Evolución del paciente quirúrgico grave con ventilación mecánica en cuidados intensivos, según valor de creatininuria / Evolution of critically ill surgical patient with mechanical ventilation in intensive care, according the urine creatinine value

Introducción: El estado nutricional al ingreso influye en la evolución del paciente quirúrgico grave. La creatininuria, indicador de este estado, podría mostrar su posible asociación con la evolución de estos pacientes. Objetivos: Identificar la evolución de los pacientes quirúrgicos graves, con ventilación mecánica invasiva y su posible asociación con la creatininuria al ingreso. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo y longitudinal, en 85 pacientes quirúrgicos con ventilación mecánica invasiva, ingresados en la sala de cuidados intensivos, desde enero del 2000 a agosto del 2007. Se evaluó el índice APACHE II al ingreso y la creatininuria en la orina de 24 horas durante 3 días seguidos, con un equipo microprocesador Hitachi 902. El valor medio se contrastó con la mortalidad, morbilidad, estadía en cuidados intensivos y tiempo de ventilación mecánica. Las variables cuantitativas se expresaron como media, con desviación estándar y las cualitativas, como frecuencias absolutas o porcentajes. La comparación de medias se realizó con la t de Student. La asociación entre variables cualitativas se evaluó con ji cuadrado. Resultados: La edad media fue de 52,3 ± 15,8 años; el 54,1 por ciento correspondió al sexo masculino y el índice de APACHE II fue 20,4 ± 6 puntos. El diagnóstico más frecuente fue la peritonitis secundaria (49,4 por ciento). Los valores inferiores de creatininuria se asociaron a la mortalidad, presencia de complicaciones, mayor estadía en cuidados intensivos y del tiempo de ventilación mecánica. Conclusiones: La creatininuria al ingreso está asociada a la evolución de los pacientes quirúrgicos con ventilación mecánica invasiva(AU)

Introduction: The nutritional status at admission influences the evolution of the severely ill surgical patient. Urine creatinine, an indicator of this state, could show its possible association with the evolution of these patients. Objectives: To identify the evolution of critically ill surgical patients with invasive mechanical ventilation and its possible association with urine creatinine on admission. Methods: A descriptive and longitudinal observational study was carried out in 85 surgical patients with invasive mechanical ventilation, admitted to the Intensive Care Unit, from January 2000 to August 2007. The APACHE II index on admission and urine creatinine in the 24-hour urine for 3 consecutive days, with a Hitachi 902 microprocessor equipment. The mean value was contrasted with mortality, morbidity, stay in intensive care and time on mechanical ventilation. Quantitative variables were expressed as mean, with standard deviation, and qualitative variables, as absolute frequencies or percentages. The comparison of means was carried out with Student's t test. The association between qualitative variables was evaluated with chi square. Results: The mean age was 52,3 ± 15,8 years; 54,1 percent corresponded to the male sex and the APACHE II index was 20,4 ± 6 points. The most frequent diagnosis was secondary peritonitis (49,4 percent). Lower urine creatinine values ​​were associated with mortality, the presence of complications, a longer stay in intensive care and the time on mechanical ventilation. Conclusions: Urine creatinine on admission is associated with the evolution of surgical patients with invasive mechanical ventilation(AU)

Effects of parenteral glutamine in critically ill surgical patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: glutamine (GLN), the most abundant non-essential amino acid in the plasma, tends to be rapidly depleted in cells in situations of metabolic stress. Some studies have demonstrated the benefits of GLN supplementation on mortality, infection, and length of hospital stay. The objective of this review was to analyze whether parenteral supplementation with GLN has any relevant effect in critically ill surgical patients. Methods: based on a systematic database search, randomized clinical trials (RCTs) published since 1985 were included if they had evaluated the effect of parenteral GLN supplementation in critical surgical patients. The statistical analysis was performed using the RevMan 5.3 software. Results: seven RCTs were eligible for the meta-analysis. Parenteral glutamine supplementation was associated with a non-significant 24 % reduction in mortality (RR = 0.76; 95 % CI: 0.50-1.15). Infections were significantly reduced (RR = 0.60; 95 % CI: 0.45-0.80), and length of hospital stay was 4.09 days shorter (95 % CI: -6.71 to -1.46). Conclusion: parenteral GLN usage in critical surgical patients seems to decrease infection and length of hospital stay, but we could not demonstrate a significant reduction in mortality.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: la glutamina (GLN), el aminoácido no esencial más abundante en el plasma, tiende a agotarse rápidamente en las células en situaciones de estrés metabólico. Algunos estudios han demostrado beneficios de la suplementación con GLN en términos de reducción de la mortalidad, las infecciones y la duración de la hospitalización. El objetivo de esta revisión es analizar si la suplementación parenteral de GLN tiene algún efecto relevante para los pacientes quirúrgicos en estado crítico. Métodos: basado en una búsqueda sistemática de bases de datos, se incluyeron ensayos clínicos aleatorizados (ECA) publicados desde 1985 si estos habían evaluado el efecto de la suplementación parenteral de GLN en pacientes quirúrgicos críticos. El análisis estadístico se realizó utilizando el software RevMan 5.3. Resultados: siete ECA fueron elegibles para el metaanálisis. La suplementación parenteral de glutamina se asoció a una reducción no significativa del 24 % en la mortalidad (RR = 0,76; IC 95 %: 0,50-1,15). Las infecciones se redujeron significativamente (RR = 0,60; IC 95 %: 0,45-0,80) y la duración de la estancia de hospitalización fue 4,09 días menor (IC 95 %: -6,71 a -1,46). Conclusión: El uso de GLN parenteral en pacientes quirúrgicos críticos parece disminuir las infecciones y la duración de la estancia hospitalaria, pero no pudimos demostrar una reducción significativa de la mortalidad.

Surgical site infection by carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. A challenge for today's surgeons. / Infección de sitio quirúrgico asociada a enterobacterias productoras de carbapenemasas. Un desafío para el cirujano actual.

INTRODUCTION: Infections caused by carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) are dramatically increasing worldwide, with an important impact on surgical patients. Our aim was to assess the clinical profile, outcomes, treatment, mortality and costs of CPE-related surgical site infection (SSI) in patients with abdominal surgery. METHODS: Review of CPE-related SSI in patients with abdominal surgery from January 2013 to December 2018. Patient factors and interventions present previously to the SSI identification were recorded, and a mortality analysis was also performed in patients with abdominal surgery and CPE-related organ/space SSI. RESULTS: Fifty patients were included: superficial incisional SSI 50%, deep incisional SSI 28%, organ/space SSI (or intra-abdominal infection) 70%. Klebsiella pneumoniae OXA-48 was present in 84%, and the most frequent were colorectal surgery (40%) and pancreatic surgery (20%). The antimicrobial susceptibility was: ceftazidime-avibactam 100%, amikacin 91.7%, tigecycline 89.1%, colistin 70.8%, meropenem 62.8%, imipenem 52.1%. An appropriate definitive antimicrobial treatment was administered in 86%, using a combined scheme in 76%. Global 30-day mortality rate for intra-abdominal infection was 20%, and mortality-related factors were: solid tumour (P=.009), solid metastasis (P=.009), septic shock (P=.02), blood transfusions (P=.03). Median global stay was 45 (IQR 26-67) days. Median global cost of hospitalization was €29,946 (IQR 15,405-47,749). CONCLUSIONS: The clinical profile of patients with CPE-related SSI associates several comorbidities, interventions, prolonged stay and elevated costs. Mortality-related factors in intra-abdominal infection are solid tumour, metastasis, septic shock or blood transfusions.

Demanda de informações de pacientes cirúrgicos hospitalizados: estudo descritivo e prospectivo / Demand of hospitalized surgical patients information: a descriptive and prospective study / Demanda de informaciones de pacientes quirúrgicos hospitalizados: estudio descriptivo y prospectivo

OBJETIVOS: identificar as complicações pós-operatórias apresentadas por pacientes submetidos aos procedimentos cirúrgicos, em um hospital de média complexidade, as dificuldades vivenciadas no autocuidado durante o período pós-operatório e as orientações fornecidas no processo de alta hospitalar. MÉTODOS: estudo descritivo, prospectivo quantitativo, empreendido em pacientes que realizaram tratamentos cirúrgicos em um hospital do Paraná. RESULTADOS: de 110 pacientes, 70 (64%) participaram, sendo que destes, 57 (87%) apresentaram algum tipo de complicação e 67 (95%) afirmaram ter recebido orientações para a alta hospitalar. Apesar de 38 (54%) informarem não ter tido dúvidas quanto ao autocuidado, 26 (37%) relataram dúvidas quanto a realizar o curativo, e seis (9%) sobre o uso correto da medicação. Quanto ao profissional orientador, 45 (64%) foram orientados por enfermeiro, 40 (58%) por médico e quatro (5%) por outros profissionais. CONCLUSÃO: evidenciou-se a necessidade de ações educativas mais eficientes pelos profissionais da saúde no perioperatório.

AIM: to identify post-operative complications in patients undergoing surgical procedures in a hospital of medium complexity, the difficulties experienced in self-care during the post-operative period and the guidance provided in the discharge process. METHOD: a descriptive study, quantitative prospective undertaken in patients who underwent surgical treatment in a hospital of Paraná. RESULTS: in a total of 110 patients, 70 (64%) participated, and of these, 57 (87%) had some type of complication and 67 (95%) said they had received instructions for discharge. Although 38 (54%) inquiries did not have doubts about self-care, 26 (37%) reported doubts about changing the dressing and 6 (9%) about the correct use of medication. As for the professional advisor, 45 (64%) were instructed by nurses, 40 (58%) by doctors and 4 (5%) by other professionals. CONCLUSION: It showed the need for more efficient educational actions by health professionals in the peri-operative period.

OBJETIVOS: identificar las complicaciones pos operatorias presentadas por pacientes sometidos a los procedimientos quirúrgicos, en un hospital de media complejidad, las dificultades experimentadas en el autocuidado durante el período pos-operatorio y las orientaciones ofrecidas en el proceso de alta hospitalaria. MÉTODOS: estudio descriptivo, prospectivo cuantitativo, emprendido en pacientes que realizaron tratamientos quirúrgicos en un hospital de Paraná. RESULTADOS: de 110 pacientes, 70 (64%) participaron, siendo que de estos, 57 (87%) presentaron algún tipo de complicaciones y 67 (95%) afirmaron haber recibido orientaciones para la alta hospitalaria. A pesar de 38 (54%) informar no haber tenido dudas cuanto al autocuidado, 26 (37%) relataron dudas cuanto a realizar el curativo, y seis (9%) sobre el uso correcto de la medicación. Cuanto al profesional orientador, 45 (64%) fueron orientados por enfermero, 40 (58%) por médico y cuatro (5%) por otros profesionales. CONCLUSIÓN: se evidenció la necesidad de acciones educativas más eficientes por los profesionales de la salud en el peri operatorio.

[Analysis of factors conditioning admission at the critical care unit of surgical patients. Prospective study of 764 patients operated for 1 year at a university and reference hospital]. / Análisis de los factores que condicionan el ingreso de los pacientes quirúrgicos en una unidad de críticos. Un estudio prospectivo sobre 764 pacientes intervenidos durante 1 año en un hospital universitario y de referencia.

OBJECTIVE: Assess what factors determine the income of surgical patients in critical care unit after surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: It included a survey of the 10% of all patients operated by the services of General Surgery, Thoracic Surgery, Maxillofacial Surgery, Vascular Surgery, Urology and Otolaryngology during 2012. We performed a prospective, observational study. Pre-, intra-, and post-operative variables were analyzed. Comparisons were made between patients operated under elective and emergency surgery, and between patients admitted in critical care and admitted directly in the ward, using χ(2) of Pearson correlation with a confidence interval of 95%. RESULTS: Seven hundred and sixty-four patients were included into the study, 304 were admitted in critical care after surgery and 460 were admitted in the ward. The medical history showed a statistically significant association with intensive care unit admission, well as the fact of being labeled with a high risk for the risk scales. Complexity and duration of the surgery showed a statistically significant association with intensive care unit admission, as well as the fact of present intra-operative complications. Emergency surgery was not significantly associated with intensive care unit admission of surgical patients, although these patients had significantly higher numbers of intra- and post-operative complications, and more exitus than those undergoing elective surgery. CONCLUSIONS: A greater incidence of intensive care unit admission of patients undergoing emergency surgery should significantly reduce morbimortality rate. The existence of specific protocols for intensive care unit admission for urgent surgery, and greater availability of beds could be useful in this regard.

Caracterización de pacientes quirúrgicos de alto riesgo ingresados en terapia intensiva / Characteristics of the high risk surgical patients in the intensive care unit

Introducción: en los pacientes quirúrgicos de alto riesgo, es indiscutible la necesidad de la asistencia médica intensiva. Objetivo: caracterizar a los pacientes quirúrgicos de alto riesgo según variables demográficas, diagnósticos al ingreso y mortalidad. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, prospectivo y de corte longitudinal, con 394 pacientes quirúrgicos de alto riesgo ingresados en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital Docente Clínico Quirúrgico Joaquín Albarrán Domínguez en La Habana, durante los años 2012 y 2013. Resultados: el 98 por ciento de los pacientes quirúrgicos ingresados fueron de alto riesgo. La letalidad fue del 19,2 por ciento. El 31,5 por ciento de los fallecimientos pertenecían el grupo de 80 a 89 años de edad, no se encontró asociación significativa en cuanto a la edad y fallecimiento. El sexo masculino constituyó el 52,7 por ciento y el sexo femenino el 47,2 por ciento, predominó este último entre los fallecidos, se encontró asociación significativa. La peritonitis secundaria estuvo presente en el 30,3 por ciento de los fallecidos, las enfermedades neoplásicas del sistema digestivo en el 19,2 por ciento, y se encontró asociación significativa. La primera causa de muerte fue el fallo múltiple de órganos con 44,7 por ciento. Conclusiones: la mortalidad en los pacientes quirúrgicos de alto riesgo es adecuada, predominaron las pacientes femeninas de edades avanzadas; prevalecieron las peritonitis secundarias y las enfermedades neoplásicas, responsables posteriormente del fallo múltiple de órganos, por lo que se hace necesario estratificar el riesgo de cada paciente para intensificar o diferenciar la acción terapéutica(AU)

Introduction: the need of intensive care for high risk surgical patients is out of discussion. Objective: to characterize the high risk surgical patients by demographic features, diagnosis on admission and mortality. Methods: descriptive, prospective and longitudinal ofn394 high risk surgical patients admitted to the intensive care unit of Joaquín Albarrán Domínguez Hospital during 2012 and 2013. Results: ninety eight percent of the hospitalized surgical patients were classified as high risk. The fatality rate was 19. 2 percent. In this group, 31.5 percent of the dead people was in the 80 to 89 year age group, no significant association between age and mortality was found. Male sex prevail (52.7 percent) over female (47.2 percent), being females prevalent in mortality and there was significant association. Secondary peritonitis was present in 30.3 percent of the deceased people and neoplastic digestive system diseases in 19.2 percent with significant statistical association. The first cause of death was the multi-organ failure with 44. 7 percent. Conclusions: the mortality rate in the high risk surgical patients was acceptable; aged females prevailed; secondary peritonitis and neoplastic diseases predominated and led to multi-organ failure. It is therefore necessary to stratify the risk of every patient to intensify or customize the treatment intervention(AU)

Caracterización de pacientes quirúrgicos de alto riesgo ingresados en terapia intensiva / Characteristics of the high risk surgical patients in the intensive care unit

Introducción: en los pacientes quirúrgicos de alto riesgo, es indiscutible la necesidad de la asistencia médica intensiva.Objetivo: caracterizar a los pacientes quirúrgicos de alto riesgo según variables demográficas, diagnósticos al ingreso y mortalidad.Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, prospectivo y de corte longitudinal, con 394 pacientes quirúrgicos de alto riesgo ingresados en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital Docente Clínico Quirúrgico Joaquín Albarrán Domínguez en La Habana, durante los años 2012 y 2013.Resultados: el 98 por ciento de los pacientes quirúrgicos ingresados fueron de alto riesgo. La letalidad fue del 19,2 por ciento. El 31,5 por ciento de los fallecimientos pertenecían el grupo de 80 a 89 años de edad, no se encontró asociación significativa en cuanto a la edad y fallecimiento. El sexo masculino constituyó el 52,7 por ciento y el sexo femenino el 47,2 por ciento, predominó este último entre los fallecidos, se encontró asociación significativa. La peritonitis secundaria estuvo presente en el 30,3 por ciento de los fallecidos, las enfermedades neoplásicas del sistema digestivo en el 19,2 por ciento, y se encontró asociación significativa. La primera causa de muerte fue el fallo múltiple de órganos con 44,7 por ciento.Conclusiones: la mortalidad en los pacientes quirúrgicos de alto riesgo es adecuada, predominaron las pacientes femeninas de edades avanzadas; prevalecieron las peritonitis secundarias y las enfermedades neoplásicas, responsables posteriormente del fallo múltiple de órganos, por lo que se hace necesario estratificar el riesgo de cada paciente para intensificar o diferenciar la acción terapéutica(AU)

Introduction: the need of intensive care for high risk surgical patients is out of discussion.Objective: to characterize the high risk surgical patients by demographic features, diagnosis on admission and mortality.Methods: descriptive, prospective and longitudinal ofn394 high risk surgical patients admitted to the intensive care unit of Joaquín Albarrán Domínguez Hospital during 2012 and 2013.Results: ninety eight percent of the hospitalized surgical patients were classified as high risk. The fatality rate was 19. 2 percent. In this group, 31.5 percent of the dead people was in the 80 to 89 year age group, no significant association between age and mortality was found. Male sex prevail (52.7 percent) over female (47.2 percent), being females prevalent in mortality and there was significant association. Secondary peritonitis was present in 30.3 percent of the deceased people and neoplastic digestive system diseases in 19.2 percent with significant statistical association. The first cause of death was the multi-organ failure with 44. 7 percent.Conclusions: the mortality rate in the high risk surgical patients was acceptable; aged females prevailed; secondary peritonitis and neoplastic diseases predominated and led to multi-organ failure. It is therefore necessary to stratify the risk of every patient to intensify or customize the treatment intervention(AU)

Influência do estado nutricional e da composição corporal na morbimortalidade de doentes candidatos à cirurgia major / Influence of nutritional status and body composition in morbidity and mortality of patients eligible for major surgery

Malnutrition is an important risk factor for operative morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to evaluate prevalence of nutritional risk and malnutrition in patients eligible for major surgery and correlate them with clinical outcome. Nutritional screening was performed using the index ?Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool?. Nutritional status was assessed by anthropometric (Garrow, McWhirter and Blackburn), analytical (pre-albumin, transferrin, albumin and lymphocyte count) and functional (grip strength) parameters and body composition was evaluated by bioelectrical impedance. We studied 71 patients, 63.4% male, with mean age of 60.4±12.8 (30-91) years and oncologic pathology in 81.7% of cases. Mortality and morbidity rates were 7 and 31%, respectively. Postoperative hospitalization was 12.4±10.5 (1-61) days. Sixtyfour patients (90.1%) were considered of high nutritional risk and MUST score was 2.46±1.29 (0-6); 36.5% reported weight loss exceeding 5% and 16.9% of cases exceeded 10%. Only four patients (5.6%) presented BMI below 20kg/m2 while 72% showed BMI over 25kg/m2. Fat-free mass index (FFMI) was normal for only 11.3% of cases. Weight loss greater than 10% and ideal weight percentage were predictors of operative mortality (p=0.040, p=0.043). Morbidity related significantly to MUST, Buzby index, BMI, FFMI and albumin. We found high percentage of surgical patients at nutritional risk and high prevalence of excess weight or obesity. A systematic pre-operative nutritional assessment is needed for prognosis optimization.

La desnutrición es un importante factor de riesgo para la mortalidad y la morbilidad operatoria. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la prevalencia de riesgo nutricional y desnutrición en pacientes candidatos a cirugía major electiva y correlacionarlos con su evolución clínica. El examen nutricional se realizó mediante la herramienta ?Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool? (MUST). El estado nutricional se evaluó mediante parámetros antropométricos (criterios de Garrow, McWhirter y Blackburn), analíticas (prealbuminemia, transferrinemia, albuminemia y recuento total de linfocitos), funcionales (dinamometría) y la composición corporal por bioimpedancia. Se estudiaron 71 pacientes, 63,4% varones, con una edad media de 60,4±12,8 años (30-91) y con patología oncológica en el 81,7% de los casos. Las tasas de mortalidad y morbilidad fueron de 7 y 31%, respectivamente. La internación hospitalaria postoperatoria fue de 12,4±10,5 (1-61) días. Sesenta y cuatro pacientes (90,1%) fueron considerados de alto riesgo nutricional y su puntuación MUST fue de 2,46±1,29 (0-6), el 16,9% de los casos reportaron pérdida de peso superior al 10%. Sólo cuatro pacientes (5,6%) tenían un IMC (índice de masa corporal) inferior a 20kg/m2 y un 72% más de 25. El índice de masa sin grasa (IMSG) fue bajo en sólo el 4,2% de los casos. La pérdida de peso mayor que 10% y el porcentaje del peso corporal ideal fueron predictores de mortalidad operatoria (p=0,040, p=0,043). La morbilidad se relacionó significativamente con la suma de MUST, índice de Buzby, IMC, IMSG y albuminemia. Se evidenciaun alto porcentaje de pacientes quirúrgicos con riesgo nutricional y una alta prevalencia de exceso de peso u obesidad. A fin de optimizar el pronóstico, es necesaria una evaluación nutricional preoperatoria sistemática.

A má nutrição constitui um importante fator de risco de mortalidade e morbilidade operatória. O estudo teve como objetivos avaliar a prevalência do risco nutricional e da má nutrição em doentes candidatos à cirurgia eletiva major, e correlacioná-los com a evolução clínica. O rastreio nutricional foi efetuado por meio do Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST). O estado nutricional foi avaliado por parâmetros antropométricos (critérios de Garrow, McWhirter e Blackburn), analíticos (pré-albuminemia, transferrinemia, albuminemia e contagem de linfócitos) e funcionais (dinamometria); a composição corporal foi avaliada por bioimpedância. Foram estudados 71 pacientes, sendo 63,4% do gênero masculino, com idade média de 60,4±12,8 (30-91) anos e diagnóstico de patologia oncológica em 81,7% dos casos. As taxas de mortalidade e morbilidade foram de 7 e 31%, respectivamente. O internamento pós-operatório foi de 12,4±10,5 (1-61) dias. Um número de 64 doentes (90,1%) foi considerado em risco nutricional elevado e a pontuação MUST foi de 2,46±1,29 (0-6); 16,9% dos casos referiram perda de peso superior a 10%. Somente quatro pacientes (5,6%) apresentavam um IMC inferior a 20kg/m2 e 72%, superior a 25. O índice de massa não gorda (IMNG) foi baixo em apenas 4,2% dos casos. A perda ponderal superior a 10% e a percentagem de peso ideal constituíram fatores preditivos de mortalidade operatória (p=0,040; p=0,043). A morbilidade relacionouse significativamente com o somatório de MUST, Índice de Buzby, IMC, IMNG e albuminemia. Salienta-se uma elevada percentagem de doentes cirúrgicos em risco nutricional e uma alta prevalência de excesso ponderal ou obesidade. É necessária uma avaliação nutricional pré-operatória sistemática para uma otimização do prognóstico.