ultrasound findings and progression to psoriatic arthritis (PsA). METHODS: We conducted a prospective cohort study in patients with psoriasis and arthralgia who underwent clinical and ultrasound evaluation and whole-body PET/CT imaging with 68Ga-FAPI-04. 68Ga-FAPI-04 uptake at synovial and entheseal sites was assessed by maximal standardised uptake values (SUVmax) and PET/CT Joint Index (JI); logistic regression models were used to investigate its correlation with clinical and ultrasound findings. Survival analyses were performed on patients with at least 6 months of follow-up. RESULTS: 36 patients with psoriasis were enrolled. 68Ga-FAPI-04 uptake was found in 318 (7.9%) joints and 369 (7.3%) entheses in 29 (80.6%) participants, with a mean SUVmax (SD) of 3.2 (1.8) for joints and 2.9 (1.6) for entheses. Large joints and the lower limbs were predominantly affected. A significant positive relationship was found between 68Ga-FAPI-04-PET/CT signal intensity and the 68 tender joint count (SUVmax: p<0.001; PET/CT-JI: p<0.001) and tender entheses count (SUVmax: p<0.001; PET/CT-JI: p=0.002). No correlations were found with ultrasound findings (SUVmax: p=0.969; PET/CT-JI: p=0.720). Patients with relevant synovio-entheseal 68Ga-FAPI-04 uptake showed a statistically significant higher risk of developing PsA (p=0.02), independent of ultrasound findings. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with psoriasis presenting with arthralgia show localised signs of resident tissue activation in joints and entheses, which are associated with higher risk of developing PsA.

Outcomes Following Surgical Repair of Sinus Venosus Atrial Septal Defects: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Sinus venosus atrial septal defect (SVASD) is a rare congenital cardiac anomaly comprising 5% to 10% of all atrial septal defects. Although surgical closure is the standard treatment for SVASD, data on outcomes have been confined to small cohorts. Thus, we conducted a systematic review of the outcomes of SVASD repair. METHODS AND RESULTS: The primary outcome was death. Secondary outcomes encompassed atrial fibrillation, sinus node dysfunction, pacemaker insertion, cerebrovascular accident, reoperation, residual septal defect, superior vena cava obstruction, and reimplanted pulmonary vein obstruction. Pooled incidences of outcomes were calculated using a random-effects model. Forty studies involving 1320 patients who underwent SVASD repair were included. The majority were male patients (55.4%), with 88.0% presenting with associated anomalous pulmonary venous connection. The weighted mean age was 18.6±12.5 years, and the overall weighted mean follow-up period was 8.6±10.4 years. The in-hospital mortality rate was 0.24%, with a 30-day mortality rate of 0.5% reported in 780 patients. Incidences of atrial fibrillation, sinus node dysfunction, pacemaker insertion, and cerebrovascular accident over the long-term follow-up were 3.3% (2.18%-4.93%), 6.5% (5.09%-8.2%), 2.23% (1.34%-3.57%), and 2.03% (0.89%-2.46%) respectively. Reoperation occurred in 1.36% (0.68%-2.42%) of surgeries, residual septal defect in 1.34% (0.69%-2.42%), superior vena cava obstruction in 1.76% (1.02%-2.9%), and reimplanted pulmonary vein obstruction in 1.4% (0.7%-2.49%). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first comprehensive analysis of outcomes following surgical repair of SVASD. The findings affirm the safety and effectiveness of surgery, establishing a reference point for evaluating emerging transcatheter therapies. Safety and efficacy profiles comparable to surgical repair are essential for widespread adoption of transcatheter treatments.

Randomized Trial for Evaluation in Secondary Prevention Efficacy of Combination Therapy-Statin and Eicosapentaenoic Acid (RESPECT-EPA).

BACKGROUND: Low plasma levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) are associated with cardiovascular events. This trial aimed to assess the clinical benefits of icosapent ethyl in patients with coronary artery disease, a low EPA/arachidonic acid (AA) ratio, and statin treatment. METHODS: In this prospective, multicenter, randomized, open-label, blinded end-point study, patients with stable coronary artery disease and a low EPA/AA ratio (<0.4) were randomized to EPA (1800 of icosapent ethyl administered daily) or control group. The primary end point was a composite of cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal ischemic stroke, unstable angina pectoris, and coronary revascularization. The secondary composite end points of coronary events included sudden cardiac death, fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarction, unstable angina requiring emergency hospitalization and coronary revascularization, or coronary revascularization. RESULTS: Overall, 3884 patients were enrolled at 95 sites in Japan. Among them, 2506 patients had a low EPA/AA ratio, and 1249 and 1257 patients were randomized to the EPA and control group, respectively. The median EPA/AA ratio was 0.243 (interquartile range, 0.180-0.314) and 0.235 (interquartile range, 0.163-0.310) in the EPA and control group, respectively. Over a median period of 5 years, the primary end point occurred in 112 of 1225 patients (9.1%) and 155 of 1235 patients (12.6%) in the EPA and control group, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.79 [95% CI, 0.62-1.00]; P=0.055). Meanwhile, the secondary composite end point of coronary events in the EPA group was significantly lower (81/1225 [6.6%] versus 120/1235 [9.7%] patients; hazard ratio, 0.73 [95% CI, 0.55-0.97]). Adverse events did not differ between the groups, but the rate of new-onset atrial fibrillation was significantly higher in the EPA group (3.1% versus 1.6%; P=0.017). CONCLUSIONS: Icosapent ethyl treatment resulted in a numerically lower risk of cardiovascular events that did not reach statistical significance in patients with chronic coronary artery disease, a low EPA/AA ratio, and statin treatment. REGISTRATION: URL: https://www.umin.ac.jp/ctr/; Unique identifier: UMIN000012069.

Closing the gap on healthcare quality for equity-deserving groups: a scoping review of equity-focused quality improvement interventions in medicine.

INTRODUCTION: Quality improvement (QI) efforts are critical to promoting health equity and mitigating disparities in healthcare outcomes. Equity-focused QI (EF-QI) interventions address the unique needs of equity-deserving groups and the root causes of disparities. This scoping review aims to identify themes from EF-QI interventions that improve the health of equity-deserving groups, to serve as a resource for researchers embarking on QI. METHODS: In adherence with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis guidelines, several healthcare and medical databases were systematically searched from inception to December 2022. Primary studies that report results from EF-QI interventions in healthcare were included. Reviewers conducted screening and data extraction using Covidence. Inductive thematic analysis using NVivo identified key barriers to inform future EF-QI interventions. RESULTS: Of 5,330 titles and abstracts screened, 36 articles were eligible for inclusion. They reported on EF-QI interventions across eight medical disciplines: primary care, obstetrics, psychiatry, paediatrics, oncology, cardiology, neurology and respirology. The most common focus was racialised communities (15/36; 42%). Barriers to EF-QI interventions included those at the provider level (training and supervision, time constraints) and institution level (funding and partnerships, infrastructure). The last theme critical to EF-QI interventions is sustainability. Only six (17%) interventions actively involved patient partners. DISCUSSION: EF-QI interventions can be an effective tool for promoting health equity, but face numerous barriers to success. It is unclear whether the demonstrated barriers are intrinsic to the equity focus of the projects or can be generalised to all QI work. Researchers embarking on EF-QI work should engage patients, in addition to hospital and clinic leadership in the design process to secure funding and institutional support, improving sustainability. To the best of our knowledge, no review has synthesised the results of EF-QI interventions in healthcare. Further studies of EF-QI champions are required to better understand the barriers and how to overcome them.

Medical Management of Headache and Facial Pain in CRS: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to characterize the effect of medical therapy on headache and facial pain/pressure among patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). DATA SOURCES: CINAHL, PubMed, and Scopus. METHODS: CINAHL, PubMed, and Scopus were searched from inception through April 10th, 2024, for English language articles reporting headache or facial pain/pressure outcomes in CRS patients. Inclusion was restricted to studies reporting results of the medical treatment of CRS in nonsurgical cohorts. Primary outcome measures included the sino-nasal outcome test (SNOT) and the visual analogue scale (VAS). Meta-analyses of continuous measures (mean), mean difference (Δ), and proportions (%) were conducted. RESULTS: The initial search yielded 2429 unique articles. After a full-text review of 272 articles, 17 studies reporting outcomes for 2269 patients were included in the meta-analysis. The mean patient age was 48.6 years (range 18.0-86.0; 95% CI: 46.5 to 50.6), among which 55.4% (95% CI: 51.5 to 59.4) were male and 82.9% (95% CI: 68.8 to 93.4) had nasal polyposis. SNOT facial pain/pressure scores improved by 1.1 points (95% CI: -1.7 to -0.5; relative reduction 40.4%) with non-biologic therapies and 1.0 point (95% CI: -1.4 to -0.6; relative reduction 54.6%) with biologic therapies. On an 11-point scale, VAS headaches scores improved by 1.8 units (95% CI: -3.3 to -0.3; 42.1% relative reduction) in CRSwNP patients and 1.0 unit (95% CI: -1.7 to -0.3; 54.0% relative reduction) in CRSsNP patients. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest medical therapy significantly reduces facial pain and pressure in the CRS population. Laryngoscope, 2024.

Exploring the effect on primary endpoints in trials testing targeted therapy interventions for rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-epidemiological study on the appropriate use of a core outcome set.

OBJECTIVES: To explore which core domain is best associated with the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 20% response in trials assessing the effect of targeted interventions in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS: A meta-epidemiological study was performed on randomised trials investigating biologics and targeted agents compared with placebo or conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs in patients with RA. The main outcome measures were ORs for the ACR 20% response and at least one of the eight core domains according to the existing RA core outcome set (COS) analysed based on standardised mean differences. RESULTS: 115 trials involving 55 422 patients with RA were eligible. The OR for achieving ACR 20% response was 3.19 (95% CI 2.96 to 3.44) for the experimental interventions relative to the comparators. The median number of COS domains reported was 6; 18 trials reported only 1 domain, 17 all 8. Univariable meta-regression analyses indicated that each of the eight core domains was significantly associated with ACR 20% response, yet improvements in physical disability explain a successful ACR 20% response the most. Including only trials reporting on all eight core domains, univariable meta-regression analyses proved improvement in fatigue to explain a successful ACR 20% response the most. CONCLUSIONS: Within this dataset, it is evident that the conclusions concerning our primary objective were significantly influenced by both the amount and characteristics of missing data. Our data suggest that fatigue could be more important for the primary endpoint than previously assumed, but this is based on limited data.

Predictors for severe persisting pain in rheumatoid arthritis are associated with pain origin and appraisal of pain.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the proportion of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with severe persisting pain and to identify predictive factors despite treatment-controlled disease activity. METHODS: This prospective multicentre study included outpatients with RA scheduled for escalation of anti-inflammatory treatment due to active disease and severe pain (Disease Activity Score 28 (DAS28)>3.2 and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)>50). At week 24, patients were stratified into reference group (DAS28 improvement>1.2 or DAS28≤3.2 and VAS pain score<50), non-responders (DAS28 improvement≤1.2 and DAS28>3.2, regardless of VAS pain score) and persisting pain group (DAS28 improvement>1.2 or DAS28≤3.2 and VAS pain score≥50). The former two subgroups ended the study at week 24. The latter continued until week 48. Demographic data, DAS28-C reactive protein, VAS for pain, painDETECT Questionnaire (PD-Q) to identify neuropathic pain (NeP) and the Pain Catastrophising Scale were assessed and tested for relation to persisting pain. RESULTS: Of 567 patients, 337 (59.4%) were classified as reference group, 102 (18.0%) as non-responders and 128 (22.6%) as patients with persisting pain. 21 (8.8%) responders, 28 (35.0%) non-responders and 27 (26.5%) persisting pain patients tested positive for NeP at week 24. Pain catastrophising (p=0.002) and number of tender joints (p=0.004) were positively associated with persisting pain at week 24. Baseline PD-Q was not related to subsequent persisting pain. CONCLUSIONS: Persisting and non-nociceptive pain occur frequently in RA. Besides the potential involvement of NeP, pain catastrophising and a higher number of tender joints coincide with persisting pain.

Assessing health outcomes: a systematic review of electronic patient-reported outcomes in oncology.

PURPOSE: This study investigates the clinical impact of electronic patient-reported outcome (ePRO) monitoring apps/web interfaces, aimed at symptom-management, in cancer patients undergoing outpatient systemic antineoplastic treatment. Additionally, it explores the advantages offered by these applications, including their functionalities and healthcare team-initiated follow-up programmes. METHODS: A systematic literature review was conducted using a predefined search strategy in MEDLINE. Inclusion criteria encompassed primary studies assessing symptom burden through at-home ePRO surveys in adult cancer patients receiving outpatient systemic antineoplastic treatment, whenever health outcomes were evaluated. Exclusion criteria excluded telemedicine-based interventions other than ePRO questionnaires and non-primary articles or study protocols. To evaluate the potential bias in the included studies, an exhaustive quality assessment was conducted, as an additional inclusion filter. RESULTS: Among 246 identified articles, 227 were excluded for non-compliance with inclusion/exclusion criteria. Of the remaining 19 articles, only eight met the rigorous validity assessment and were included for detailed examination and data extraction, presented in attached tables. CONCLUSION: This review provides compelling evidence of ePRO monitoring's positive clinical impact across diverse cancer settings, encompassing various cancer types, including early and metastatic stages. These systems are crucial in enabling timely interventions and reducing communication barriers, among other functionalities. While areas for future ePRO innovation are identified, the primary limitation lies in comparing clinical outcomes of reviewed articles, due to scale variability and study population heterogeneity. To conclude, our results reaffirm the transformative potential of ePRO apps in oncology and their pivotal role in shaping the future of cancer care.

Natural language processing to identify and characterize spondyloarthritis in clinical practice.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to use a novel technology based on natural language processing (NLP) to extract clinical information from electronic health records (EHRs) to characterise the clinical profile of patients diagnosed with spondyloarthritis (SpA) at a large-scale hospital. METHODS: An observational, retrospective analysis was conducted on EHR data from all patients with SpA (including psoriatic arthritis (PsA)) at Hospital Universitario La Paz, between 2020 and 2022. Data were collected using Savana Manager, an NLP-based system, enabling the extraction of information from unstructured, free-text EHRs. Variables analysed included demographic data, SpA subtypes, comorbidities and treatments. The performance of the technology in detecting SpA clinical entities was evaluated through precision, recall and F-1 score metrics. RESULTS: From a hospital population of 639 474 patients, 4337 (0.7%) patients had a diagnosis of SpA or their subtypes in their EHR. The population predominantly comprised men (55.3%) with a mean age of 50.9 years. Peripheral SpA (including PsA) was reported in 31.6%, axial SpA in 20.9%, both axial and peripheral SpA in 3.7%, while 43.7% of patients did not have the SpA subtype reported. Common comorbidities included hypertension (25.0%), dyslipidaemia (22.2%) and diabetes mellitus (15.5%). The use of conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (csDMARDs) and biological DMARDs (bDMARDs) was documented, with methotrexate (25.3% of patients) being the most used csDMARDs and adalimumab (10.6% of patients) the most used bDMARD. The NLP technology demonstrated high precision and recall, with all the assessed F-1 score values over 0.80, indicating reliable data extraction. CONCLUSION: The application of NLP technology facilitated the characterisation of the SpA patient profile, including demographics, clinical features, comorbidities and treatments. This study supports the utility of NLP in enhancing the understanding of SpA and suggests its potential for improving patient management by extracting meaningful information from unstructured EHR data.

Evaluation of hospital-onset bacteraemia and fungaemia in the USA as a potential healthcare quality measure: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Hospital-onset bacteraemia and fungaemia (HOB) is being explored as a surveillance and quality metric. The objectives of the current study were to determine sources and preventability of HOB in hospitalised patients in the USA and to identify factors associated with perceived preventability. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study of HOB events at 10 academic and three community hospitals using structured chart review. HOB was defined as a blood culture on or after hospital day 4 with growth of one or more bacterial or fungal organisms. HOB events were stratified by commensal and non-commensal organisms. Medical resident physicians, infectious disease fellows or infection preventionists reviewed charts to determine HOB source, and infectious disease physicians with training in infection prevention/hospital epidemiology rated preventability from 1 to 6 (1=definitely preventable to 6=definitely not preventable) using a structured guide. Ratings of 1-3 were collectively considered 'potentially preventable' and 4-6 'potentially not preventable'. RESULTS: Among 1789 HOB events with non-commensal organisms, gastrointestinal (including neutropenic translocation) (35%) and endovascular (32%) were the most common sources. Overall, 636/1789 (36%) non-commensal and 238/320 (74%) commensal HOB events were rated potentially preventable. In logistic regression analysis among non-commensal HOB events, events attributed to intravascular catheter-related infection, indwelling urinary catheter-related infection and surgical site infection had higher odds of being rated preventable while events with neutropenia, immunosuppression, gastrointestinal sources, polymicrobial cultures and previous positive blood culture in the same admission had lower odds of being rated preventable, compared with events without those attributes. Of 636 potentially preventable non-commensal HOB events, 47% were endovascular in origin, followed by gastrointestinal, respiratory and urinary sources; approximately 40% of those events would not be captured through existing healthcare-associated infection surveillance. DISCUSSION: Factors identified as associated with higher or lower preventability should be used to guide inclusion, exclusion and risk adjustment for an HOB-related quality metric.

Effectiveness, utilisation and cost associated with implantable loop recorders versus external monitors after ischaemic or cryptogenic stroke.

OBJECTIVE: Implantable loop recorders (ILRs) are increasingly used for long-term rhythm monitoring after ischaemic and cryptogenic stroke, with the goal of detecting atrial fibrillation (AF) and subsequent initiation of oral anticoagulation to reduce risk of adverse clinical outcomes. There is a need to determine the effectiveness of different rhythm monitoring strategies in this context. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis of individuals with commercial and Medicare Advantage insurance in Optum Labs Data Warehouse who had incident ischaemic or cryptogenic stroke and no prior cardiovascular implantable electronic device from 1 January 2016 to 30 June 2021. Patients were stratified by rhythm monitoring strategy: ILR, long-term continuous external cardiac monitor (>48 hours to 30 days) or Holter monitor (≤48 hours). The primary outcome was risk-adjusted all-cause mortality at 12 months. Secondary outcomes included new diagnosis of AF and oral anticoagulation, bleeding, and costs. RESULTS: Among 48 901 patients with ischaemic or cryptogenic stroke, 9235 received an ILR, 29 103 long-term continuous external monitor and 10 563 Holter monitor only. Mean age was 69.9 (SD 11.9) years and 53.5% were female. During the 12-month follow-up period, patients who received ILRs compared with those who received long-term continuous external monitors had a higher odds of new diagnosis of AF and oral anticoagulant initiation (adjusted OR 2.27, 95% CI 2.09 to 2.48). Compared with patients who received long-term continuous external monitors, those who received ILRs had similar 12-month mortality (HR 1.00; 95% CI 0.89 to 1.12), with approximately $13 000 higher costs at baseline (including monitor cost) and $2500 higher costs during 12-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: In this large real-world study of patients with ischaemic or cryptogenic stroke, ILR placement resulted in more diagnosis of AF and initiation of oral anticoagulation, but no difference in mortality compared with long-term continuous external monitors.