Parotiditis tuberculosa: una presentación poco frecuente de una enfermedad reemergente / Tuberculous parotitis: an uncommon presentation of a reemerging disease / Parotidite tuberculosa: uma apresentação rara de uma doença reemergente

Resumen: Introducción: en Uruguay en los últimos años se ha observado un aumento de la incidencia de la enfermedad en niños. El diagnóstico de TB infantil representa un desafío, la infección suele cursar con manifestaciones clínicas inespecíficas y muchas veces en forma asintomática. Objetivo: describir el caso clínico de un niño con parotiditis tuberculosa. Caso clínico: 5 años, varón, sano, hacinamiento, dos adultos convivientes con TB pulmonar en tratamiento. Vacunas vigentes. Consulta por tumoración de cuello derecha de tres días de evolución, adelgazamiento, subfebril. Diagnóstico al ingreso, adenoflemón de probable etiología bacteriana. Tratamiento con antibióticos, mala evolución, persiste febril y no se modifica tamaño de tumoración. Ecografía de partes blandas: glándula parotídea derecha aumentada de tamaño. Prueba tuberculínica: 14 mm. Velocidad de eritrosedimentación: 75 mm/h. Con planteo de TB parotídea se realiza punción de la glándula, obteniéndose material purulento. Se confirma bacteriológicamente la infección por métodos moleculares y cultivo. Se inicia tratamiento para TB. Recibe nueve meses de tratamiento con resolución completa y sin complicaciones. Conclusiones: las formas de presentación extrapulmonares son más frecuentes en niños que en adultos, su diagnóstico no es sencillo. Es fundamental recordar que el diagnóstico de un caso de TB en un niño representa un evento sanitario centinela de la transmisión reciente a partir de adulto bacilífero que habitualmente convive y debe ser diagnosticado y tratado adecuadamente.

Summary: Introduction: according to the World Health Organization (WHO), Childhood tuberculosis (TB) occurs in children under 15 years of age. An increase in the incidence of this disease was detected in children in recent years. The diagnosis of childhood TB is a challenge because of its non-specific clinical manifestations. Objective: describe a case of a child with tuberculous parotitis. Case report: 5-year-old healthy male living with 2 adults with pulmonary TB under treatment. Vaccination according to his age. Consultation regarding a neck tumor of 3 days of evolution, patient showed weight loss and no history of fever. Diagnosis at admission was cervical adenitis probably with bacterial etiology. Antibiotic treatment, poor evolution, fever persisted and tumor size remained unchanged. Soft tissue ultrasound: enlarged right parotid gland. Tuberculin test: 14mm. Erythrosedimentation rate 75mm / h. With a parotid tuberculosis approach, we performed a gland puncture and obtained purulent material. The infection was bacteriologically confirmed by molecular methods and culture. Treatment for tuberculosis began. Patient received treatment for 9 months and showed complete resolution and no complications. Conclusions: although tuberculosis is a reemerging disease and extra-pulmonary presentation forms are more frequent in children than in adults, diagnosis remains a challenge. It is essential to remember that the TB diagnosis in children usually shows a sentinel health event of recent transmission from a bacilliferous adult who usually lives with the child and must be properly diagnosed and treated.

Resumo: Introdução: segundo a Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), a tuberculose infantil (TB) ocorre em crianças menores de 15 anos de idade. Nos últimos anos houve um aumento na incidência desta doença em crianças. O diagnóstico da TB infantil é um desafio devido às suas manifestações clínicas inespecíficas. Objetivo: descrever o caso duma criança com parotidite tuberculosa. Relato de caso: menino de 5 anos, saudável, morava com 2 adultos com TB pulmonar em tratamento. Vacinas de acordo com sua idade. Consulta referente a tumor cervical com 3 dias de evolução, paciente apresentava emagrecimento, sem febre. O diagnóstico na admissão foi adenite cervical de etiologia provavelmente bacteriana. Tratamento antibiótico, má evolução, persistência de febre e tamanho do tumor inalterado. Ultrassom de partes moles: glândula parótida direita aumentada. Teste tuberculínico: 14mm. Taxa de eritrosedimentação 75 mm / h. Com abordagem de tuberculose parotídea, realizou-se punção da glândula e obteve-se material purulento. A infecção foi confirmada bacteriologicamente por métodos moleculares e cultura. Começou-se tratamento para a tuberculose, o paciente recebeu tratamento por 9 meses e apresentou resolução completa e sem complicações. Conclusões: embora a tuberculose seja uma doença reemergente e as formas de apresentação extrapulmonar sejam mais frequentes em crianças do que em adultos, o diagnóstico permanece um desafio. É fundamental lembrar que o diagnóstico de um caso de TB na criança representa um evento sentinela de saúde de transmissão recente de um adulto bacilífero que mora com a criança e que deve ser devidamente diagnosticado e tratado.

Bilateral parotitis in a patient under continuous positive airway pressure treatment / Parotidite bilateral em paciente sob tratamento com pressão positiva contínua das vias aéreas

Abstract Background and objectives: Many conditions such as bacterial and viral infectious diseases, mechanical obstruction due to air and calculi and drugs can cause parotitis. We present a case of unusual bilateral parotitis in a patient under non-invasive continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation in intensive care unit. Case report: A 36-year-old patient was admitted to intensive care unit with the diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation. Antibiotherapy, bronchodilator therapy and non-invasive positive pressure ventilation were applied as treatment regimen. Painless swellings developed on the 3rd day of admission on the right and a day after this on the left parotid glands. Amylase levels were increased and ultrasonographic evaluation revealed bilateral parotitis. No intervention was made and the therapy was continued. The patient was discharged on the 6th day with clinical improvement and regression of parotid swellings without any complications. Conclusions: Parotitis may have occurred after retrograde air flow in the Stensen duct during CPAP application. After the exclusion of possible viral and bacteriological etiologies and possible drug reactions we can focus on this diagnosis.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivos: Muitas condições podem causar parotidite, incluindo doenças infecciosas virais e bacterianas, obstrução mecânica por causa da presença de ar, cálculos e medicamentos. Apresentamos um caso de parotidite bilateral incomum em um paciente sob tratamento com pressão positiva contínua não invasiva das vias aéreas (PPCVA) para exacerbação da doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica em unidade de terapia intensiva. Relato de caso: Paciente de 36 anos, internado em unidade de terapia intensiva com diagnóstico de exacerbação da doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica. Antibioterapia, terapia broncodilatadora e ventilação com pressão positiva não invasiva foram aplicadas como regime de tratamento. No terceiro dia de internação, inchaços indolores desenvolveram‐se à direita da glândula parótida e, depois, à esquerda. Os níveis de amilase aumentaram e o exame ultrassonográfico revelou parotidite bilateral. Nenhuma intervenção foi feita e o tratamento foi continuado. O paciente recebeu alta no sexto dia, com melhoria clínica e regressão do inchaço da parótida, sem complicações. Conclusões: A parotidite pode ter ocorrido após o fluxo retrógrado de ar do duto de Stensen durante a aplicação de PPCVA. Após a exclusão de possíveis etiologias virais e bacteriológicas e possíveis reações medicamentosas, podemos focar no diagnóstico.

Bilateral parotitis in a patient under continuous positive airway pressure treatment.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Many conditions such as bacterial and viral infectious diseases, mechanical obstruction due to air and calculi and drugs can cause parotitis. We present a case of unusual bilateral parotitis in a patient under non-invasive continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation in intensive care unit. CASE REPORT: A 36-year-old patient was admitted to intensive care unit with the diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation. Antibiotherapy, bronchodilator therapy and non-invasive positive pressure ventilation were applied as treatment regimen. Painless swellings developed on the 3rd day of admission on the right and a day after this on the left parotid glands. Amylase levels were increased and ultrasonographic evaluation revealed bilateral parotitis. No intervention was made and the therapy was continued. The patient was discharged on the 6th day with clinical improvement and regression of parotid swellings without any complications. CONCLUSIONS: Parotitis may have occurred after retrograde air flow in the Stensen duct during CPAP application. After the exclusion of possible viral and bacteriological etiologies and possible drug reactions we can focus on this diagnosis.

[Bilateral parotitis in a patient under continuous positive airway pressure treatment]. / Parotidite bilateral em paciente sob tratamento com pressão positiva contínua das vias aéreas.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Many conditions such as bacterial and viral infectious diseases, mechanical obstruction due to air and calculi and drugs can cause parotitis. We present a case of unusual bilateral parotitis in a patient under non-invasive continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation in intensive care unit. CASE REPORT: A 36-year-old patient was admitted to intensive care unit with the diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation. Antibiotherapy, bronchodilator therapy and non-invasive positive pressure ventilation were applied as treatment regimen. Painless swellings developed on the 3rd day of admission on the right and a day after this on the left parotid glands. Amylase levels were increased and ultrasonographic evaluation revealed bilateral parotitis. No intervention was made and the therapy was continued. The patient was discharged on the 6th day with clinical improvement and regression of parotid swellings without any complications. CONCLUSIONS: Parotitis may have occurred after retrograde air flow in the Stensen duct during CPAP application. After the exclusion of possible viral and bacteriological etiologies and possible drug reactions we can focus on this diagnosis.

[Pneumoparotid: a rare cause of recurrent parotid swelling]. / Pneumoparotide : une étiologie rare de tuméfaction parotidienne récidivante.

INTRODUCTION: Pneumoparotid is a rare cause of recurrent parotid swelling. It is often fortuitous, caused by an action inducing intraoral pressure, increased or self-induced. OBSERVATION: An 8-year-old boy presented with recurrent right unilateral parotid swelling for 2 years. A CT-scan was performed, outside of the acute phase, which revealed the presence of intraparotid air bubbles. DISCUSSION: Pneumoparotitis results from air flowing back into Stensen's duct, due to an anatomical abnormality and a significant increase of intraoral pressure. The diagnosis is made on clinical examination, often completed by a morphological examination (cervicofacial CT-scan or parotid ultrasound investigation). The outcome is most often favorable, with symptomatic treatment, and sometimes antibiotic prophylaxis. Patient education is the best means to prevent recurrence.

[Clozapine-induced parotitis: a case study]. / Parotidite induite par la clozapine : à propos d'un cas.

INTRODUCTION: Clozapine is the drug of choice for patients with an unsatisfactory response to routine antipsychotic treatment. Side effects such as sedation, weight gain, hypotension and hypersialorrhea are frequently reported whereas clozapine-induced parotitis is a less known complication. CASE REPORT: We report the case of a 32-year-old woman with a refractory schizoaffective disorder, bipolar type. The failure to respond to at least two well-conducted antipsychotic trials with flupentixol and risperidone, led clinicians to prescribe clozapine, which was started three years earlier. Since its introduction, clozapine induced sialorrhea, which has been managed until now with anticholinergic medication. Recently, Mrs B. was hospitalized for a new relapse. Once treatment compliance checked (good level of plasmatic dosage), we decided to increase the dose of clozapine from 350 mg/d to 500 mg/d. Twenty days later, Mrs B. exhibited improvement of symptoms but complained of acute bilateral auricular pain and odynophagia. The bilateral and comparative clinical exam displayed a bilateral filling of the retromandibular depression, the painful swelling of the parotid gland, along with ptyalism and a slight inflammatory oedema of the Stenon duct orifice. Mrs B. was apyretic, with physiological constants within the limits of normal values. The biological analyses displayed a discrete inflammatory syndrome (mild hyperleucocytosis and anemia), a negative mumps IgM test and positive mumps IgG test, and a 1050 ng/mL clozapine blood level. Once viral parotitis was ruled out, the involvement of clozapine was evoked. Symptomatic medication was prescribed with per os analgesic (paracetamol) and antiseptic mouthwash (Éludril). Clozapine dosage was lowered to 400 mg/d. A week later, clinical examination confirmed improvement of the medical and psychiatric conditions. DISCUSSION: We report the case of a patient who developed a parotitis following clozapine dose adjustment. Clozapine induced parotitis was retained once the infectious and other organic etiologies had been ruled out. Previous cases of clozapine-induced parotitis have already been reported and we have some arguments to suspect this etiology in our case. First, Mrs B. experienced more hypersialorrhea with the increase in clozapine dosage. Second, the anticholinergic medication was interrupted 3 days before the episode of parotitis. Two main pathophysiological hypotheses, immune and inflammatory, have already been proposed to explain clozapine-induced parotitis. In the former, the immunomodulating properties of clozapine may sensitize the mononuclear blood cells, leading to the sialadenitis. The latter hypothesis is the more documented and proposes that clozapine-induced hypersialorrhea may be responsible for a chronic inflammatory state that can lead to the formation of a parotid lithiasis and consequently parotitis. This case report illustrates clozapine induced-parotitis, a poorly known complication of this compound. Clinicians should be aware of its hypersialorrhea and inflammatory consequences in order to better prevent the occurrence of this complication.

[Bacterial parotitis in an immunocompromised patient in adult ICU]. / Parotidite bactérienne chez une patiente immunodéprimée en réanimation adulte.

Bacterial parotitis is a common childhood disease with a favorable outcome. Staphylococcus aureus is the most frequently involved pathogen. Clinical presentation in adult patients can be misleading, Onset occurs in patients with multiple comorbidities, making diagnosis difficult--particularly in ICU. Different pathogens are found in adults with worse outcomes observed. We report here the case of a critically ill patient and discuss diagnosis and management of bacterial parotitis.

Parotidite aguda em jovem adulto sistemicamente saudável. Relato de caso / Acute parotitis in a systemically healthy young adult. A case report

Objetivo: Este estudo relata um caso incomum de parotidite aguda em um paciente adulto jovem, saudável e com boa higiene oral. Relato de Caso: O paciente procurou o Departamento de Estomatologia, na Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa devido a um inchaço na região da glândula parótida direita. O paciente foi submetido a exames clínicos e radiológicos e foi prescrito tratamentos com drogas anti-inflamatórias e antibióticos. No quinto dia os sinais e sintomas haviam desaparecido. Conclusão: O desenvolvimento de parotidite aguda em adultos jovens saudáveis com uma boa higiene oral é possível, mas isso torna o diagnóstico mais difícil. Anti-inflamatórios, antibióticos e fisioterapia associada com calor pode contribuir para a recuperação dos sinais e sintomas após 5 dias de tratamento.

Aim: This study reports an unusual case of acute parotitis in a healthy young adult with good oral hygiene. Case Report: The patient sought the Department of Stomatology, at Ponta Grossa State University due to a swollen on the right parotid gland region. The patient underwent clinical and radiological treatments and was prescribed anti-inflammatory drugs and antibiotics. On the fifth day the signs and symptoms had disappeared. Conclusion: The development of acute parotitis in healthy young adults with good oral hygiene is possible, but this makes the diagnosis more difficult. Anti-inflammatory, antibiotic and heat physiotherapy can contribute to the recovery of the signs and symptoms after 5 days of treatment.

Parotidite recorrente da infância / Recurrent parotitis of childhood

OBJETIVO: Descrever um caso de parotidite recorrente em criança e revisar a abordagem clínica desse problema. DESCRIÇÃO DE CASO: Paciente de seis anos, masculino, encaminhado ao ambulatório de pediatria para avaliação após ter apresentado dois episódios de parotidite, sendo o último tratado com cefalexina. Entre os episódios de parotidite tinha exame físico normal. Foram afastadas as causas infecciosas, obstrutivas e imunodeficiências, mas a criança evoluiu com episódios recorrentes de dor e edema em região parotídea. COMENTÁRIOS: A parotidite recorrente é uma doença rara, de incidência desconhecida, que apesar de causar substancial morbidade, tem bom prognóstico com tratamento conservador.

OBJECTIVE: To present a child with recurrent parotitis and to review the clinical management of this disease. CASE DESCRIPTION: A six years old male child was admitted at a Pediatric Outpatient Unit after his second episode of parotitis, which was treated with cefalexin. Between the episodes, the child presented normal physical examination. Infectious, obstructive and immunodeficiency related causes of parotitis were excluded by appropriated diagnostic procedures, but the child persisted with recurrent episodes of parotids pain and swelling. COMMENTS: Recurrent parotitis of childhood is a rare disease that causes substantial morbidity, but has good prognosis with conservative management.

Utilização da cultura de células de rim de Hamster para o isolamento do vírus da caxumba (parotidite epidêmica) / Cultures of hamster kidney cells in the isolation of mumps virus

Cultura de células de linhagem contínua de rim de hamster (BHK-21) demonstrou ser um sistema mais sensível e mais rápido para o isolamento do vírus da caxumba, quando comparado com o de ovos embrionados de galinha. Estas células podem ser cultivadas sem dificuldade, em laboratório, ao contrário das células primárias de rim de macaco, igualmente sensíveis mas que são de difícil obtenção. A utilização de células BHK-21 para o isolamento do vírus da caxumba, do material biológico, constitui uma boa alternativa no diagnóstico das infecções causadas por esse vírus (AU).