RESUMO
Co-production is now the gold standard in policymaking, characterised by national and international actors with different types of knowledge working together to contribute to a collaborative decision-making process. The benefits of co-production in policymaking can include improved knowledge generation that merges practice-centred, political and technical knowledge and incorporates local knowledges to provide complementary information and increase ownership over policymaking processes. Nevertheless, it can also present pitfalls such as multiple and diverging interests, incomplete and asymmetric information, and resource asymmetries and elite capture as highlighted by Bender in (Eur J Dev Res, 2022). By reviewing a case in the European periphery, we document and illustrate situations of collaboration and conflict, benefits and pitfalls resulting from policymaking co-production, throughout recent Portuguese history and in present-day participatory budget initiatives. From competing national actors to influences from the Global North and Global South, the final outcome reflects a learning process in collaboration but also underlying power struggles.
La co-création est désormais la référence en matière d'élaboration des politiques. Elle est caractérisée par des acteurs nationaux et internationaux dotés de différents types de connaissances qui travaillent ensemble pour contribuer à un processus décisionnel collaboratif. Les avantages de la co-création dans l'élaboration des politiques peuvent inclure une meilleure création de connaissances qui permet de fusionner les connaissances politiques et techniques centrées sur la pratique et qui intègre les connaissances locales pour fournir des informations complémentaires et accroître l'appropriation des processus d'élaboration des politiques. Néanmoins, la co-création peut également présenter des écueils tels que des intérêts multiples et divergents, des informations incomplètes et asymétriques, des asymétries de ressources et une accaparation par les élites, comme le souligne Bender in in (Eur J Dev Res, 2022). Par le biais d'une étude de cas dans la zone européenne, nous documentons et illustrons des situations de collaboration et de conflit, ainsi que les avantages et les inconvénients résultant de la co-création de politiques, grâce à l'histoire portugaise récente et, actuellement, dans le cadre des initiatives budgétaires participatives. Qu'il soit question d'acteurs nationaux concurrents ou d'influences issues des pays du Nord et du Sud, le résultat final reflète un processus d'apprentissage collaboratif ainsi que des luttes de pouvoir sous-jacentes.
RESUMO
Resumo O artigo analisa fatores associados à descontinuidade do orçamento participativo (OP) em municípios brasileiros acima de 50 mil habitantes no período entre 2000 e 2016. A pesquisa foi analisada pela estimação de modelos econométricos com foco em variáveis explicativas políticas e pela propensão do ambiente local à participação. Os resultados indicam que a descontinuidade está associada positivamente com a troca do partido do prefeito municipal entre as eleições, a despeito da ideologia do partido; positivamente com a troca da ideologia do partido do prefeito, com a entrada de partidos de esquerda; negativamente com a entrada de partidos com outras ideologias; e positivamente com a troca entre partidos de esquerda. A descontinuidade não apresentou efeito com a troca entre partidos com outras ideologias. Os resultados indicam fatores locais e contextuais explicativos para a descontinuidade do OP, permitindo direcionar desenho de políticas públicas participativas e levantando reflexividade sobre mecanismos que devem ser adotados localmente para que não ocorra a descontinuidade, além de contribuir para a literatura ao demonstrar a associação entre a descontinuidade com a troca de partidos da esquerda, o que pode suscitar pesquisas futuras, dado que o resultado não era esperado.
Resumen El artículo analizó factores asociados a la discontinuidad del presupuesto participativo (PP) en municipios brasileños con más de 50.000 habitantes, en el período 2000-2016. La discontinuidad se analizó mediante la estimación de modelos econométricos con enfoque en variables políticas explicativas y la propensión del entorno local a participar. Los resultados indican que la discontinuidad se asocia: (i) positivamente con el cambio de partido del alcalde entre elecciones, independientemente de la ideología del partido; (ii) positivamente con el cambio de ideología del partido de la alcaldía, con la entrada de partidos de izquierda; (iii) negativamente con la entrada de partidos con otras ideologías; (iv) positivamente con el intercambio entre partidos de izquierda. La discontinuidad no tuvo efecto con el intercambio entre partidos con otras ideologías. Los resultados contribuyen al señalar factores locales y contextuales que explican la discontinuidad del PP, permitiendo orientar el diseño de políticas públicas participativas y planteando la reflexión sobre los mecanismos que deben ser adoptados localmente para que no ocurra la discontinuidad. También contribuye a la literatura al demostrar la asociación entre la discontinuidad y el intercambio de partidos de izquierda, lo que puede impulsar futuras investigaciones, dado que el resultado no era el esperado.
Abstract The article analyzes the factors associated with the discontinuation of participatory budgeting (PB) in Brazilian municipalities with more than 50,000 inhabitants between 2000 and 2016. We used econometric models to estimate PB's discontinuation based on political explanatory variables and people's local participation. The results indicate that discontinuation is associated: (i) positively with the election of a different local government, regardless of the winning party's ideology; (ii) positively with the election of a local government with a left-wing ideology'; (iii) negatively with the election of a non-left-wing local government; (iv) positively with the election of a left-wing local government replacing another left-wing government. Changes in local government where other non-left-wing parties replace non-left-wing parties had no significant effect on discontinuation. The results contribute to our knowledge by showing the local and contextual factors that explain the discontinuation of participatory budgeting; this should help guide the design of participatory public policies and allow practitioners to reflect on the mechanisms that could be adopted locally to avoid discontinuation. The article also contributes to the literature by demonstrating the association between discontinuation and changes in left-wing local governments, which may prompt future research, given the unexpected result.
Assuntos
Política Pública , Associação , OrçamentosRESUMO
Participatory Budgeting (PB) is considered a human-centered method of public resource management and investment planning, which strongly reflects the needs of the inhabitants of the municipality. The aim of this article is to assess the structure of the inhabitants' needs expressed in the PB procedures in Czestochowa, Poland and their relation to the social and demographic characteristics of the city districts. The standard methods of quantitative and qualitative analysis were used (Pearson correlation coefficient and content analysis of the municipal documents), based on the data about: (1) the projects implemented in Czestochowa PB in the years 2015-2019; (2) the age structures and population density in the districts; and (3) qualitative data on district development characteristics. Based on the authors' typology of projects, it was found that the most popular tasks were related to the comfort and safety of mobility and recreational facilities used for spending free time in public spaces. A relatively lower level of activity of the citizens was found when expressing their needs in central, densely populated districts with a high share of people aged over 65, and a relatively higher level of activity was found in the districts with a high proportion of people aged 0-18 and with lower population density. In the densely populated central districts, relatively high interest in the development of green areas was observed, while in the less populated developing peripheral districts, the preferred infrastructure was related to mobility. These correlations can be logically explained by the conditions related to the development processes of individual districts. The authors conclude that PB can be an important mechanism in determining local needs for the development of public spaces; however, it rewards the needs of the most active social groups.
Assuntos
Orçamentos , Serviços de Saúde , Cidades , Humanos , PolôniaRESUMO
Resumo Contemporaneamente, verifica-se a apropriação de tecnologias de informação e comunicação (TIC) por iniciativas que têm como meta a participação cidadã, cujo exemplo emblemático é o orçamento participativo digital (OPD). O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar plataformas de OPD, buscando identificar seus modelos de interatividade e avaliar quão profícuas são as funcionalidades oferecidas em termos políticos no sentido de transmissão de informação política, formulação da agenda pública, emissão de opinião, negociação da diferença e tomada de decisão política. Essa análise possibilitou enquadrar as ferramentas disponibilizadas em seis níveis de interatividade, com base nas variáveis nível de controle do receptor e direção da comunicação, e identificar a quais modelos de OPD as diversas funcionalidades correspondem, bem como quais fases do processo decisório e do ciclo de políticas públicas são contempladas em cada experiência em foco. Foram desenvolvidos estudos de caso em perspectiva comparada, buscando contemplar a diversidade de formatos de OPD existentes.
Resumen Contemporáneamente, se constata la apropiación de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación por parte de iniciativas que tienen como meta la participación ciudadana, cuyo ejemplo emblemático es el Presupuesto Participativo Digital (PPD). El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar plataformas de PPD, buscando identificar sus modelos de interactividad y evaluar en términos políticos cuán ventajosas son las funcionalidades ofrecidas en el sentido de transmisión de información política, formulación de la agenda pública, emisión de opinión, negociación de la diferencia y toma de decisión política. Este análisis permitió encuadrar las herramientas disponibles en seis niveles de interactividad basados en las variables nivel de control del receptor y dirección de la comunicación, e identificar a qué modelos de PPD corresponden las diversas funcionalidades, así como qué fases del proceso de decisión y del ciclo de políticas públicas están incluidas en cada experiencia analizada. Se desarrollaron estudios de caso en perspectiva comparada, tratando de considerar la diversidad de formatos de PPD existentes.
Abstract Participatory initiatives have increasingly used Information and Communication Technology, such as the Electronic Participatory Budgeting (ePB) to expand and improve participation. This research analyzes ePB platforms emphasizing interactivity aspects, as well as evaluating - in political terms - their functions regarding the dissemination of political information, sharing opinions, agenda-setting, and decision-making. This analysis examined the platforms' tools types of interactivity based on two variables: the level of the receiver's control and communication direction. The research identified ePB models and how the platforms' functions are connected to each of them. The study also recognized in which phases of the decision-making process and the policy cycle the electronic participation is more likely to occur. Case studies in a comparative perspective were used to understand the variety of experiences of ePB.
