The Impact of Parental Suicide Stigma on Youth Suicide Stigma in Mexico.

Suicide negatively impacts societies worldwide. A particular area of concern is the prevalence of suicide among Latinx youth, as research indicates that suicide behaviors among Latinx in the United States and youth in Latin America have increased drastically over the last decade. Reducing suicide stigma is a key factor in promoting youth help-seeking behaviors regarding suicidality. Previous research suggests that a relationship with a trusted adult may influence the likelihood of an adolescent contacting a suicide crisis line. Our study seeks to further the research of how parents can influence youth perceptions of suicide by studying the relationship between parent and child suicide stigma. Data were collected from parent-child dyads throughout Mexico. The Stigma of Suicide Scale Short Form was used to measure suicide stigma among adult and youth participants independently. Results suggest that parent suicide stigma was a significant predictor of youth suicide stigma, that male youth in our sample had higher suicide stigma than female youth, and that access to healthcare services was associated with lower suicide stigma. Results are discussed considering unique cultural factors in Mexico such as familismo. If future research reinforces the findings of this study, suicide stigma programs might be more effective if targeted at the entire family unit rather than just adolescents.

The reliability and validity of Child-to-parent Violence Questionnaire (CPV-Q) among Chinese adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To test the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Child-to-parent Violence Questionnaire (CPV-Q) in a group of Chinese adolescents. METHODS: A total of 1138 adolescents (15.24 ± 1.17 years old) were tested with the Chinese version of CPV-Q, Parent-Adolescent Conflict Scale, and Adolescent Aggressive Behavior Scale of which 201 adolescents were retested 1 month later. The Chinese version of CPV-Q contains psychological, physical, financial, and control/domain factors with 14 items. RESULTS: The four-factor model has good main fit indicators (father: χ2/df = 3.28, CFI = 0.96, RMSEA = 0.06; mother: χ2/df = 3.30, CFI = 0.96, RMSEA = 0.06); the scale has good criterion-related validity. The Cronbach's α coefficients of the Chinese version of CPV-Q were 0.89 (father) and 0.88 (mother), and the Cronbach's α coefficients of the four subscales were 0.81 ~ 0.84 (father) and 0.76 ~ 0.85 (mother). The test-retest reliability of the Chinese version of CPV-Q was 0.85 (father) and 0.83 (mother), and the test-retest reliability of the four subscales was 0.80 ~ 0.83 (father) and 0.75 ~ 0.84 (mother). CONCLUSION: Therefore, the CPV-Q has good reliability and validity for Chinese adolescents and can be used as an effective tool to evaluate Chinese adolescents' violence toward their parents.

An integrative review of parent education approaches in sport: Considerations for program planning and evaluation.

In recent years, there has been an increase in the delivery and evaluation of parent education programs within youth sport. Subsequently, some recent reviews of these programs have been conducted. However, one consistent issue across many of the programs and associated review papers is the lack of an appropriate evaluation framework to guide the planning or associated reporting of the outcomes of the interventions. This has limited understanding of the overall impact of sport parenting interventions. Thus, the purposes of the current study were as follows: (a) to identify commonalities in the reporting and evaluation of parent education programs; (b) to identify gaps in the reporting and evaluation of parent education programs; (c) to draw these insights together to provide suggestions regarding how the RE-AIM could be used to enhance planning and evaluation of evidence-based programs for parent education in sport. Specifically, utilizing the RE-AIM framework to provide insights into pertinent evaluation metrics, this integrative review aimed to identify commonalities and gaps in the reporting of parent education programs. The RE-AIM framework considers the essential elements to assess the external and internal validity of interventions through five dimensions: Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance (Am J Public Health. 1999;89(9):1322-1327). Subsequently, the review aimed to provide suggestions regarding strategies to enhance the planning and evaluation of evidence-based programs for parent education in sport. Overall, the analysis demonstrated that most studies presented some pertinent evaluation information related to the RE-AIM framework, such as the number of participants and contacts made, the measures used, and the program level. However, the studies also lacked information on participant exclusion criteria, the method used to select the delivery agent (e.g., parents engaged in the program), and cost measures. Overall, the current study identified various areas where programs could be enhanced, specifically related to reporting procedural elements (e.g., program design, target population, and costs) pertaining to the implementation of parent education programs.

Parent-child conflict and adolescent health literacy in Mexico: Results from a nationwide dyad study in Mexico.

Research suggests that health literacy (HL) is critical in preventing and managing health problems. However, over half of adults in Mexico report having inadequate health literacy. Research suggests the parent-child relationship can be a key predictor of developmental competencies; however, little research has examined how dyadic family interactions relate to HL. This study examined whether parent-child relationship conflict was associated with adolescent health literacy among families living in Mexico. Data from a parent-child dyads in Mexico were gathered using online surveys (N = 746, 373 parent-child dyads). Our findings suggested that child-reported family conflict-but not parent-reported family conflict - was associated with lower adolescent health literacy. Researchers and practitioners should consider how parent-child conflict may impact adolescent health outcomes, and prioritise child reports in data collection.

The oral health impact profile and well-being on mothers and preschool children.

OBJECTIVES: to verify the contribution of mothers' oral health impact profile to their children's oral health profile and the contribution of mothers' well-being and the caries index (dmft) to children's well-being. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional observational study. Mothers and pre-school children enrolled in public schools in the municipality of Araraquara-SP took part. The Oral Health Impact Profile Questionnaire (OHIP-14), Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS) and the Autoquestionnaire Qualité de Vie Enfant Imagé (AUQEI) were used. To diagnose caries, a clinical examination was carried out to calculate the dmft index. Path analysis was carried out and the path coefficients were estimated (ß) and evaluated using the z-test (α = 5%). RESULTS: 443 children took part (5.19 ± 0.64 years; 52.4% boys) with an mean dmft of 1.31 ± 2.19. The mean age of the mothers was 33.4 ± 7.01 years. There was a significant impact of dmft and maternal well-being on the child's subjective well-being (s2explained = 43%). The mothers' oral health impact profile and the child's caries experience had a significant influence on both the child (OHIP: ß = 0.22; p < 0.001; dmft: ß = 0.48; p < 0.001) and the family (OHIP: ß = 0.29; p < 0.001; dmft: ß = 0.32; p < 0.001). The child's dmft (ß=-0.10; p = 0.005) and the mothers' subjective well-being (ß=-0.61; p < 0.001) had a significant impact on the child's subjective well-being. CONCLUSION: The mothers' oral health impact profile and the child's caries experience had an impact on both the child and the family. Mothers' subjective well-being and caries experience should be considered when assessing the subjective well-being of Brazilian preschool children.

Parent training for disruptive behavior symptoms in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a randomized clinical trial.

Background: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) affects 5% of children and 2.5% of adults worldwide. Comorbidities are frequent, and Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) reaches 50%. Family environment is crucial for the severity of behaviors and for prognosis. In middle-income countries, access to treatment is challenging, with more untreated children than those under treatment. Face-to-face behavioral parent training (PT) is a well-established intervention to improve child behavior and parenting. Method: A clinical trial was designed to compare PT-online and face-to-face effects to a waiting list group. Outcomes were the ADHD and ODD symptoms, parental stress and styles, and quality of life. Families were allocated into three groups: standard treatment (ST), ST + PT online, and ST + Face-to-Face PT. We used repeated measures ANOVA for pre × post treatment analysis corrected for multiple comparisons. Results and discussion: Parent training was effective in reducing symptoms of ADHD (p = 0.030) and ODD (p = 0.026) irrespective of modality (p = 1.000). The combination of ST and PT was also associated with better quality of life in the physical domain for patients (p = 0.009) and their parents (p = 0.050). In addition to preliminary data, online intervention seems effective for parenting and improving social acceptance of children. The potential to reach many by an online strategy with a self-directed platform may imply effectiveness with a low cost for public health to support parents' symptoms management.

Parent-child conflict in Mexican-origin families: Charting development from adolescence to young adulthood.

Grounded in developmental and cultural-ecological perspectives, the current study examined trajectories of parent-youth conflict regarding everyday issues across adolescence and into young adulthood. Data came from 246 Mexican-origin families in the southwestern United States with younger siblings (51% female, Mage = 12.8, SD = 0.58), older siblings (Mage = 15.5, SD = 1.57), mothers (Mage = 39.0; SD = 4.6), and fathers (Mage = 41.7; SD = 5.8) and were collected at four time points over an 8-year period. Multilevel modeling analyses revealed linear declines in mother-youth and father-youth conflict across ages 12-22. Youth, but not parent, familism values were associated with variation in parent-youth conflict. This study extends understanding of culturally and developmentally salient processes of mother-youth and father-youth relationships in Mexican-origin families.

Adolescents' relationships with parents and romantic partners in eight countries.

INTRODUCTION: Creating romantic relationships characterized by high-quality, satisfaction, few conflicts, and reasoning strategies to handle conflicts is an important developmental task for adolescents connected to the relational models they receive from their parents. This study examines how parent-adolescent conflicts, attachment, positive parenting, and communication are related to adolescents' romantic relationship quality, satisfaction, conflicts, and management. METHOD: We interviewed 311 adolescents at two time points (females = 52%, ages 15 and 17) in eight countries (China, Colombia, Italy, Kenya, the Philippines, Sweden, Thailand, and the United States). Generalized and linear mixed models were run considering the participants' nesting within countries. RESULTS: Adolescents with negative conflicts with their parents reported low romantic relationship quality and satisfaction and high conflicts with their romantic partners. Adolescents experiencing an anxious attachment to their parents reported low romantic relationship quality, while adolescents with positive parenting showed high romantic relationship satisfaction. However, no association between parent-adolescent relationships and conflict management skills involving reasoning with the partner was found. No associations of parent-adolescent communication with romantic relationship dimensions emerged, nor was there any effect of the country on romantic relationship quality or satisfaction. CONCLUSION: These results stress the relevance of parent-adolescent conflicts and attachment as factors connected to how adolescents experience romantic relationships.

Modeling missing pedigree with metafounders and validating single-step genomic predictions in a small dairy cattle population with a great influence of foreign genetics.

Genetic improvement in small countries rely heavily on foreign genetics. In an importing country such as Uruguay, consideration of unknown parent groups (UPG) for foreign sires is essential. However, the use of UPG in genomic model evaluations may lead to bias in genomic estimated breeding values (GEBV). The objective of this study was to study different models including UPG or metafounders (MF) in the Uruguayan Holstein evaluation and to analyze bias, dispersion, and accuracy of GEBV predictions in BLUP and single-step genomic BLUP (ssGBLUP). A gamma matrix (Γ) was estimated either by using base allele population frequencies obtained by bounded linear regression (MFbounded), or by using 2 values to design Γ (i.e., a single value for the diagonal and a different value for the off-diagonal [MFrobust]). Both Γ estimators performed well in terms of GEBV predictions, but MFbounded was the best option. There is, however, some bias whose origin was not completely understood. UPG or MF seem to model correctly genetic progress for unknown parents except for the very first groups (earlier time period). As for validation bulls, bias was observed across all models, whereas for validation cows it was only observed with UPG in BLUP. Overdispersion was found in all models, but it was mostly detected in validation bulls. Ratio of accuracies indicated that ssGBLUP gave better predictions than BLUP.

Exploring the Acquisition of Social Communication Skills in Children with Autism: Preliminary Findings from Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA), Parent Training, and Video Modeling.

Social communication skills, especially eye contact and joint attention, are frequently impaired in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and predict functional outcomes. Applied behavior analysis is one of the most common evidence-based treatments for ASD, but it is not accessible to most families in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) as it is an expensive and intensive treatment and needs to be delivered by highly specialized professionals. Parental training has emerged as an effective alternative. This is an exploratory study to assess a parental intervention group via video modeling to acquire eye contact and joint attention. Four graded measures of eye contact and joint attention (full physical prompt, partial physical prompt, gestural prompt, and independent) were assessed in 34 children with ASD and intellectual disability (ID). There was a progressive reduction in the level of prompting required over time to acquire eye contact and joint attention, as well as a positive correlation between the time of exposure to the intervention and the acquisition of abilities. This kind of parent training using video modeling to teach eye contact and joint attention skills to children with ASD and ID is a low-cost intervention that can be applied in low-resource settings.

Perception of parents and caregivers about the need for dental appointments for adolescents from a Brazilian birth cohort.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the perception of parents or caregivers regarding the need for dental appointments for adolescents aged 12-13 years and associated factors. METHODS: Data from the Pelotas 2004 Birth Cohort were used. The outcome variable was the need for dental appointments for young adolescents perceived by parents or caregivers. Demographic and economic exposure variables were obtained from the first (2004) and sixth general follow-up (2015), respectively. The exposure variables 'previous history of dental pain', 'self-rated oral health', clinical variables and the outcome variable were obtained from the second oral health follow-up (2017). Unadjusted and adjusted multivariate Poisson regression analyses provided prevalence ratios (PR) and respective 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: At the first oral health follow-up (2009), 1303 five-year-old children were recruited, 996 of whom were reassessed and underwent oral health examinations at 12 and 13 years of age (response rate: 76.4%). The findings showed that 72.4% of parents/caregivers perceived that the adolescents needed dental appointments. No associations were found between the outcome and sociodemographic or economic variables. After adjustments, the outcome remained positively associated with previous history of toothache (PR 1.22; 95% CI 1.14-1.32), self-rated oral health as fair or poor (PR 1.26; 95% CI 1.15-1.39), the presence of dental caries (PR 1.27; 95% CI 1.20-1.38) and severe or disabling malocclusion (PR 1.14; 95% CI 1.05-1.25). CONCLUSIONS: The perception of parents/caregivers regarding the need for dental appointments on the part of their adolescent sons and daughters was associated with oral health problems, and these findings can serve as the basis for creating and improving oral health programmes that seek a better understanding on the part of parents and caregivers regarding the importance of integral care for their adolescent children.

Brief report: Evaluation of an adapted youth version of Parents Taking Action for parents of pre/adolescents with autism spectrum disorder in Colombia.

LAY ABSTRACT: We evaluated the efficacy of the youth version of the program Parents Taking Action in Bogota, Colombia. This program aims to provide information, resources, and strategies about topics of puberty, sexuality, and adolescence for parents of preadolescents with autism spectrum disorder. We examined whether parents in the treatment groups would improve in levels of knowledge, empowerment, self-efficacy, and use of strategies compared to the control group. We recruited two groups of Colombian parents of pre/adolescent with autism spectrum disorder between the ages of 10 and 17 in the city of Bogota, Colombia, through a community-based organization. One of the groups received the intervention and the other served as a control group. Parents in the control group received the intervention after the 4-month follow-up. The intervention included four 3-h weekly sessions in which the curriculum with nine topic areas was delivered providing parents with a space to practice strategies, learn from others, and set goals. Parents in the intervention group reported significantly greater knowledge, self-efficacy, use of strategies, and empowerment compared to the control/waitlist group. Parents were also highly satisfied with the content, materials, and peer connections that the program offered. The program has potential for high impact as information is scarce and parents do not have resources related to the complicated developmental stages of pre/adolescence. The program shows promise as an efficacious tool for community organizations and health providers to provide extra support to families of youth with autism spectrum disorder.

Reconhecimento legal da homoparentalidade e ciência. Uma entrevista com Mar González / Legal recognition of LGB-parent families and science. An interview with Mar González

Resumo Mar González é psicóloga e foi uma das pioneiras nos estudos sobre a homoparentalidade na Espanha. Suas pesquisas, a partir dos anos 2000, tiveram papel relevante no debate parlamentar no país, que culminou com a aprovação do casamento homossexual em 2015. A Espanha, um país de maioria católica que havia deixado a ditadura franquista três décadas antes, foi o terceiro país no mundo, depois de Bélgica e Holanda, a reconhecer o direito de união da população homossexual. Seus estudos versam sobre famílias não convencionais, diversidade familiar, desenvolvimento infantil e familiar e sua relação com educação e saúde. Nossa conversa tratou do tema da homoparentalidade, do estabelecimento dos direitos de filiação para esse grupo social, dos estudos sobre essas configurações familiares e as principais implicações da homoparentalidade para a saúde.

Abstract Mar González is a psychologist and one of the pioneers in studies on LGB-parent families in Spain. Her research work from the 2000s onwards played an essential role in the parliamentary debate in the country, which culminated in the approval of same-sex marriage in 2005. Spain, a Catholic-majority country that had left the Franco dictatorship three decades earlier, was the third country in the world, after Belgium and Netherlands, to recognize the right of gay and lesbian people to unite. Her studies address unconventional families, family diversity, child and family development, and their relationship with education and health. Our conversation addressed LBG parenthood, the establishment of filiation rights for this social group, studies on these family configurations, and leading LGB parenthood health implications.

Parental perspectives on the impact of screen time on the language skills of typically developing Indian children

ABSTRACT Purpose The overuse of screen-based devices results in developmental problems in children. Parents are an integral part of the children's language development. The present study explores the parental perspectives on the impact of screen time on the language skills of typically developing school-going children using a developed questionnaire. Methods 192 parents of typically developing children between 6 and 10 years of age participated in the study. Phase 1 of the study included the development of a questionnaire targeting the impact of screen devices on language development. The questionnaire was converted into an online survey and was circulated among the parents in Phase 2. Descriptive statistics were performed on the retrieved data and a chi-square test was done to determine the association between the use of screen devices across all language parameters. Results Parents reported television and smartphones to be the most used type of device, with a large proportion of children using screen-based devices for 1-2 hours per day. Most parents reported children prefer watching screens mainly for entertainment purposes, occasionally under supervision, without depending on them as potential rewards. The impact of screen-based devices on language skills has been discussed under the semantics, syntax, and pragmatic aspects of language. Conclusion The findings of this study will help identify the existing trends in the usage of screen-based devices by children, thereby identifying potential contributing factors towards language delays. This information will also benefit in parental counselling during the interventional planning of children with language delays.

Intergenerational Transmission of Relational Models and Conflict Resolution Tactics / Transmissão Intergeracional de Modelos Relacionais e Táticas de Resolução de Conflitos

Abstract This study aimed to characterize concepts of continuities and discontinuities in the intergenerational transmission of relational models, as well as marital and parental conflict resolution tactics. This was a qualitative study, in which 12 couples attended a semi-structured interview. Through thematic content analysis, the data was divided into two main themes: Intergenerational Continuities and Intergenerational Discontinuities. The continuities indicated both the repetition of positive and constructive aspects of family models, as well as the prevalence of destructive tactics, such as avoidance between spouses and the use of corporal punishment with the child. The discontinuities revealed a break from negative or destructive patterns and the adoption of positive parenting, in contrast to that of the family of origin.

Resumo A pesquisa objetivou caracterizar as concepções sobre continuidades e descontinuidades na transmissão intergeracional de modelos relacionais e de táticas de resolução de conflitos conjugais e parentais. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo do qual participaram 12 casais, que responderam a uma entrevista semiestruturada. Por meio de análise de conteúdo categorial temática, os dados foram divididos nos eixos temáticos Continuidades Intergeracionais e Descontinuidades Intergeracionais. As continuidades indicaram tanto a repetição de aspectos positivos e construtivos dos modelos familiares quanto o predomínio de táticas destrutivas, tais como a evitação entre os cônjuges e o uso de punição corporal com a criança. As descontinuidades evidenciaram a ruptura com padrões negativos ou destrutivos e a incorporação de uma parentalidade positiva e diferenciada da família de origem.

A prematuridade afeta as práticas maternas brasileiras relacionadas ao posicionamento de lactentes? / Does premature birth affect Brazilian parents' practices related to infant positioning?

Abstract Objective: To verify whether the time spent in prone, supine, or seated positions differed between term and preterm infants; and to determine whether a single verbal guidance session for parents changed the time spent in different positions, and, consequently, the motor development scores, after one month in preterm infants. Methods: Sixty-one infants from a full-term and preterm group from Brazil were included. Motor development was assessed by the Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS) and the parents registered the time spent in each position on a 24-hour schedule. A month after verbal guidance, a second assessment was performed only on the preterm infants. Results: The positioning times awake determined for the full-term and preterm parents were similar. Preterm infants spent more time in the prone sleeping position (2.1 vs. 0.8 h; p=0.037) than full-term infants. The AIMS percentile scores did not differ significantly between the groups. For preterm infants, the time spent in all positions did not change during the second assessment (n=18). Conclusions: The fact that some parents position their infants in the prone posture during sleeping periods reinforce the importance of parental education approaches for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) prevention during the first months of life. The verbal guidance provided to parents of preterm infants did not influence the AIMS percentile and time spent in various positions but increased preterm parents' confidence in placing their infants in a prone position to play.

RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar se o tempo nas posições prono, supino ou sentado difere entre lactentes a termo e pré-termo; bem como determinar se uma única sessão de orientação verbal aos pais alterou o tempo despendido nas diferentes posições e, consequentemente, o escore de desenvolvimento motor, após um mês em lactentes pré-termo. Métodos: Foram incluídos 61 lactentes brasileiros nos grupos a termo e pré-termo. O desenvolvimento motor foi avaliado pela Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS), e os pais registraram o tempo despendido em cada posição em uma linha do tempo de 24 horas. Um mês após a orientação verbal, uma segunda avaliação foi realizada apenas nos lactentes pré-termo. Resultados: O tempo de posicionamento acordado determinado pelos pais de lactentes a termo e pré-termo foi semelhante. Os lactentes pré-termo passaram mais tempo dormindo na posição prona (2,2 vs. 0,8 h; p=0,037) do que os lactentes a termo. Os escores de percentil AIMS não diferiram significativamente entre os grupos. Para lactentes pré-termo, o tempo despendido em todas as posições não se modificou durante a segunda avaliação (n=18). Conclusões: O fato de alguns pais posicionarem os lactentes em decúbito ventral durante os períodos de sono reforça a importância das abordagens educativas parentais para a prevenção da síndrome da morte súbita do lactente (SMSL) durante os primeiros meses de vida. A orientação verbal fornecida aos pais de prematuros não influenciou o percentil da AIMS e o tempo de permanência em várias posições, mas aumentou a confiança dos pais de lactentes prematuros em utilizar a posição prona para brincar.

Shared reading: Interaction between parents and children in a natural setting / Leitura compartilhada: interação entre pais e filhos em situação natural

Objective The present study aimed to describe and analyze how parents naturally carry out shared reading with their children, without specific instructions. Additionally, the effect of a brief intervention to teach parents to use shared reading strategies was evaluated. Method Four families with children between the ages of four and five without a diagnosis of any disorder participated. We analyzed home footage captured by parents of shared reading moments, and to analyze the intervention, we measured the number of language stimulus strategies used by the parents as well as measures of the children's language. Results The description of the natural situation generated four categories of analysis: organization of the physical space, contact with the book, the way the story is told and the emotional relationship between parents and children. After the brief intervention, improvements were found in all measured variables when compared to pre-intervention data. Conclusion The importance of guiding families to use more language stimulation strategies in the context of shared reading is discussed, in order to enrich the child's speaking opportunities.

Objetivo O presente estudo teve como objetivo descrever e analisar como os pais realizam a leitura compartilhada com seus filhos, naturalmente, sem instruções específicas. Adicionalmente, foi avaliado o efeito de uma intervenção breve para ensinar pais a usarem estratégias de leitura compartilhada. Método Participaram quatro famílias com crianças entre quatro e cinco anos sem diagnóstico de qualquer transtorno. Foram analisadas filmagens que os pais realizaram em suas casas de um momento de leitura compartilhada e para análise da intervenção foi mensurado o número de utilização das estratégias de estímulo da linguagem pelos pais e medidas de linguagem das crianças. Resultados A descrição da situação natural gerou quatro categorias de análise: organização do espaço físico, contato com o livro, forma como a história é contada e relação afetiva entre pais e filhos. Após a intervenção breve foram encontradas melhorias em todas as variáveis medidas quando comparadas aos dados pré-intervenção. Conclusão Discute-se a importância de orientar as famílias a utilizarem mais estratégias de estímulo de linguagem no contexto de leitura compartilhada, para enriquecer as oportunidades de fala da criança.

Maternal impacts of a physically disabled baby birth: A comparative study / Impactos maternos do nascimento de um bebê com deficiência física: um estudo comparativo

Objective This study aims to assess the emotional impacts of the baby's physical disability on the mother. Method It is an exploratory investigation carried on with two mother-infant dyads, only one of which gave birth to a physically disabled baby, both participating in a larger case-control investigation. The tools used included the Beck Anxiety and Depression Inventories, the Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire, the Ages and Stages Questionnaire as well as semi-structured interviews. Results Both mothers showed similar reports and parenting levels, but the one whose baby had a disability scored higher on anxiety and depression, in connection with the baby's low level of development. Conclusion It is concluded that, in order to achieve the same levels of a typical parenting condition, greater adaptation mechanisms are required.

Objetivo Este artigo tem como objetivo avaliar impactos emocionais da deficiência física do bebê na mãe. Método Trata-se de um estudo exploratório realizado com duas díades, uma composta um bebê com deficiência e sua mãe e outra por um bebê sem deficiência e sua mãe, provenientes de uma pesquisa maior com desenho caso-controle. Foram utilizados a Entrevista Semiestruturada, Inventários Beck de Ansiedade e Depressão, Questionário de Função Reflexiva Parental e Ages and Stages Questionnaire. Resultados As mães demonstraram relatos e níveis de parentalidade semelhantes, mas a do bebê com deficiência apresentou maiores scores para ansiedade e depressão, relacionados ao baixo nível de desenvolvimento do filho. Conclusão Conclui-se que mecanismos de adaptação são necessários para se obter os mesmos níveis de parentalidade de uma condição típica.

Children's preoperative stress according to the parental presence evaluated by salivary cortisol and mYPAS: quasi-randomized trial / Estresse pré-operatório em crianças de acordo com a presença dos pais avaliada por cortisol salivar e mYPAS: ensaio quase-randomizado / Estrés preoperatorio en niños según la presencia de los padres evaluado mediante cortisol salival y mYPAS: ensayo cuasi-aleatorio

ABSTRACT Objective: The main objective of this study was to compare stress and anxiety levels in children undergoing surgical procedures with or without parental presence at induction of anesthesia by measuring salivary cortisol levels and applying the mYPAS. Method: Quasi-randomized trial with children aged 5-12 year, with ASA physical status I, II, or III, undergoing elective surgery. According to parents' willingness, the pair were defined as accompanied or unaccompanied group. Chi-square, Fisher's exact tests, Student's t test, Mann-Whitney, Hodges-Lehman and Spearman's tests were used for statistical analyzes. Results: We included 46 children; 63% were preschool children mostly accompanied by their mothers (80%). The median mYPAS score was 37.5 (quartile range, 23.4-51.6) in unaccompanied children, and 55.0 (quartile range, 27.9-65.0) in accompanied children, with an estimated median difference of +11.8 (95% CI of 0 to 23.4; p = 0.044). There were no significant differences in the mean salivary cortisol levels. Conclusion: The level of anxiety was higher in accompanied children. There were no differences in salivary cortisol levels between both groups. Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials (ReBEC):RBR-9wj4qvy.

RESUMO Objetivo: O principal objetivo deste estudo foi comparar os níveis de estresse e ansiedade em crianças submetidas a procedimentos cirúrgicos com ou sem presença dos pais na indução da anestesia, medindo os níveis de cortisol salivar e aplicando o mYPAS. Método: Ensaio quaserandomizado com crianças de 5 a 12 anos, com estado físico ASA I, II ou III, submetidas a cirurgia eletiva. De acordo com a disposição dos pais, o par foi definido como grupo acompanhado ou não acompanhado. Foram utilizados testes de qui-quadrado, exato de Fisher, t de Student, Mann-Whitney, Hodges-Lehman e Spearman para as análises estatísticas. Resultados: Foram incluídas 46 crianças; 63% delas em idade préescolar, principalmente acompanhadas por suas mães (80%). A pontuação mYPAS mediana foi de 37,5 (intervalo interquartil, 23,4-51,6) em crianças não acompanhadas e de 55,0 (intervalo interquartil, 27,9-65,0) em crianças acompanhadas, com uma diferença mediana estimada de +11,8 (IC de 95% de 0 a 23,4; p = 0,044). Não houve diferenças significativas nos níveis médios de cortisol salivar. Conclusão: O nível de ansiedade foi maior em crianças acompanhadas. Não houve diferenças nos níveis de cortisol salivar entre os dois grupos. Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos (ReBEC):RBR-9wj4qvy.

RESUMEN Objetivo: El objetivo principal de este estudio fue comparar los niveles de estrés y ansiedad en niños sometidos a procedimientos quirúrgicos con o sin presencia de los padres en la inducción de la anestesia mediante la medición de los niveles de cortisol salival y la aplicación del mYPAS. Método: Ensayo cuasi-aleatorio con niños de 5 a 12 años, con estado físico ASA I, II o III, sometidos a cirugía electiva. Según la disposición de los padres, se definieron como grupo acompañado o no acompañado. Se utilizaron pruebas de chi-cuadrado, exacta de Fisher, t de Student, Mann-Whitney, Hodges-Lehman y Spearman para los análisis estadísticos. Resultados: Se incluyeron 46 niños; el 63% eran niños en edad preescolar, en su mayoría acompañados por sus madres (80%). La puntuación mYPAS mediana fue de 37,5 (rango intercuartílico, 23,4-51,6) en niños no acompañados y de 55,0 (rango intercuartílico, 27,9-65,0) en niños acompañados, con una diferencia mediana estimada de +11,8 (IC del 95% de 0 a 23,4; p = 0,044). No hubo diferencias significativas en los niveles medios de cortisol salival. Conclusión: El nivel de ansiedad fue mayor en los niños acompañados. No hubo diferencias en los niveles de cortisol salival entre ambos grupos. Registro Brasileño de Ensayos Clínicos (ReBEC):RBR-9wj4qvy.