Evaluating the impact of a cemetery on groundwater by multivariate analysis.

Water analyses in conjunction with hydrological and geotechnical investigations were carried out to assess the potential for groundwater contamination from the decomposition of buried human bodies. Water samples were collected from 2007 to 2018 in three monitoring wells built within the cemetery area. Water quality was evaluated based on the determination of 25 analytical parameters (20 physical-chemical and 5 microbiological). Laboratory data reported by the local sewage water company for water collected in household cisterns located outside the cemetery area were also evaluated. Multivariate analysis showed a similar pattern between iron content, turbidity, and rainfall data collected at the rainfall station closest to the study area. This behavior is a direct consequence of soil leaching (oxisol). The physical characterization of the soil of the unsaturated area above the aquifer indicates that the absorption of body waste by the soil is favored, preventing surface contaminants from reaching the aquifer. This work also found that the water samples collected outside the cemetery area do not comply with the Brazilian limits for drinking water. In conclusion, water samples collected from monitoring wells located within the cemetery area have little to none impact on both subsurface and underground contamination.

Efficiency of the base saturation method in determining lime requirements for Dystrophic Yellow Latosol Soil in Eastern Amazon / Eficiência do método de saturação por bases para recomendação de calagem em um Latossolo Amarelo na Amazônia Oriental

High soil acidity, low cation-exchange capacity, and low fertility are the major bottlenecks in the Amazon region's agricultural activities, making liming an essential technique for crop production. This study aimed to assess the efficiency of two liming methods, namely broadcasting and incorporation, in meeting base saturation (BS) requirements at different soil depths and time intervals in a Latossolo Amarelo in the eastern Amazon. The experiment was carried out using a randomized block design arranged in a 5 × 2 factorial, with five lime doses recommended for raising the BS to 0, 40, 80, 160, and 320% and two application methods (broadcasting and incorporation). After lime application, soil samples were collected at three depths (0.00-0.05, 0.05-0.10, and 0.10-0.20 m) and three periods (30, 60, and 90 days after application, DAA) for BS determination. The highest BS values were observed at 30 DAA with incorporation. The expected BS value was obtained by incorporating the 40% dose but was limited to the 0.00-0.05 and 0.05-0.10 m layers. Lime incorporation is the most efficient method for achieving the recommended BS levels at 30 DAA. At 90 DAA, most doses did not provide BS values equal to or greater than the calculated values. Therefore, regression analyses are recommended in field experiments respecting the threshold of 80% BS.

Alta acidez do solo, baixa capacidade de troca catiônica e baixa fertilidade são os principais gargalos das atividades agrícolas na região amazônica, o que torna a calagem uma técnica essencial para a produção agrícola. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência de dois métodos de calagem, a saber, a lanço e incorporado ao solo, para atender às exigências da saturação por bases (V%) em diferentes profundidades e intervalos de tempo em um Latossolo Amarelo na Amazônia oriental. O experimento foi realizado em delineamento de blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 5 × 2, com cinco doses de calcário recomendadas para elevar o V a 0, 40, 80, 160 e 320% e dois métodos de aplicação (a lanço e incorporado). Após a aplicação do calcário, amostras de solo foram coletadas em três profundidades (0,00-0,05, 0,05-0,10 e 0,10-0,20 m) em três períodos (30, 60 e 90 dias após a aplicação, DAA) para determinação do V%. Os maiores valores de V% foram observados aos 30 DAA com incorporação. O valor de V% esperado foi obtido pela incorporação da dose de 40%, mas foi limitado às camadas de 0,00-0,05 e 0,05-0,10 m. A incorporação de cálcario é o método mais eficiente para atingir os níveis recomendados de V% aos 30 DAA. Aos 90 DAA, a maioria das doses não forneceu valores de V% iguais ou superiores aos valores calculados. Portanto, análises de regressão são recomendadas em experimentos de ca

Efficiency of the base saturation method in determining lime requirements for Dystrophic Yellow Latosol Soilin Eastern Amazon / Eficiência do método de saturação por bases para recomendação de calagem em um Latossolo Amarelo na Amazônia Oriental

High soil acidity, low cation-exchange capacity, and low fertility are the major bottlenecks in the Amazon region's agricultural activities, making liming an essential technique for crop production. This study aimed to assess the efficiency of two liming methods, namely broadcasting and incorporation, in meeting base saturation (BS) requirements at different soil depths and time intervals in a Latossolo Amarelo in the eastern Amazon. The experiment was carried out using a randomized block design arranged in a 5 × 2 factorial, with five lime doses recommended for raising the BS to 0, 40, 80, 160, and 320% and two application methods (broadcasting and incorporation). After lime application, soil samples were collected at three depths (0.00-0.05, 0.05-0.10, and 0.10-0.20 m) and three periods (30, 60, and 90 days after application, DAA) for BS determination. The highest BS values were observed at 30 DAA with incorporation. The expected BS value was obtained by incorporating the 40% dose but was limited to the 0.00-0.05 and 0.05-0.10 m layers. Lime incorporation is the most efficient method for achieving the recommended BS levels at 30 DAA. At 90 DAA, most doses did not provide BS values equal to or greater than the calculated values. Therefore, regression analyses are recommended in field experiments respecting the threshold of 80% BS.

Alta acidez do solo, baixa capacidade de troca catiônica e baixa fertilidade são os principais gargalos das atividades agrícolas na região amazônica, o que torna a calagem uma técnica essencial para a produção agrícola. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência de dois métodos de calagem, a saber, a lanço e incorporado ao solo, para atender às exigências da saturação por bases (V%) em diferentes profundidades e intervalos de tempo em um Latossolo Amarelo na Amazônia oriental. O experimento foi realizado em delineamento de blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 5 × 2, com cinco doses de calcário recomendadas para elevar o V a 0, 40, 80, 160 e 320% e dois métodos de aplicação(a lanço e incorporado). Após a aplicação do calcário, amostras de solo foram coletadas em três profundidades (0,00-0,05, 0,05-0,10 e 0,10-0,20 m) em três períodos (30, 60 e 90 dias após a aplicação, DAA) para determinação do V%. Os maiores valores de V% foram observados aos 30 DAA com incorporação. O valor de V% esperado foi obtido pela incorporação da dose de 40%, mas foi limitado às camadas de 0,00-0,05 e 0,05-0,10 m. A incorporação de cálcario é o método mais eficiente para atingir os níveis recomendados de V%aos30 DAA. Aos 90 DAA, a maioria das doses não forneceu valores de V% iguais ou superiores aos valores calculados. Portanto, análises de regressão são recomendadas em experimentos de campo respeitando o limite de 80% V.

Potential of Grasses in Phytolith Production in Soils Contaminated with Cadmium.

Cadmium (Cd) is a very toxic heavy metal occurring in places with anthropogenic activities, making it one of the most important environmental pollutants. Phytoremediation plants are used for recovery of metal-contaminated soils by their ability to absorb and tolerate high concentrations of heavy metals. This paper aims to evaluate the potential of grasses in phytolith production in soils contaminated with Cd. The experiments, separated by soil types (Typic Quartzipsamment, Xanthic Hapludox and Rhodic Hapludox), were conducted in a completely randomized design with a distribution of treatments in a 3 × 4 factorial scheme with three replications. The factors were three grasses (Urochloa decumbens, Urochloa brizantha and Megathyrsus maximus) and four concentrations of Cd applied in soils (0, 2, 4 and 12 mg kg-1). Grass growth decreased and increased Cd concentration in shoots of grasses with the increased Cd rates in soils. The toxic effect of Cd resulted in production and Cd occlusion in phytoliths produced in shoots of the grasses. Grasses showed potential for phytolith production, independent of soil type, providing phytoextraction of Cd in phytoliths. Megathyrsus maximus was the grass with the highest tolerance to Cd, evidenced by higher production and Cd capture in phytoliths for the evaluated soils. Phytolith production by grasses in Cd-contaminated soils is related to genetic and physiological differences of the evaluated grasses and Cd availability in soils.

Effectiveness of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Isolates from the Land Uses of Amazon Region in Symbiosis with Cowpea

ABSTRACT Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi provide several ecosystem services, including increase in plant growth and nutrition. The occurrence, richness, and structure of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi communities are influenced by human activities, which may affect the functional benefits of these components of the soil biota. In this study, 13 arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi isolates originating from soils with different land uses in the Alto Solimões-Amazon region were evaluated regarding their effect on growth, nutrition, and cowpea yield in controlled conditions using two soils. Comparisons with reference isolates and a mixture of isolates were also performed. Fungal isolates exhibited a wide variability associated with colonization, sporulation, production of aboveground biomass, nitrogen and phosphorus uptake, and grain yield, indicating high functional diversity within and among fungal species. A generalized effect of isolates in promoting phosphorus uptake, increase in biomass, and cowpea yield was observed in both soils. The isolates of Glomus were the most efficient and are promising isolates for practical inoculation programs. No relationship was found between the origin of fungal isolate (i.e. land use) and their symbiotic performance in cowpea.

Availability and zinc accumulation in forage grasses grown in contaminated soil.

Zinc is an important micronutrient to plant growth, but when present in large quantities it can become a toxic element to plants. This study was aimed to evaluate the growth, concentration, accumulation and availability of Zn to forage grasses (Megathyrsus maximus cvs. Aruana and Tanzania, Urochloa brizantha cvs. Xaraés and Marandu and Urochloa decumbens cv. Basilisk) cultivated in Zn contaminated soils. The experiments were conducted under greenhouse conditions over a 90-day evaluation period, and Zn rates were 0, 100, 300 and 900 mg kg-1 of soil. The Zn rates in soil caused growth reduction in all evaluated forage grasses. The cultivar Aruana was generally more tolerant to Zn, while the Marandu was generally more susceptible to the addition of Zn. The cultivar Aruana proved to be superior to others due to its higher growth and higher critical level toxicity of Zn. None of the forage grasses evaluated can be considered a Zn hyperaccumulator. The extraction order was DTPA at pH 7.3 < Mehlich-1 < USEPA 3051 < USEPA 3052 in the soil independent of forage grasses cultivation. The USEPA 3051 extractor was similar to Mehlich-1 in predicting the availability of Zn in soil.

Macroaggregation and soil organic carbon restoration in a highly weathered Brazilian Oxisol after two decades under no-till.

Conclusions based on studies of the impacts of soil organic carbon (SOC) fractions and soil texture on macroaggregation and SOC stabilization in long-term (>20years) no-till (NT) fields remain debatable. This study was based on the hypothesis that the amount and frequency of biomass-C input associated with NT can be a pathway to formation of macroaggregates and to SOC buildup. The objectives were to: 1) assess the macroaggregate distribution (proportional mass, class mass) and the SOC and particulate organic carbon (POC) stocks of extra-large (8-19mm), large (2-8mm) and small (0.25-2mm) macroaggregate size classes managed for two decades by NT, and 2) assess the recovery of SOC stocks in extra-large macroaggregates compared to adjacent native vegetation (Andropogon sp., Aristida sp., Paspalum sp., and Panicum sp.). The crop rotation systems were: soybean (Glycine max L.), maize (Zea mays L.) and beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in summer; and black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb), white oat (Avena sativa), vetch (Vicia sativa L.), black oat.+vetch (Avena strigosa Schreb+vetch) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in winter. The experimental was laid out as 2×2 randomized block factorial with 12 replicates of a NT experiment established in 1997 on two highly weathered Oxisols. The factors comprised of: (a) two soil textural types: clay loam and sandy clay, and (b) two sampling depths: 0-5 and 5-20cm. The three classes of macroaggregates were obtained by wet sieving, and the SOC content was determined by the dry combustion method. The extra-large macroaggregate classes in 0-20cm depth for sandy clay (SdC) and clay loam (CL) Oxisol represented 75.2 and 72.4% of proportional mass, respectively. The SOC and POC stocks among macroaggregate classes in 0-5 and 5-20cm depths decreased in the order: 8-19mm>2-8mm ≈ 0.25-2mm. The SdC plots under soybean/maize at 3:1 ratio recovered 58.3%, while those at 1:1 ratio (high maize frequency) in CL recovered 73.1% of SOC stock in the extra-large macroaggregates compared with the same under native vegetation for 0-20cm depth. Thus, partial restoration of the SOC stock in original extra-large macroaggregate confirms the hypothesis that NT through higher maize cultivation frequency can be a pathway to fomation of macroaggregates and SOC buildup.

Phosphorus fertilization in maize in northeastern of Pará state / Adubação fosfatada na cultura do milho no nordeste paraense

In Brazil, the maize crop has high production volume, and the State of Pará has the potential to become major center for grain production. However, it consists of tropical soils, which are acidic and low phosphorus availability. The aims of this study was to evaluate the growth and productivity of maize plants exposed to different rates of phosphorus in typical dystrophic Yellow Latosol in Capitão Poço city, Northeastern Pará State, in 2011. In the experimental area, soil correction was performed by liming, increasing the base saturation to 60%. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replicates, in which the treatments were: 0; 45; 90; 135 and 180 kg ha-1 of P2O5 applied at sowing, using triple superphosphate source (46% P2O5). The variables: plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves and number of ears showed a better adjustment of quadratic equation to application of P2O5 in sowing furrow with maximum technical efficiency obtained at rates of 142.1 kg ha-1; 114.62 kg ha-1; 130.59 kg ha-1 and 145 kg ha-1 of P2O5, respectively. The application of 179.87 kg ha-1 of v in corn crop (BR 5102 variety) in a typical dystrophic Yellow Latosol promoted yield of 6.58 t ha-1 of grains under the soil and climatic conditions of Capitão Poço region.(AU)

No Brasil, a cultura do milho (Zea mays L.) possui elevada produção, sendo que o Estado do Pará tem potencial para se tornar grande polo produtivo de grãos. Contudo, constitui-se de solos tropicais, os quais são ácidos e com baixa disponibilidade de fósforo. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento e a produtividade de plantas de milho submetidas a diferentes doses de fósforo em Latossolo Amarelo no município de Capitão Poço, Nordeste do Estado do Pará, no ano de 2011. Na área experimental foi realizada a correção do solo por meio da calagem, visando-se aumentar a saturação por bases a 60%. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições, sendo os tratamentos empregados: 0; 45; 90; 135 e 180 kg ha-1 de P2O5, aplicados no sulco de semeadura, utilizando a fonte superfosfato triplo (46% de P2O5). As variáveis altura da planta, diâmetro do colmo, número de folhas e número de espigas apresentaram melhor ajuste da equação quadrática à aplicação de P2O5 no sulco de semeadura com a máxima eficiência técnica obtida nas doses de 142,1 kg ha-1; 114,62 kg ha-1; 130,59 kg ha-1 e 145 kg ha-1 de P2O5, respectivamente. A aplicação de 179,87 kg ha-1 de P2O5 na cultura do milho, variedade BR 5102, em Latossolo Amarelo distrófico típico, proporcionou a produtividade de 6,58 t ha-1 de grãos, nas condições edafoclimáticas da região de Capitão Poço.(AU)

Phosphorus fertilization in maize in northeastern of Pará state / Adubação fosfatada na cultura do milho no nordeste paraense

In Brazil, the maize crop has high production volume, and the State of Pará has the potential to become major center for grain production. However, it consists of tropical soils, which are acidic and low phosphorus availability. The aims of this study was to evaluate the growth and productivity of maize plants exposed to different rates of phosphorus in typical dystrophic Yellow Latosol in Capitão Poço city, Northeastern Pará State, in 2011. In the experimental area, soil correction was performed by liming, increasing the base saturation to 60%. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replicates, in which the treatments were: 0; 45; 90; 135 and 180 kg ha-1 of P2O5 applied at sowing, using triple superphosphate source (46% P2O5). The variables: plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves and number of ears showed a better adjustment of quadratic equation to application of P2O5 in sowing furrow with maximum technical efficiency obtained at rates of 142.1 kg ha-1; 114.62 kg ha-1; 130.59 kg ha-1 and 145 kg ha-1 of P2O5, respectively. The application of 179.87 kg ha-1 of v in corn crop (BR 5102 variety) in a typical dystrophic Yellow Latosol promoted yield of 6.58 t ha-1 of grains under the soil and climatic conditions of Capitão Poço region.

No Brasil, a cultura do milho (Zea mays L.) possui elevada produção, sendo que o Estado do Pará tem potencial para se tornar grande polo produtivo de grãos. Contudo, constitui-se de solos tropicais, os quais são ácidos e com baixa disponibilidade de fósforo. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento e a produtividade de plantas de milho submetidas a diferentes doses de fósforo em Latossolo Amarelo no município de Capitão Poço, Nordeste do Estado do Pará, no ano de 2011. Na área experimental foi realizada a correção do solo por meio da calagem, visando-se aumentar a saturação por bases a 60%. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições, sendo os tratamentos empregados: 0; 45; 90; 135 e 180 kg ha-1 de P2O5, aplicados no sulco de semeadura, utilizando a fonte superfosfato triplo (46% de P2O5). As variáveis altura da planta, diâmetro do colmo, número de folhas e número de espigas apresentaram melhor ajuste da equação quadrática à aplicação de P2O5 no sulco de semeadura com a máxima eficiência técnica obtida nas doses de 142,1 kg ha-1; 114,62 kg ha-1; 130,59 kg ha-1 e 145 kg ha-1 de P2O5, respectivamente. A aplicação de 179,87 kg ha-1 de P2O5 na cultura do milho, variedade BR 5102, em Latossolo Amarelo distrófico típico, proporcionou a produtividade de 6,58 t ha-1 de grãos, nas condições edafoclimáticas da região de Capitão Poço.

Phosphorus fractions and correlation with soil attributes in a chronosequence of agricultural under no-tillage / Frações de fósforo e correlação com atributos edáficos em uma cronossequência de agricultura sob plantio direto

In no-tillage (NT) soils, changes in the quantity and quality of soil organic matter (SOM) have been observed over time. These changes can interfere with the dynamics of P in surface soil layers. Thus, the objectives of this study were: to evaluate the organic and inorganic fractions of P and their degree of lability (labile, moderately labile, and moderately recalcitrant) in an Oxisol under NT for 6 years (NT6), 14 years (NT14), and 22 years (NT22) and cultivated with a succession of soybean and corn/wheat. The fractions were evaluated for 16 years of NT, with the last four years under integrated corn second crop and Brachiaria (NT16+B). We also analyzed an area of native forest, as well as analyzing the correlations between the results of the P fractions of these areas with other attributes such as total carbon content, vegetable waste deposited on the ground, phosphorus and humic fractions remaining in SOM. From each of the areas, samples were collected at 0.00-0.05 m and 0.05-0.10 m. A completely randomized design with 5 replicates was used. Management of phosphorus fertilization and SOM following adoption of the NT of time (6 to 22 years) increased the levels of all fractions of inorganic P (0.0 to 0.10 m), as well as the fractions of labile (0.05-0.10 m), moderately labile (0.0-0.10 m), and moderately recalcitrant (0.05-0.10 m) organic phosphorus. The correlation matrix shows interactions between the evaluated soil attributes, especially between inorganic phosphorus fractions and fulvic and humic acids and between the moderately recalcitrant organic phosphorus and humin fraction.(AU)

Em solos sob sistema de plantio direto (SPD) tem sido observado alterações na quantidade e qualidade da matéria orgânica do solo (MOS) ao longo do tempo, o que pode interferir na dinâmica do P nas camadas superficiais do solo. Dessa forma, os objetivos deste estudo foram: avaliar as frações inorgânicas e orgânicas de P e o grau de labilidade destas (lábil, moderamente lábil e moderadamente resistente) de um Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico sob sistema de plantio direto (SPD) com 6 anos (SPD6), 14 anos (SPD14) e 22 anos (SPD22) na sucessão soja, milho/trigo; 16 anos de SPD, sendo nos últimos quatro anos com integração milho segunda safra e Urochloa (SPD16+B) e uma área de mata nativa; e analisar correlações entre os resultados das frações de P dessas áreas com outros atributos, tais como, carbono total, resíduos vegetais depositados sobre o solo, fósforo remanescente e frações húmicas da MOS. Em cada uma das áreas foram coletadas amostras nas camadas de 0,00-0,05 m e 0,05-0,10 m. O delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, com 5 repetições. O manejo da adubação fosfatada e da MOS em função do tempo de adoção do SPD (6 para 22 anos) aumentou os teores de todas as frações de P inorgânico (0,0-0,10 m), bem como, as frações de fósforo orgânico lábil (0,05-0,10 m), moderadamente lábil (0,0-0,10 m) e moderadamente resistente (0,05-0,10 m). Através da matriz de correlação podem-se verificar interações entre os atributos do solo avaliados, principalmente entre as frações de fósforo inorgânico e os ácidos fúlvicos e húmicos, e entre o fósforo orgânico moderadamente resistente e a fração humina.(AU)

Phosphorus fractions and correlation with soil attributes in a chronosequence of agricultural under no-tillage / Frações de fósforo e correlação com atributos edáficos em uma cronossequência de agricultura sob plantio direto

In no-tillage (NT) soils, changes in the quantity and quality of soil organic matter (SOM) have been observed over time. These changes can interfere with the dynamics of P in surface soil layers. Thus, the objectives of this study were: to evaluate the organic and inorganic fractions of P and their degree of lability (labile, moderately labile, and moderately recalcitrant) in an Oxisol under NT for 6 years (NT6), 14 years (NT14), and 22 years (NT22) and cultivated with a succession of soybean and corn/wheat. The fractions were evaluated for 16 years of NT, with the last four years under integrated corn second crop and Brachiaria (NT16+B). We also analyzed an area of native forest, as well as analyzing the correlations between the results of the P fractions of these areas with other attributes such as total carbon content, vegetable waste deposited on the ground, phosphorus and humic fractions remaining in SOM. From each of the areas, samples were collected at 0.00-0.05 m and 0.05-0.10 m. A completely randomized design with 5 replicates was used. Management of phosphorus fertilization and SOM following adoption of the NT of time (6 to 22 years) increased the levels of all fractions of inorganic P (0.0 to 0.10 m), as well as the fractions of labile (0.05-0.10 m), moderately labile (0.0-0.10 m), and moderately recalcitrant (0.05-0.10 m) organic phosphorus. The correlation matrix shows interactions between the evaluated soil attributes, especially between inorganic phosphorus fractions and fulvic and humic acids and between the moderately recalcitrant organic phosphorus and humin fraction.

Em solos sob sistema de plantio direto (SPD) tem sido observado alterações na quantidade e qualidade da matéria orgânica do solo (MOS) ao longo do tempo, o que pode interferir na dinâmica do P nas camadas superficiais do solo. Dessa forma, os objetivos deste estudo foram: avaliar as frações inorgânicas e orgânicas de P e o grau de labilidade destas (lábil, moderamente lábil e moderadamente resistente) de um Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico sob sistema de plantio direto (SPD) com 6 anos (SPD6), 14 anos (SPD14) e 22 anos (SPD22) na sucessão soja, milho/trigo; 16 anos de SPD, sendo nos últimos quatro anos com integração milho segunda safra e Urochloa (SPD16+B) e uma área de mata nativa; e analisar correlações entre os resultados das frações de P dessas áreas com outros atributos, tais como, carbono total, resíduos vegetais depositados sobre o solo, fósforo remanescente e frações húmicas da MOS. Em cada uma das áreas foram coletadas amostras nas camadas de 0,00-0,05 m e 0,05-0,10 m. O delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, com 5 repetições. O manejo da adubação fosfatada e da MOS em função do tempo de adoção do SPD (6 para 22 anos) aumentou os teores de todas as frações de P inorgânico (0,0-0,10 m), bem como, as frações de fósforo orgânico lábil (0,05-0,10 m), moderadamente lábil (0,0-0,10 m) e moderadamente resistente (0,05-0,10 m). Através da matriz de correlação podem-se verificar interações entre os atributos do solo avaliados, principalmente entre as frações de fósforo inorgânico e os ácidos fúlvicos e húmicos, e entre o fósforo orgânico moderadamente resistente e a fração humina.

Ecotoxicological evaluation of swine manure disposal on tropical soils in Brazil.

Swine production in Brazil results in a great volume of manure that normally is disposed of as agricultural fertilizer. However, this form of soil disposal, generally on small farms, causes the accumulation of large amounts of manure and this results in contaminated soil and water tables. To evaluate the effects of increasing concentrations of swine manure on earthworms, several ecotoxicological tests were performed using Eisenia andrei as test organism in different tropical soils, classified respectively as Ultisol, Oxisol, and Entisol, as well as Tropical Artificial Soil (TAS). The survival, reproduction and behavior of the earthworms were evaluated in experiments using a completely randomized design, with five replications. In the Ultisol, Oxisol and TAS the swine manure showed no lethality, but in the Entisol it caused earthworm mortality (LOEC=45 m(3)ha(-1)). In the Entisol, the waste reduced the reproductive rate and caused avoidance behavior in E. andrei (LOEC=30 m(3)ha(-1)) even in lower concentrations. The Entisol is extremely sandy, with low cation exchange capacity (CEC), and this may be the reason for the higher toxicity on soil fauna, with the soil not being able to hold large amounts of pollutants (e.g. toxic metals), but leaving them in bioavailable forms. These results should be a warning of the necessity to consider soil parameters (e.g. texture and CEC) when evaluating soil contamination by means of ecotoxicological assays, as there still are no standards for natural soils in tropical regions. E. andrei earthworms act as indicators for a soil to support disposal of swine manure without generating harm to agriculture and ecosystems.

Frações da matéria orgânica do solo sob pastagem, sistema plantio direto e integração lavoura-pecuária / Fractions of soil organic matter under pasture, tillage system and crop-livestock integration

O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o carbono orgânico total e as frações químicas (ácido húmico FAH, ácido fúlvico FAF, humina Hum) e granulométricas (carbono orgânico associado as partículas COp, carbono orgânico associado aos minerais COam e índice de manejo do carbono - IMC) da matéria orgânica do solo (MOS) em amostras de um Latossolo Vermelho sob sistema plantio direto (SPD) com integração lavoura-pecuária (ILP), em comparação à uma área em SPD sem ILP e áreas de Cerrado natural (CE) e pastagem (PA) no sudoeste de Goiás. Foram coletadas amostras de solo nas camadas de 05; 510; 10-20 e 20-40 cm, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Dentre as áreas cultivadas, a ILP apresentou nas camadas superficiais do solo os maiores teores de COT, COp, COam, Hum e relação C-FAH/C-FAF, tendo sido verificados valores de COT, COp, COam e Hum semelhantes aos quantificados na área de CE nas camadas mais profundas do solo. Em algumas profundidades avaliadas, as áreas de SPD e ILP apresentaram maior IMC em comparação à área de PA. As áreas de SPD e PA não apresentaram diferença no COT, COam e relação C-FAH/C-FAF, no entanto, a área de SPD conferiu maior estabilidade da MOS, pela similaridades nos teores de C da Hum, FAH, COp e IMC em relação às áreas de CE e ILP em algumas profundidades avaliadas.(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the total organic carbon and the chemical (humic acid FAH, fulvic acid FAF, humin Hum) and textural (organic carbon associated particles COp, organic carbon associated with minerals COam and carbon management index IMC) of soil organic matter (SOM) in samples of an Oxisol under no-tillage (NT) with crop-livestock integration (ILP), compared to one NT area without ILP and areas of natural Cerrado (CE) and pasture (PA) in southwestern Goiás. Soil samples were collected in the 0-5, 5-10, 10-20 and 20-40 cm in a completely randomized design. Among the cultivated areas the ILP presented in the upper soil layers the highest COT, COp, COam, Hum C-FAH/C-FAF and respect, having been checked in COT, COp, and COam Hum similar to those quantified in CE area in the deeper layers of the soil. In some depths evaluated, areas of NT and ILP had higher IMC compared to PA area. Areas of NT and PA showed no statistical difference in the COT, COam and C-FAH/C-FAF relationship, however, the NT area proved to be forwarding to greater stability of SOM, as it showed similarities in levels C of Hum, FAH, COp and IMC in relation to areas of CE and ILP in some depths evaluated.(AU)

Frações da matéria orgânica do solo sob pastagem, sistema plantio direto e integração lavoura-pecuária / Fractions of soil organic matter under pasture, tillage system and crop-livestock integration

O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o carbono orgânico total e as frações químicas (ácido húmico FAH, ácido fúlvico FAF, humina Hum) e granulométricas (carbono orgânico associado as partículas COp, carbono orgânico associado aos minerais COam e índice de manejo do carbono - IMC) da matéria orgânica do solo (MOS) em amostras de um Latossolo Vermelho sob sistema plantio direto (SPD) com integração lavoura-pecuária (ILP), em comparação à uma área em SPD sem ILP e áreas de Cerrado natural (CE) e pastagem (PA) no sudoeste de Goiás. Foram coletadas amostras de solo nas camadas de 05; 510; 10-20 e 20-40 cm, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Dentre as áreas cultivadas, a ILP apresentou nas camadas superficiais do solo os maiores teores de COT, COp, COam, Hum e relação C-FAH/C-FAF, tendo sido verificados valores de COT, COp, COam e Hum semelhantes aos quantificados na área de CE nas camadas mais profundas do solo. Em algumas profundidades avaliadas, as áreas de SPD e ILP apresentaram maior IMC em comparação à área de PA. As áreas de SPD e PA não apresentaram diferença no COT, COam e relação C-FAH/C-FAF, no entanto, a área de SPD conferiu maior estabilidade da MOS, pela similaridades nos teores de C da Hum, FAH, COp e IMC em relação às áreas de CE e ILP em algumas profundidades avaliadas.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the total organic carbon and the chemical (humic acid FAH, fulvic acid FAF, humin Hum) and textural (organic carbon associated particles COp, organic carbon associated with minerals COam and carbon management index IMC) of soil organic matter (SOM) in samples of an Oxisol under no-tillage (NT) with crop-livestock integration (ILP), compared to one NT area without ILP and areas of natural Cerrado (CE) and pasture (PA) in southwestern Goiás. Soil samples were collected in the 0-5, 5-10, 10-20 and 20-40 cm in a completely randomized design. Among the cultivated areas the ILP presented in the upper soil layers the highest COT, COp, COam, Hum C-FAH/C-FAF and respect, having been checked in COT, COp, and COam Hum similar to those quantified in CE area in the deeper layers of the soil. In some depths evaluated, areas of NT and ILP had higher IMC compared to PA area. Areas of NT and PA showed no statistical difference in the COT, COam and C-FAH/C-FAF relationship, however, the NT area proved to be forwarding to greater stability of SOM, as it showed similarities in levels C of Hum, FAH, COp and IMC in relation to areas of CE and ILP in some depths evaluated.

Dynamics of soil exploration by fine roots down to a depth of 10 m throughout the entire rotation in Eucalyptus grandis plantations.

Although highly weathered soils cover considerable areas in tropical regions, little is known about exploration by roots in deep soil layers. Intensively managed Eucalyptus plantations are simple forest ecosystems that can provide an insight into the belowground growth strategy of fast-growing tropical trees. Fast exploration of deep soil layers by eucalypt fine roots may contribute to achieving a gross primary production that is among the highest in the world for forests. Soil exploration by fine roots down to a depth of 10 m was studied throughout the complete cycle in Eucalyptus grandis plantations managed in short rotation. Intersects of fine roots, less than 1 mm in diameter, and medium-sized roots, 1-3 mm in diameter, were counted on trench walls in a chronosequence of 1-, 2-, 3.5-, and 6-year-old plantations on a sandy soil, as well as in an adjacent 6-year-old stand growing in a clayey soil. Two soil profiles were studied down to a depth of 10 m in each stand (down to 6 m at ages 1 and 2 years) and 4 soil profiles down to 1.5-3.0 m deep. The root intersects were counted on 224 m(2) of trench walls in 15 pits. Monitoring the soil water content showed that, after clear-cutting, almost all the available water stored down to a depth of 7 m was taken up by tree roots within 1.1 year of planting. The soil space was explored intensively by fine roots down to a depth of 3 m from 1 year after planting, with an increase in anisotropy in the upper layers throughout the rotation. About 60% of fine root intersects were found at a depth of more than 1 m, irrespective of stand age. The root distribution was isotropic in deep soil layers and kriged maps showed fine root clumping. A considerable volume of soil was explored by fine roots in eucalypt plantations on deep tropical soils, which might prevent water and nutrient losses by deep drainage after canopy closure and contribute to maximizing resource uses.

Relação de estratificação como indicador do sequestro de carbono em macroagregados de Latossolo sob plantio direto / Stratification ratio as soil carbon sequestration indicator in macroaggregates of Oxisol under no-tillage

A redução no conteúdo de carbono (C) nas camadas mais profundas do solo indica a estratificação entre a camada superficial e as subsuperficiais, devido à adição contínua de C pelos resíduos culturais na superfície. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a variação (∆) da relação de estratificação (RE) de carbono como indicadora do sequestro de C total e particulado em macroagregados de dois Latossolos de classes texturais diferentes, manejados em sistema plantio direto. Os ensaios foram desenvolvidos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com doze repetições. Os fatores analisados foram: (a) dois solos (Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico típico com classe textural franco-argilo-arenosa e Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico típico com classe textural franco-argilosa); (b) duas camadas de amostragem (0-5 e 5-20cm de profundidade); (c) duas épocas de amostragem (E1-outubro de 2007; E2-setembro de 2008). Observou-se relação linear e significativa entre o delta RE com a taxa de sequestro de C total em macroagregados no Latossolo Vermelho com classe textural franco argilo arenosa (R²=0,78**) e franco argilosa (R²=0,81**), indicando ter havido sequestro de C e confirmando ser este um indicador sensível da taxa de sequestro de C no solo em macroagregados.

The decrease in soil organic carbon (SOC) content in deeper layers indicates the occurrence of stratification between the surface layer and subsurface layer of soil due to continuous C addition by crop residues. The objective was to evaluate the change (delta) of stratification (RE) of carbon (C) as an indicator of C sequestration and soil total and particulate soil in macroaggregates of two soils (Typic Hapludox) with different textures, managed in no-tillage system. The tests were developed in completely randomized design twelve repetitions.Analyzed factors were: (a) two soils: Oxisol with medium texture and Oxisol with clay texture, (b) sampling depth: 0-5 and 5-20cm, (c) two sampling times (October 2007-T1, September 2008-T2). The results were submitted to variance analysis by program SISVAR 5.3, using the Tukey test at 5% significance. There was a significant linear relationship between the ∆ RE and carbon sequestration rate total macroaggregates Oxisol with medium texture (R²=0.78**) and Oxisol with clay texture (R²=0.81**) indicating that there was C sequestration confirming to be a sensitive indicator of the rate of C sequestration in soil macroaggregates.

Relação de estratificação como indicador do sequestro de carbono em macroagregados de Latossolo sob plantio direto

The decrease in soil organic carbon (SOC) content in deeper layers indicates the occurrence of stratification between the surface layer and subsurface layer of soil due to continuous C addition by crop residues. The objective was to evaluate the change (delta) of stratification (RE) of carbon (C) as an indicator of C sequestration and soil total and particulate soil in macroaggregates of two soils (Typic Hapludox) with different textures, managed in no-tillage system. The tests were developed in completely randomized design twelve repetitions.Analyzed factors were: (a) two soils: Oxisol with medium texture and Oxisol with clay texture, (b) sampling depth: 0-5 and 5-20cm, (c) two sampling times (October 2007-T1, September 2008-T2). The results were submitted to variance analysis by program SISVAR 5.3, using the Tukey test at 5% significance. There was a significant linear relationship between the RE and carbon sequestration rate total macroaggregates Oxisol with medium texture (R²=0.78**) and Oxisol with clay texture (R²=0.81**) indicating that there was C sequestration confirming to be a sensitive indicator of the rate of C sequestration in soil macroaggregates.

A redução no conteúdo de carbono (C) nas camadas mais profundas do solo indica a estratificação entre a camada superficial e as subsuperficiais, devido à adição contínua de C pelos resíduos culturais na superfície. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a variação () da relação de estratificação (RE) de carbono como indicadora do sequestro de C total e particulado em macroagregados de dois Latossolos de classes texturais diferentes, manejados em sistema plantio direto. Os ensaios foram desenvolvidos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com doze repetições. Os fatores analisados foram: (a) dois solos (Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico típico com classe textural franco-argilo-arenosa e Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico típico com classe textural franco-argilosa); (b) duas camadas de amostragem (0-5 e 5-20cm de profundidade); (c) duas épocas de amostragem (E1-outubro de 2007; E2-setembro de 2008). Observou-se relação linear e significativa entre o delta RE com a taxa de sequestro de C total em macroagregados no Latossolo Vermelho com classe textural franco argilo arenosa (R²=0,78**) e franco argilosa (R²=0,81**), indicando ter havido sequestro de C e confirmando ser este um indicador sensível da taxa de sequestro de C no solo em macroagregados.

Relação de estratificação como indicador do sequestro de carbono em macroagregados de Latossolo sob plantio direto

The decrease in soil organic carbon (SOC) content in deeper layers indicates the occurrence of stratification between the surface layer and subsurface layer of soil due to continuous C addition by crop residues. The objective was to evaluate the change (delta) of stratification (RE) of carbon (C) as an indicator of C sequestration and soil total and particulate soil in macroaggregates of two soils (Typic Hapludox) with different textures, managed in no-tillage system. The tests were developed in completely randomized design twelve repetitions.Analyzed factors were: (a) two soils: Oxisol with medium texture and Oxisol with clay texture, (b) sampling depth: 0-5 and 5-20cm, (c) two sampling times (October 2007-T1, September 2008-T2). The results were submitted to variance analysis by program SISVAR 5.3, using the Tukey test at 5% significance. There was a significant linear relationship between the RE and carbon sequestration rate total macroaggregates Oxisol with medium texture (R²=0.78**) and Oxisol with clay texture (R²=0.81**) indicating that there was C sequestration confirming to be a sensitive indicator of the rate of C sequestration in soil macroaggregates.

A redução no conteúdo de carbono (C) nas camadas mais profundas do solo indica a estratificação entre a camada superficial e as subsuperficiais, devido à adição contínua de C pelos resíduos culturais na superfície. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a variação () da relação de estratificação (RE) de carbono como indicadora do sequestro de C total e particulado em macroagregados de dois Latossolos de classes texturais diferentes, manejados em sistema plantio direto. Os ensaios foram desenvolvidos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com doze repetições. Os fatores analisados foram: (a) dois solos (Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico típico com classe textural franco-argilo-arenosa e Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico típico com classe textural franco-argilosa); (b) duas camadas de amostragem (0-5 e 5-20cm de profundidade); (c) duas épocas de amostragem (E1-outubro de 2007; E2-setembro de 2008). Observou-se relação linear e significativa entre o delta RE com a taxa de sequestro de C total em macroagregados no Latossolo Vermelho com classe textural franco argilo arenosa (R²=0,78**) e franco argilosa (R²=0,81**), indicando ter havido sequestro de C e confirmando ser este um indicador sensível da taxa de sequestro de C no solo em macroagregados.

Growth of rice plants in an Acrustox fertilized with silicon and manganese / Adubação do arroz com silício e manganês em um Latossolo Vermelho

The objective of this research was to study the biomass production, plant architecture and Si and Mn uptake in rice plants cultivated in a Acrustox fertilized with silicon and manganese. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse using a 2x5 factorial (0 and 1000mg dm-3 Si x 0, 4, 12, 16 and 20mg dm-3 Mn) with four replications, in a randomized block design. The application of Si to the soil resulted in a smaller leaf insertion angle, a greater Si content in the leaves and roots and biomass production. Moreover, Si caused the decrease content of Mn in leaves and its increase in roots. With the rising dose of Mn, there was an increase in the content of this element in soil, roots and leaves, regardless of the Si application and reduction in biomass production of rice in the larger doses only when the Si was not added to the soil.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produção de biomassa, a arquitetura da planta e os teores de Si e Mn em plantas de arroz cultivadas em amostras de um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico típico fertilizado com manganês e silício. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, em um fatorial 2x5 (0 ou 1000mg dm-3 Si x 0, 4, 12, 16 e 20mg dm-3 Mn), em quatro repetições, em blocos ao acaso. A adição do Si ao solo resultou em menor ângulo de inserção foliar e em maiores teores de Si nas folhas e raízes, como também em maior produção de biomassa. Além disso, houve diminuição nos teores foliares de Mn e aumento em seus teores radiculares. Com o aumento da dose de Mn, houve aumento nos teores deste elemento no solo, nas raízes e nas folhas, independentemente da aplicação do Si, e redução na produção de biomassa do arroz nas maiores doses apenas quando o Si não foi adicionado ao solo.

Geoestatística e atributos do solo em áreas cultivadas com cana-de-açúcar / Geostatistics and soil attributes in area cultivated with sugar cane

Em solos sob cultivo de cana-de-açúcar, o tráfego intenso de máquinas agrícolas pode provocar estado de compactação ao solo. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a variabilidade espacial de atributos físicos e teor de matéria orgânica de um Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico gibbsítico (sob Basalto) e Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico caulinítico (sob Arenito) nas profundidades de 0,0-0,2m e 0,2-0,4m, em áreas sob cultivo de cana-de-açúcar. Os solos foram amostrados nos pontos de cruzamento de uma malha, com intervalos regulares de 10m, nas profundidades de 0,0-0,2m e 0,2-0,4m, totalizando 100 pontos para cada área de estudo. Em cada ponto da malha, foram determinados a densidade do solo, a macroporosidade, o teor de matéria orgânica e a resistência do solo à penetração. Os atributos físicos mostram valores de resistência do solo à penetração, da densidade do solo e da macroporosidade acima da média para esses solos. As variáveis em estudo apresentaram um maior alcance e menor coeficiente de variação no LVef em comparação com o LVd, nas profundidades em estudo. Recomenda-se maior número de amostragem para os atributos em estudo no Latossolo Vermelho distrófico e na profundidade de 0,2-0,4m.

The intense traffic of agricultural machines in soils cultivated with sugar cane can cause soil compaction. Therefore, the objective of this research was to characterize the spatial variability of soil physical attributes and content organic matter of a eutroferric Red Latosol gibbisitic (under Basalt) and dystroferric Red Latosol caulinitic (under Sandstone) in the depths of 0.0-0.2m and 0.2-0.4m in areas cultivated with sugar cane. Soils were sampled at the crossing points of a grid at regular intervals of 10m and at depths of 0.0-0.2m and 0.2-0.4m. Bulk density, macroporosity, organic matter content and soil penetration resistance were measured for all sampling points. The physical attributes show values of soil penetration resistance, bulk density and macroporosity above average for these soils. The studied variable presented a larger range and minor variation coefficient in the eutroferric Red Latosol (Oxisol Eutrustox) when compared with the dystroferric Red Latosol (Oxisol Haplustox), in the studied depths. It is recommended a bigger number of samples to study the eutroferric Red Latosol attributes and the depth of 0.2-0.4m.