Induced Systemic Resistance in the Bacillus spp.-Capsicum chinense Jacq.-PepGMV Interaction, Elicited by Defense-Related Gene Expression.

Induced systemic resistance (ISR) is a mechanism involved in the plant defense response against pathogens. Certain members of the Bacillus genus are able to promote the ISR by maintaining a healthy photosynthetic apparatus, which prepares the plant for future stress situations. The goal of the present study was to analyze the effect of the inoculation of Bacillus on the expression of genes involved in plant responses to pathogens, as a part of the ISR, during the interaction of Capsicum chinense infected with PepGMV. The effects of the inoculation of the Bacillus strains in pepper plants infected with PepGMV were evaluated by observing the accumulation of viral DNA and the visible symptoms of pepper plants during a time-course experiment in greenhouse and in in vitro experiments. The relative expression of the defense genes CcNPR1, CcPR10, and CcCOI1 were also evaluated. The results showed that the plants inoculated with Bacillus subtilis K47, Bacillus cereus K46, and Bacillus sp. M9 had a reduction in the PepGMV viral titer, and the symptoms in these plants were less severe compared to the plants infected with PepGMV and non-inoculated with Bacillus. Additionally, an increase in the transcript levels of CcNPR1, CcPR10, and CcCOI1 was observed in plants inoculated with Bacillus strains. Our results suggest that the inoculation of Bacillus strains interferes with the viral replication, through the increase in the transcription of pathogenesis-related genes, which is reflected in a lowered plant symptomatology and an improved yield in the greenhouse, regardless of PepGMV infection status.

[Oral allergy syndrome (OAS)]. / Síndrome polen-alimento (síndrome de alergia por vía oral).

The pollen-food allergy syndrome, also known as oral allergy syndrome, is characterized by local reactions in the mouth and throat after consuming certain raw plant foods in individuals sensitized to pollen from grass, weeds, and trees. Birch-apple is the prototype of this syndrome, with apple, pear, and plum being the most commonly associated foods. Symptoms are usually limited to the oral cavity but can include systemic reactions, including anaphylaxis. Sensitization to pollen allergens, such as lipid transfer proteins, profilin, and PR-10 proteins, triggers this syndrome. Its prevalence varies by geographic region and the predominant pollen type, affecting between 30% and 60% of food allergies. Diagnosis involves a clinical history, skin tests, and, in ambiguous cases, double-blind, placebo-controlled oral food challenges. Treatment primarily involves avoiding trigger foods.

El síndrome de alergia a alimentos y pólenes, también conocido como síndrome polen-alimento o síndrome de alergia oral, se caracteriza por una reacción local en la boca y faringe después de ingerir ciertos alimentos vegetales crudos, en individuos sensibilizados al polen de hierbas, malezas y árboles. El abedul-manzana es el prototipo de este síndrome, siendo la manzana, pera y ciruela los alimentos más comúnmente asociados. Los síntomas suelen limitarse a la cavidad oral, pero pueden incluir reacciones sistémicas, incluida la anafilaxia. La sensibilización a alérgenos de polen, como las proteínas de transferencia de lípidos, profilina y proteínas PR-10, desencadena este síndrome. Su prevalencia varía según la región geográfica y el tipo de polen predominante, afectando entre el 30% y el 60% de las alergias alimentarias. El diagnóstico implica historia clínica, pruebas cutáneas y, en casos ambiguos, pruebas de provocación alimentaria oral. El tratamiento consiste principalmente en evitar los alimentos desencadenantes.

[Pollen-food syndrom. A rewiev with a twist]. / Síndrome polen-alimento. Revisión con un toque.

Pollen-food syndrome (PFS) is characterized by allergic sensitization to proteins of pollens of grasses, weeds, and trees, which produce a type I hypersensitivity reaction that is associated with the intake of plant-derived foods that are usually in raw form. The most frequently-associated protein families are: profilins, PR-10, and ns LTP; however, others such as thaumatins, isoflavones, reductases, and B1,2 glucanases have been documented. The prototype syndrome is birch-fruit-vegetables, and of these, the most common is birch-apple due to the fact that more than 70 % of patients who are sensitized to birch present symptoms associated with the intake of plant-derived foods. The symptoms are restricted to the oral cavity; however, some patients may present systemic symptoms, including anaphylaxis, so it is important to identify the type of protein that is involved since the type of reaction that the patient may present depends on that. In spite of everything, it is considered an entity that may be under diagnosed due to its complex diagnosis and treatment, since the procedure, in most cases, is an elimination diet, because treatment with immunotherapy is not yet available. The purpose of this review is to describe the pathophysiology, as well as the most common pollen-food syndromes.

El síndrome polen-alimento (SPA) se caracteriza por la sensibilización alérgica a proteínas de pólenes de pastos, malezas y árboles, que producen una reacción de hipersensibilidad de tipo I, asociada a la ingesta de alimentos derivados de plantas, usualmente en forma cruda. Las familias de proteínas que más frecuentemente están asociadas son las profilinas, las PR-10 y las ns LTP; sin embargo, se ha documentado otras, como las taumatinas, isoflavonas reductasas y las B1,2 gluconasas. El síndrome prototipo es el abedul-frutas-vegetales, y de ellos el más común es el abedul-manzana, debido a que más de 70 % de los pacientes sensibilizados al abedul presentan síntomas asociados a la ingesta de alimentos derivados de plantas. Los síntomas están restringidos a la cavidad oral; sin embargo, algunos pacientes pueden presentar síntomas sistémicos, incluso anafilaxia, por lo que es importante identificar el tipo de proteína implicada, ya que de eso depende el tipo de reacción que puede presentar el paciente. Pese a todo, se considera una entidad que puede estar subdiagnosticada debido a su valoración y tratamiento complejos, debido a que el procedimiento en la mayor parte de los casos es dieta de eliminación, ya que aún no está disponible el tratamiento con inmunoterapia. El objetivo de esta revisión es describir la fisiopatología, así como los síndromes polen-alimento más comunes.

Sensitivity of Yeast Mutants Deficient in Mitochondrial or Vacuolar ABC Transporters to Pathogenesis-Related Protein TcPR-10 of Theobroma cacao.

Pathogenesis-related proteins (PRs) are induced in plants after infection by pathogens and/or abiotic stress. Among these proteins, the family 10 (PR-10) influences the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and shows antimicrobial ribonuclease activity. TcPR-10p (Pathogenesis-related Protein 10 of Theobroma cacao) was isolated from resistant and susceptible Moniliophthora perniciosa cacao cultivars. Cell survival with Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant lines deficient in ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter proteins indicated the influence on resistance to TcPR-10p. Proteins of the ABC transport type are considered important in the process of resistance to antimicrobials and toxins. Thus, the objective of this work was to observe the sensitivity of ABC transporter yeast mutants in the presence of the TcPR-10p. Chronic exposure of S. cerevisiae mitochondrial (BYatm1Δ and BYmdl1Δ) and vacuole (BYnft1Δ, BYvmr1Δ, BYybt1Δ, BYycf1Δ and BYbpt1Δ) ABC transporter mutants to TcPR-10p (3 μg/mL, 0, 6, 12 and 24 h) was performed. Two TcPR-10p sensitive strains (BYmdl1Δ and BYnft1Δ) were submitted to a fluorescence test with the fluorogenic dihydroethidium (DHE), to visualize the presence of oxidative stress in the cells. Oxidative stress-increased sensitivity was confirmed by flow cytometry indicating induced cell death either via apoptosis or necrosis. This yeast data combined with previous data of literature (of M. perniciosa sensitivity to TcPR-10p) show that increased sensitivity to TcPR-10p in these mutants could be due to the TcPR10p-generated higher levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to increased cell death either via necrosis or apoptosis.