The Effect of Patient-associated Factors on Long-term Survival of Dental Implants.

Dental implant therapy has developed over the past half century to have documented successful outcomes in most patients who receive treatment. The long-term survival of dental implants depends upon a variety of factors including patient, surgeon, restorative dentist, and materials-related factors. The impact of patient-associated factors may impact significantly on the success of dental implants including diabetes mellitus, medications, smoking, parafunctional habits, oral hygiene, head and neck radiation, and the use of bisphosphonates, antiangiogenic, and antiresorptive medications.

Fretting-corrosion at the Implant-Abutment Interface Simulating Clinically Relevant Conditions.

OBJECTIVE: Implant treatment is provided to individuals with normal, idealized masticatory forces and also to patients with parafunctional habits such as grinding, clenching, and bruxing. Dental erosion is a common increasing condition and is reported to affect 32 % of adults, increasing with age. This oral environment is conducive to tribocorrosion and the potential loss of materials from the implant surfaces and interfaces with prosthetic components. Although several fretting-corrosion studies have been reported, until now, no study has simulated clinically relevant micromotion. Therefore, our aim is to investigate fretting-corrosion using our new micro-fretting corrosion system, simulating clinical conditions with 5 µm motion at the implant-abutment interface under various occlusal loads and acidic exposures. METHODS: We simulated four conditions in an oral environment by varying the contact load (83 N and 233 N) and pH levels (3 and 6.5). The commonly used dental implant material, Grade IV titanium, and abutment material Zirconia (ZrO2)/ Grade IV titanium were selected as testing couple materials. Artificial saliva was employed to represent an oral environment. In addition, a standard tribocorrosion protocol was followed, and the pin was controlled to oscillate on the disk with an amplitude of 5 µm during the mastication stage. After the testing, 3D profilometry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were utilized to analyze the worn surfaces. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was also used to measure the metal ion release. RESULTS: Energy ratios were below 0.2, indicating a fretting regime of partial slip for all groups. Open-circuit potential (OCP) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were analyzed to compare the electrochemical behavior among groups. As a result, corrosive damage was observed to be more in the Ti4- Ti4 groups than in Zr-Ti4 ones, whereas more mechanical damage was found in the Zr-Ti4 groups than in the Ti4-Ti4 groups. Possible mechanisms were proposed in the discussion to explain these findings. SIGNIFICANCE: The results observed from this study might be helpful to clinicians with implant selection. For example, for patients with bruxism, a titanium implant paired with a titanium abutment may be preferable, while patients with GERD may benefit more from a titanium implant paired with a zirconia abutment.

Reabilitação estética e funcional inferior com aumento de dimensão vertical de oclusão: relato de caso / Lower aesthetic and functional rehabilitation with increased vertical dimension of occlusion: case report

Os hábitos parafuncionais são caracterizados como movimentos involuntários e multifatoriais, podendo ter como principais fatores causais o estresse e a ansiedade. Essa condição acarreta, muitas vezes, na diminuição da dimensão vertical de oclusão por conta do desgaste dentário, prejudicando mastigação, fonação, estética e funções, sendo, portanto, de suma importância seu diagnóstico e tratamento. Aquele se dá através da anamnese, associado ao exame clínico e, se necessário, exames complementares. A abordagem clínico-terapêutica é ampla e multidisciplinar, devendo atuar no fator causal e suas consequências, existindo uma gama de possibilidades terapêuticas, tornando, por isso, um tratamento complexo. Por tal, o presente estudo aborda uma opção de tratamento em um relato de um caso clínico onde o paciente apresentava perda de dimensão vertical de oclusão, desgastes dentários e queixas funcionais e estéticas. A técnica se deu por meio do aumento da dimensão vertical através de Table Tops e facetas anteriores, ambas em resina composta atrelado ao aconselhamento multidisciplinar. Este trabalho mostrou a importância da realização de uma técnica reabilitadora correta, pois a sobrecarga e a perda de dimensão vertical podem gerar danos ao sistema estomatognático, prejudicando a articulação temporomandibular, ligamentos, músculos e dentes. Nesse contexto, conclui-se que é de suma importância uma avaliação minuciosa do paciente, tendo um planejamento correto do caso para um correto tratamento e um prognóstico positivo(AU)

Parafunctional habits are characterized as involuntary and multifactorial movements, and the main causal factors may be stress and anxiety. This condition often leads to a decrease in the vertical dimension of occlusion due to tooth wear, impairing chewing, phonation, aesthetics and functions, and therefore its diagnosis and treatment are of supreme importance. The former takes place through anamnesis, associated with a clinical examination and, if necessary, additional tests. The clinicaltherapeutic approach is wide and multidisciplinary and must operate on the causal factor and its consequences, with a range of therapeutic possibilities, turning it a complex treatment. Therefore, the study presents a treatment of a case report where the patient had loss of vertical dimension of occlusion, dental wear and functional and aesthetic complaints. The technique was performed by increasing the vertical dimension through Table Tops and anterior veneers, both in composite resin attached to a multidisciplinary advice. This work showed the importance of performing a correct rehabilitation technique, because the overload and loss of vertical dimension can cause damage to the stomatognathic system, harming the temporomandibular joint, ligaments, muscles and teeth. In this context, it is concluded that a thorough evaluation of the patient is very important, having a correct planning of the case for a correct treatment and a positive prognosis(AU)

Temporomandibular treatments are significantly efficient in improving otologic symptoms.

Symptoms of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) could be present as otologic symptoms like earache and dizziness in some patients. In most cases, these symptoms are not recognized because otolaryngologists fail to diagnose TMD as a source of the problem. This investigation was conducted to evaluate the effect of TMD treatments on the otologic symptoms which after taking history and clinical examinations seemed to be related to TMD. In the present study, the patients who were complaining of otalgia, ear fullness, tinnitus, hearing loss, and dizziness were evaluated by an ear fellow. Forty patients who had no known otologic or other primary causes to explain their symptoms, were referred to the orofacial pain clinic with the possible diagnosis of TMD. If the diagnosis was confirmed by an orofacial pain specialist, a combination of TMD treatments was administered to each case and the patients were followed up. The results showed that following implementation of treatment protocols for TMD, more than 50% of the patients reported complete or partial recovery in the second follow-up (p < 0.05). The most common otologic symptom of the referred cases was earache, and the most common associated complaint was neck pain. All the patients had one or more parafunctional habits. This study showed that TMD treatments were significantly efficient in improving otologic symptoms partially or completely and the authors concluded that for the patients with otolaryngologic unexplained symptoms, an overhaul examination is needed to assess TMD as a possible cause of the patient complaint. It is recommended that in cases with unexplained otologic symptoms, otolaryngologists care more about the neck trigger points (TP) and ask about the patient's parafunctional habits. Otolaryngologists and dentists need to be aware of the risk of developing otologic symptoms caused by these habits or cervical TPs.

Prevalence of Clinical Signs and Symptoms of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Registered in the EUROTMJ Database: A Prospective Study in a Portuguese Center.

Temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs) are characterized by their multifactorial etiology and pathogenesis. A 3-year prospective study was conducted in a Portuguese TMDs department to study the prevalence of different TMDs signs and symptoms and their association with risk factors and comorbidities. Five hundred ninety-five patients were included using an online database: EUROTMJ. Most patients were female (80.50%), with a mean age of 38.20 ± 15.73 years. The main complaints were: (1) temporomandibular joint (TMJ) clicking (13.26%); (2) TMJ pain (12.49%); (3) masticatory muscle tension (12.15%). The main clinical findings were myalgia (74%), TMJ clicking (60-62%), and TMJ arthralgia (31-36%). Risk factors such as clenching (60%) and bruxism (30%) were positively associated with TMJ pain and myalgia. Orthodontic treatment (20%) and wisdom tooth removal (19%) were positively associated with TMJ clicking, while jaw trauma (6%), tracheal intubation (4%) and orthognathic surgery (1%) were positively associated with TMJ crepitus, limited mandibular range of motion, and TMJ pain, respectively. In total, 42.88% of TMDs patients had other associated chronic diseases, most of them were mental behavioral or neurodevelopmental disorders (33.76%), namely, anxiety (20%) and depression (13%). The authors also observed a positive association of mental disorders with the degree of TMJ pain and myalgia. The online database seems to be a relevant scientific instrument for healthcare providers who treat TMDs. The authors expect that the EUROTMJ database can serve as a milestone for other TMDs departments.

Comparison of signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders and parafunctions in children with and without cardiovascular diseases.

AIM: This study aimed to examine and compare the signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) and oral parafunctions in pediatric patients with and without cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). STUDY DESIGN: A total of 295 children with CVD (the CVDG group) admitted to the Cardiology Department and another set of 295 children without CVD (the CG group) were included in this study. All children were 6-18 years old. This study was conducted in 2 stages, comprising a questionnaire (symptoms/parafunctional habits) and a temporomandibular joint examination (signs) based on the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD). The data obtained were evaluated statistically. RESULTS: The two groups showed no significant difference in the prevalence of TMD symptoms/signs or parafunctional habits (p > 0.05). Although the anamnestic symptoms related to pain were lower in the CVDG group, the clinical examination results were similar in terms of pain findings between the two groups. Both anamnestic and clinical findings showed higher "joint noise" and "deviation" in the CVDG group (p < 0.05). With regard to parafunctional habits, "fingernail biting" and "bruxism", were higher in the CVDG group than in the CG group. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of TMDs and oral parafunctions did not vary between children with and without CVD. However, a significant relationship was observed between the symptoms/signs of TMDs, parafunctional habits and the presence of CVD in children.

Incidence and Clinical Presentation of Temporo-Mandibular Joint Disorders and their Association with Psychological Distress and Para-Functional Habits in a Non-Patient Population.

Purpose: The study aims at finding the incidence of temporo-mandibular joint disorders (TMDs) in a non-patient population and relates their association with psychological distress and parafunctional habits. Materials and Methods: A DC/TMD questionnaire and DASS-21 scale survey were completed by selected participants followed by clinical examination of TMDs symptoms in sample population. Results: A study sample of 855 participants revealed 36.65% population with various TMDs symptoms, while 63.5% population had no TMDs symptoms. 50.8% study participants were men, and 49.2% were women. Of all affected population, 16.2% had pain-related TMDs, 12.39% had intra-articular TMDs symptoms, and 8.07% had TMJ pain associated with pain or dysfunction. For all TMDs symptoms groups, the strongest correlations were for depression, while no significant associations were observed with parafunctional habits in all groups. Conclusions: Overall psychological distress and anxiety increased the prospects of TMDs symptoms. Clinical factors like muscle tenderness, crossbite and deep vertical overlap seem to be significant etiological factors, while angle molar relationship and parafunctional habits do not seem to be significant etiologic factors in TMDs.

The relationship of masseter muscle thickness with face morphology and parafunctional habits: an ultrasound study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the normal range of masseter muscle thickness by ultrasonographic measurement in individuals over 15 years of age, and to evaluate its relationship with age, gender, facial morphology, body mass index and parafunctional habits. METHODS: The study was conducted on 115 volunteers whose lateral cephalometric radiography was performed within the indication in Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology. The participants in the study were asked questions about their parafunctional habits, age, height and weight. Individuals were grouped as hypodivergent (n = 28), normdivergent (n = 55), or hyperdivergent (n = 32) according to vertical face morphology by making measurements on lateral cephalometric films. Right and left masseter muscle thicknesses of individuals were measured by ultrasonography while at rest and in contraction. RESULTS: The mean value of masseter muscle thickness was found to be 13.57 ± 2.57 mm. The rest and contracted muscle thicknesses were significantly higher in males than in females for the right and left masseter muscles (p < 0.05). When the masseter muscle was at rest and contracted, its thickness was higher in individuals with hypodivergent facial morphology, than in the other groups. No statistically significant difference was found in terms of masseter muscle thickness between individuals having parafunctional habits and those who did not have parafunctional habits (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Although masseter muscle thickness varied according to vertical facial morphology, this was not the case for parafunctional habits.

Association of oral behaviours' frequency with psychological profile, somatosensory amplification, presence of pain and self-reported pain intensity.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of the frequency of oral behaviours with psychological (anxiety, depression) and psychosomatic factors (somatosensory amplification) as well as with pain presence (Temporomandibular disorders-pain (TMDp) patients and control (CTR) participants) and pain intensity (no_low pain intensity (nLPI)/high pain intensity (HPI)). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty-four TMDp patients (48 females and 6 males; 29.13 ± 10.46 years) and 46 controls (29 females and 17 males; 28.54 ± 9.71 years) were administered Oral Behaviours Checklist (OBC), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 Scale, Patient Health Questionnaire-9 for depression and Somatosensory Amplification Scale. Data were analysed with respect to the presence of TMD pain and to pain intensity. Mann-Whitney test and Spearman's rank correlation were used for analyses. RESULTS: No significant differences in examined variables between TMDp patients and CTR individuals were found. The frequency of oral behaviors (OBC total score and sleep-related oral behaviours) as well as anxiety, depression and somatosensory amplification scores were higher in HPI group when compared to nLPI group (p < .05). In univariate correlations, oral behaviours were positively correlated with somatosensory amplification (p = .001), anxiety (p < .05), depression (p < .05), female sex (p < .05) and pain intensity (p < .05) but not with pain presence. Multiple linear regression models showed that predictors for the higher frequency of oral behaviours were anxiety and female sex. CONCLUSIONS: Oral behaviours were associated with pain intensity but not with pain presence and were primarily influenced by anxiety and female sex, suggesting that therapeutic approach should consider both, reducing pain intensity and management of the impact of psychological factors.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04694274. Registered on 01/04/2021.

Temporomandibular joints disorders (TMDs) prevalence and their relation to anxiety in dental students.

Background: Temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs) are very common disorders affecting the population and causing pain. Researchers have reported a high prevalence of TMDs among university students due to increased distress. The aims of this study were to determine the frequency of TMDs in Umm al-Qura University (UQU) dental students using the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD), and to examine the relationship between anxiety, bruxism, and TMDs among those students. Methods: The DC/TMD pain screener questionnaire was completed by dental students. Students who reported TMD pain or had at least one positive TMD symptom were invited to the dental clinic for a full TMJ evaluation. History of bruxism was documented and an ultra-brief tool for detecting anxiety and depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-4 PHQ) was completed by all students. Results: A total of 240 students responded to the TMD pain screener in which 119 reported at least one TMJ symptom. Only 93 dental students presented to clinical examination in which 64.5% (n=60) of them had temporomandibular joint disorders. Disc displacement with reduction and local myalgia (38.7% & 32.25%, respectively) were the most frequent diagnosis. A total of 29% (n=27) of students had more than one diagnosis. Overall, 41 participants (44.09%) reported a positive response to the anxiety scale and (n=38) 40% of participants reported parafunctional habits. Both the history of bruxism and anxiety were significantly related to TMDs (P=0.0002) and also significantly higher in women of higher academic years (P≤0.01). Conclusions: This study found a high prevalence of TMDs among UQU dental students. Disc displacement with reduction was the most prevalent disorder. Bruxism and anxiety were associated with painful TMDs.

Temporomandibular disorders among medical students in China: prevalence, biological and psychological risk factors.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the prevalence of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and their associated biological and psychological factors in Chinese university students. METHODS: A total of 754 students were included from Zunyi Medical University, each participant completed questionnaires and clinical examinations according to the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of TMD was 31.7% among medical students. Subjects with TMD had a high prevalence of bruxism, empty chewing, unilateral chewing, chewing gum, anterior teeth overbite, anterior teeth overjet, depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbance. Moreover, sleep bruxism, empty chewing, unilateral chewing, anterior teeth overbite, depression, and anxiety were the strongest risk factors for TMD. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with TMD have a high prevalence of psychological distress and oral parafunctional habits. Except for the psychological factors associated with TMD, bruxism, abnormal chewing, and malocclusion also shared similar risks for TMD.

Treatment responses in chronic temporomandibular patients depending on the treatment modalities and frequency of parafunctional behaviour.

OBJECTIVES: (i) To evaluate the effect of three different interventions on treatment outcomes and (ii) to determine how the frequency of oral parafunction influences the effectiveness of the different therapeutic modalities. METHODS: Forty-five participants were randomly assigned into three treatment groups [physical therapy (PT), stabilisation splint (SS) and control therapy (CT)]. According to Oral Behavior Checklist score, participants were divided into "high-frequency parafunction" (HFP) and low-frequency parafunction" (LFP) group. Primary (spontaneous pain and characteristic pain intensity) and secondary outcomes (range of mouth opening, anxiety symptoms, quality of life, perceived stress and global functional limitation) were evaluated during six-month treatment period. RESULTS: Participants in PT group showed a significant reduction in characteristic pain intensity (p = .047, η2  = 0.243) when compared to SS and CT group, but significant improvement in spontaneous pain was found in all treatment groups. Patients treated with PT and SS exhibited significantly stronger improvement in pain-free mouth opening than patients in CT group (3rd month: p=.037, η2=0.258; 6th month: p = .005, η2  = 0.383). Within-group analyses showed significant decrease of perceived stress, anxiety symptoms and global functional limitation only in PT group over a six-month treatment period. Participants with HFP presented significantly greater levels of anxiety (3rd month: p = .009, η2  = 0.275; 6th month: p = .041, η2  = 0.176) than participants with LFP. Within-group analyses, however, showed significant improvement of anxiety, but also the decrease of perceived stress and improvement of global limitation for the HFP group but not for the LFP group. CONCLUSION: Although no treatment can be marked as superior in terms of spontaneous pain relief, PT was more effective when observing relief of characteristic pain intensity. In HFP group the reduction of anxiety, stress and functional limitation was present regardless of the applied therapy. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04694274. Registered on 01/04/2021.

Associations between mandibular torus and types of temporomandibular disorders, and the clinical usefulness of temporary splint for checking bruxism.

BACKGROUND: Occlusal stress from oral parafunctional habits is one of the causes of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and mandibular torus (MT). Although some studies have investigated the correlation between TMD and MT, understanding of the relationships between types of TMD and MT is insufficient. Therefore, we conducted this study to investigate the associations between presence of MT and TMD types. METHODS: This study included 77 patients diagnosed with TMD who first visited our clinic for TMD between March 2019 and July 2020. Among them, 30 (38.9%) had MT, and 54 (70.1%) had oral parafunction. Parafunctional activity during sleep was confirmed using a temporary splint for checking bruxism (TSCB). RESULTS: The relationship between prevalence of MT and oral parafunction in TMD patients was not statistically significant (P = 0.131), but the odds ratio was relatively high at 2.267. An analysis of TMD type revealed that Type I, which is classified as myalgia of the masticatory muscles, and MT had a significant association (P = 0.011). We fabricated a TSCB for 27 patients to wear during sleep and confirmed that 23 (85.2%) had nocturnal bruxism. The TSCB results and presence of MT showed a significant relationship (P = 0.047). CONCLUSION: Through the results of this study, clinicians may consider the hyperactivity of masticatory muscles in the presence of MT when treating TMD patients. In addition, TSCB has a great diagnostic value as it can be easily manufactured and be useful for discovering pre-existing oral parafunctions that patients are not aware of.

Erosive Tooth Wear, Presence of Parafunctional Habits and Tooth Injuries-Occurrence in a Group of Children and Adolescents Exposed to Domestic Violence.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the prevalence of parafunctional habits, erosive tooth wear and occurrence of tooth injuries among children being under the care of Social Welfare Centre and children treated in the Department of Children's Dentistry of the Medical University of Warsaw. STUDY DESIGN: The study contains environmental and medical interviews, record-based analysis and clinical examination. Parafunctional habits were rated on the base of dental interviews and clinical examinations. The occlusal surfaces were evaluated by visual examination using modified tooth wear index (TWI). Tooth injuries were reported from a medical interview labeled using Andreasen classification. The consent of the bioethics committee and guardians of children participated in the study was obtained. RESULTS: The study involved 782 patients, including 404 children from dysfunctional families (average age 11,4 ± 3,7) and 378 from ordinary families-control group (8,53 ± 3,92). In the study group we observed higher prevalence of erosive tooth wear (44,66% vs 18,02% p=0,000), dental trauma (9,4% vs 3,44% p=0,001) and a presence of parafunctional habits (67,8% vs 20,4 % p=0,000). CONCLUSION: The occurrence of parafunctional habits, erosive tooth wear and tooth injuries may be an indicator of domestic violence and a component of maltreated child syndrome.

Prevalence of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders and its Association with Para Functional Habits in the Patients Attending Tertiary Care Hospital.

BACKGROUND: Temporo-mandibular disorders is a collective term used to describe problems involving muscles of mastication and temporomandibular joint. The study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of temporo-mandibular disorders and its association with parafunctional habits in patients visiting department of dentistry, Patan Academy of Health Sciences. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out among 213 patients coming to Patan Academy of Health Sciences. A screening questionnaire recommended by American Association of Orofacial Pain was used to determine the signs and symptoms of temporo-mandibular disorders. RESULTS: The prevalence of temporomandibular disorders was 31.9 %. The three most common parafunctional habits were chewing gums (32.4 %), mouth breathing (19.7 %) and biting of objects (14.6 %) respectively. Statistically significant association was found between nail biting, grinding of teeth, biting of lips and objects and mouth breathing with signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders (p<0.05). Among the signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders, getting headaches, neck pain or toothaches often was the most frequent signs of temporomandibular disorders (n=105, 49.3 %). Feeling of recent change in bite was the second most frequent sign reported by 82 participants (38.5 %). CONCLUSIONS: The parafunctional habits between nail biting, grinding of teeth, biting of lips and objects and mouth breathing have statistically significant association with signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders.

Parafunctional Behaviors and Its Effect on Dental Bridges.

Parafunctional behaviors, especially bruxism, are not uncommon among patient visiting dentists' clinics daily and they constitute a major dental issue for almost all dentists. Many researchers have focused on the definition, pathophysiology, and treatment of these behaviors. These parafunctional behaviors have a considerable negative impact on teeth and dental prothesis. In this review, we focused on the impact of parafunctional behaviors on dental bridges. We summarized the definitions, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and consequences of parafunctional behaviors. In addition, we reviewed previous dental literature studies that demonstrated the effect of bruxism or other parafunctional behaviors on dental bridges and dental prothesis. In conclusion, parafunctional behaviors are common involuntary movements involving the masticatory system. They are more prevalent among children. These behaviors have deleterious effects on dental structures. Causes of parafunctional behaviors include anxiety, depression, smoking, caffeine intake, sleep disorders, or central neurotransmitter dysfunction. Bruxism and other similar masticatory system activity cause dental fracture, loss, and weardown of enamel or teeth. They can also affect different types of dental protheses both fixed and removable types. Parafunctional behaviors shorten the life expectancy of these protheses, and damage residual dentition and denture-bearing tissues.

Risk Factors of Orofacial Pain: A Population-Based Study in West Java Province, Indonesia.

BACKGROUND: The management of orofacial pain in Indonesia has not been well performed, which consequently led to an increase in the orofacial pain occurrences and a decreased quality of life. One of the possible reasons for this particular matter is the lack of evaluation on the risk factors that might induce orofacial pain in some individuals. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the current study was to evaluate the risk factors of orofacial pain on productive age population in West Java province, Indonesia. METHODS: One thousand and fifty-six participants (522 males; 534 females) were recruited for the study. A questionnaire that consists of demographic questions and questions evaluating several assumed risk factors for orofacial pain was used in a single interview. All data was analyzed by using Chi Square test to test the significance, Odds Ratio (OR), as well as Relative Risk (RR) by using SPSS version 23 (IBM Statistic, USA). RESULTS: The result of the current study revealed that bruxism (p<0.01), daytime clenching (p<0.01), and unilateral chewing (p<0.01) were significantly related to the occurrence of orofacial pain. It was also found that participants who performed multitude of heavy liftings at work have an increased risk (RR=1.19: 95% CI: 1.04 - 1.35) of having orofacial pain compared to those who do not. CONCLUSION: Risk factors for the occurrence of orofacial pain on productive age population in Indonesian sample consisted of oral parafunctional habits and non-parafunctional habits, such as heavy lifting. Further study in this particular topic is of importance.

Uses of electromyography in dentistry: An overview with meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to review the uses of electromyography (EMG) in dentistry in the last few years in related research. EMG is an advanced technique to record and evaluate muscle activity. In the previous days, EMG was only used for medical sciences, but now EMG playing a tremendous role in medical as well as dental sector. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Several electronic databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, and Web of Science were systematically searched for studies published until July 2015. RESULTS: EMG can be used in both diagnosis and treatment purpose to record neuromuscular activity. In dentistry, we can utilize EMG to evaluate muscular activity in function such as chewing and biting or parafunctional activities such as clenching and bruxism. In case of TMJ and myofascial pain disorders, EMG widely is used in the last few years. CONCLUSIONS: EMG is one of biometric tests that occur in the modern evidence-based dentistry practice.

Industrial noise and tooth wear - experimental study.

UNLABELLED: Tooth wear is a complex multifactorial process that involves the loss of hard dental tissue. Parafunctional habits have been mentioned as a self-destructive process caused by stress, which results in hyperactivity of masticatory muscles. Stress manifests itself through teeth grinding, leading to progressive teeth wear. The effects of continuous exposure to industrial noise, a "stressor" agent, cannot be ignored and its effects on the teeth must be evaluated. AIMS: The aim of this study was to ascertain the effects of industrial noise on dental wear over time, by identifying and quantifying crown area loss. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 39 Wistar rats were used. Thirty rats were divided in 3 experimental groups of 10 animals each. Animals were exposed to industrial noise, rich in LFN components, for 1, 4 and 7 months, with an average weekly exposure of 40 hours (8h/day, 5 days/week with the weekends in silence). The remaining 9 animals were kept in silence. The areas of the three main cusps of the molars were measured under light microscopy. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: A two-way ANOVA model was applied at significance level of 5%. RESULTS: The average area of the molar cusps was significantly different between exposed and non-exposed animals. The most remarkable differences occurred between month 1 and 4. The total crown loss from month 1 to month 7 was 17.3% in the control group, and 46.5% in the exposed group, and the differences between these variations were significant (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that industrial noise is an important factor in the pathogenesis of tooth wear.

Temporomandibular disorders in burning mouth syndrome patients: an observational study.

BACKGROUND: Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS) is a chronic disease characterized by absence of any lesions and burning of the oral mucosa associated to a sensation of dry mouth and/or taste alterations. The purpose of our study is to estimate signs and symptoms of Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD) in patients with BMS and to investigate for the existence of an association between BMS and TMD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-four BMS patients were enrolled; BMS subtype was established according to the classification of Lamey. After a gnathological evaluation, according to the protocol of the European Academy of Craniomandibular Disorders, patients were classified by RDC/TMD criteria. The data were compared and analyzed using a chi-square test to describe the existence of an association between BMS and TMD. RESULTS: 65.9% the BMS patients showed disorders classified as primary signs and symptoms of TMD according to RDC / TMD criteria, and 72.7% showed parafunctional habits. The chi-square test revealed a statistically significant association (p = 0.035) between BMS and TMD. CONCLUSION: The data suggest that there is a possible relationship not yet well understood between BMS and TMD, may be for neurophatic alterations assumed for BMS that could be also engaged in TMD pathogenesis.