Ações participativas em saneamento rural: bases conceituais e diretrizes metodológicas / Participative actions in rural sanitation: conceptual bases and methodological guidelines

Resumo A participação social é um componente fundamental na promoção do saneamento rural. Entretanto, diferentes desafios conceituais e metodológicos sobre a utilização de metodologias participativas (MP) ainda despontam na literatura em relação a quem são os principais atores sociais envolvidos e como tais mecanismos de intervenção têm contribuído em ações de saneamento rural. Assim, esta pesquisa objetiva caracterizar a utilização das MP empregadas em soluções de saneamento rural por diferentes atores sociais, em nível estadual. Para tal, foram investigadas as experiências de saneamento rural no estado de Goiás realizadas com financiamento do poder público, entre 2007 e 2019, por intermédio de entrevista semiestruturada e aplicação de questionário a lideranças e/ou técnicos de entidades governamentais e da sociedade civil. Em síntese, as experiências investigadas apresentaram que ambas as categorias de atores sociais têm utilizado MP em suas abordagens, classificando-as por etapas e tipologias, em consonância com Geilfus. No estudo, concluiu-se que o emprego de MP contribuiu para o processo de sensibilização às questões socioambientais locais, bem como motivou uma reflexão crítica em relação à própria participação, estimulando, assim, maior intervenção e interação dos participantes com a agenda de discussão proposta.

Abstract Social participation is a fundamental component in the promotion of rural sanitation. However, different conceptual and methodological challenges on the use of Participatory Methodologies (PM) still emerge in the literature regarding who are the main social actors involved and how intervention mechanisms have contributed to rural sanitation actions. Thus, this research aims to characterize the use of PM employed in rural sanitation solutions by different social actors, at the state level. For this purpose, the experiences of rural sanitation in the state of Goiás carried ou with funding from the government, between 2007 and 2019, were investigated with semi-structured interviews and questionnaire application to leaders and/or technicians of government and civil society entities. In summary, the experiences investigated showed that both categories of social actors have used PM in their approaches, categorizing them by stages and typologies, in line with Geilfus. The study concluded that the use of PM contributed to the process of raising awareness about local socio-environmental issues and motivating a critical reflection regarding one's own participation, thus stimulating greater intervention and interaction of participants with the proposed discussion agenda.

The Dispensable Surplus Dairy Calf: Is This Issue a "Wicked Problem" and Where Do We Go From Here?

Surplus dairy calves consist of all dairy bull calves and any heifer calves not needed as replacements for the milking herd. The fate of these surplus calves varies by region; for example, in Australia and New Zealand they are often sold as "bobby" calves and slaughtered within the first weeks of life; whereas, in North America they are normally sold within the first weeks of life but reared for 16-18 weeks as veal or longer as dairy beef. Regardless of region, demand for these calves is often very low, driving down prices and in some cases leaving farmers with no alternative options other than on-farm euthanasia. The notion that dairy cows must give birth to produce milk and that the calves are immediately separated from the dam, many of which will end up immediately being sold as surplus calves, has become a topic of public concern. These concerns have increased given the growing number of pictures and stories in the media of on-farm euthanasia, dairy calves being transported at very young ages and frequently receiving sub-standard levels of care. In this paper we describe the status quo of this complex, value-laden issue that without transformative change is at great risk for continued criticism from the public. Moreover, despite many attempts at refinement of the existing approach (i.e., the pursuit of technical improvements), little has changed in terms of how these surplus dairy calves are managed and so we predict that on its own, this approach will likely fail in the long run. We then set out how the current surplus calf management practices could be viewed to fit the definition of a "wicked problem." We conclude by calling for new research using participatory methodologies that include the voice of all stakeholders including the public, as a first step in identifying sustainable solutions that resonate with both society and the livestock industry. We briefly discuss three participatory methodologies that have successfully been used to develop sustainable solutions for other complex problems. Adoption of these types of methodologies has the potential to help position the dairy industry as a leader in sustainable food production.

El cambio social como resultado de innovación social mediante metodologías participativas: una revisión bibliométrica / Social change because of social innovation through participatory methodologies: A bibliometric revision

Resumen El motor para el cambio social es la innovación social y en medio de estos dos términos está la participación ciudadana, sin la cual no sería posible resolver de manera eficiente los problemas actuales de la socie dad, el artículo hace un análisis bibliométrico para generar resultados cuantitativos y cualitativos, a partir de un análisis de la producción existente enfocada en la relación de "innovación social y cambio social" e "innovación social y metodologías participativas. Uno de los resultados más concluyentes es que el interés en los temas seleccionados ha aumentado exponencialmente en los últimos años.

Abstract The engine for social change is social innovation and in the midst of these two terms is citizen participation, without which it would not be possible to solve efficiently the societal current problems. This article makes a bibliometric analysis in order to generate quantitative and qualitative results, based on an analysis of existing production focused on the relationship of "social innovation and social change" and "social innovation and participatory methodologies. One of the most conclusive results is that the interest in selected topics has increased exponentially in recent years.

What does it mean to conduct participatory research with Indigenous peoples? A lexical review.

BACKGROUND: To better understand and promote public health, participatory research with Indigenous peoples represents recommended practice, worldwide. However, due to the different ways such research is referred to, described, and used, it is unclear what might (and might not) warrant the term when collaborating with Indigenous peoples. As such, this article expands conceptual understandings of participatory research with Indigenous peoples, across timelines and regions. METHOD: Following a systematic search of 29 academic databases in April 2018, a lexical analysis of the methods sections was conducted, which were sourced from 161 publications across 107 journals. RESULTS: The active involvement of Indigenous peoples in research that is expressly participatory is limited across all project phases. This might be because the ways in which Indigenous peoples were involved throughout were not reported - however, it might also be because Indigenous peoples were not involved in all project phases. Furthermore, descriptions differ by study location and publication timeframe - notably, studies in the region of the Americas chiefly refer to pandemics, surveyors, and art; and those published in the last two decades have given primacy to artifacts of interest. CONCLUSIONS: Findings from this corpus of data suggest participatory research with Indigenous peoples is not always described across different project phases; furthermore, it differs according to study location and publication timeframe. This offers considerable opportunity to further this important research area via alternative methodologies that award primacy to Indigenous expertise and agency.

Participación instituyente y política local mediante procesos y metodologías participativas: la construcción ciudadana del observatorio de la participación en Cuenca, Ecuador / Instituting Participation and Local Politics through Participatory Processes and Methodologies. Citizen Construction of the Participation Observatory in Cuenca, Ecuador

Resumen En este artículo se retoma la relación de la participación instituida y la participación instituyente en un proceso participativo en la Ciudad de CuencaEcuador provincia de Azuay, entre los años 2017 y 2018. A par tir de una investigación acción basada en un estudio de caso exploratorio, empleando técnicas participativas y cualitativas se encontraron como resultados que, (i) las metodologías participativas potencian la participación instituyente, (ii) la participación instituyente favorece la adaptación y mejora de los sistemas de participación de los gobiernos locales - participación instituida - y, finalmente (iii) el proceso participativo genera propuestas de prácticas democráticas directas, concretas e inclusivas.

Abstract This article retakes the relationship of the instituted participation and the instituting participation in a participatory process in the city of Cuenca-Ecuador province of Azuay, between the years 2017 and 2018. From an action research based on an exploratory case study, by using participatory and qualitative techniques were found as results that, (i) parti cipatory methodologies enhance instituting participation, (ii) instituting participation promotes the adaptation and improvement of the systems of participation of local governments - an instituted participation, - and finally (iii), the participatory process generates proposals for direct, con crete and inclusive democratic practices.

A Utilização De Metodologia Grupal Em Pesquisa-Ação Participativa Com Travestis E Transexuais / The Use Of Group Methodology In Participatory Action Research With Transgender

Em um trabalho de extensão universitária em psicologia comunitária, desenvolvemos um grupo de apoio para pessoas travestis e transexuais. Nos ancoramos nas teorias feministas pós-estruturalistas, na pesquisa ação-participativa e no comprometimento político da psicologia com as populações marginais. Descrevemos o uso de uma metodologia participativa como estratégia de promoção da autonomia dos sujeitos, possibilitando enfrentamento de vulnerabilidades. Essa metodologia foca na construção coletiva da demanda a ser trabalhada de acordo com os participantes. Utilizamos a análise do discurso de Foucault como ferramenta analítica. Constatamos que investir na linguagem, nos espaços de falas silenciadas e nas articulações para minimizar os efeitos de desigualdade produzidos pelo contexto mostram-se importantes no fomento da autonomia e da ação dos sujeitos nas estratégias de transformação social

We developed in the university extension work at field of community psychology a support group for travestis and transsexual people. We are anchored in post-structuralist feminist theories, in participatory action research, and in the political commitment of psychology to marginalized populations. We describe the use of a participatory methodology such as a strategy of promotion the subject’s autonomy, allowing resistance in situations of vulnerability. This methodology focus in collective construction of the demand to be worked according participants. We realize that investing in language, silenced discourse spaces and in articulations to minimize the effects of inequality produced by the context are shown as important in the promotion of autonomy and protagonism of the community in the strategies of social transformation

Why participation matters for air quality studies: risk perceptions, understandings of air pollution and mobilization in a poor neighborhood in Nairobi, Kenya.

OBJECTIVES: With high urbanization rates, Sub-Saharan Africa is facing growing problems of poor air quality in its cities. We make a case for participatory approaches in air quality studies especially including those living in poor neighborhoods who may be particularly at risk from this trend. STUDY DESIGN: We used collaboration with a community based organization, interviews, focus group discussions and a community forum. METHODS: We conducted a pilot study to assess health risk perceptions of air pollution for civic-minded residents in Mathare, an informal settlement in Nairobi, Kenya. Simultaneously, we involved Mathare residents in measuring levels of PM2.5 and later presented these data at a community forum with the participants of the monitoring study and the focus group discussions. RESULTS: We found that participation in conducting and interpreting air quality studies helped residents improve their understanding of air pollution and also helped them develop responses to it. Initially, participants associated air pollution with a bad odor or discomfort rather than their health, but once the connection to health was made through participation, they sought more information about air quality data and its hazards. Some residents also came up with strategies for coping with their environment and its risks. CONCLUSIONS: These results point to the potential of including participation in air quality monitoring as a way to increase awareness and support local action to address it. Discussion and sharing of results at the local level as well as at a wider policy level will be critical for advocacy to improve air quality.

Metodologias participativas de pesquisa e educação popular: reflexões sobre critérios de qualidade / Metodologías participativas de investigación y educación popular: reflexiones sobre criterios de calidad / Participatory research methodologies and popular education: reflections on quality criteria

O artigo, derivado da experiência de pesquisa do autor e de avaliações de trabalhos de pesquisa na educação popular, propõe a discussão de critérios de qualidade e validade das metodologias participativas, as quais, desde sua origem na América Latina, apresentam importantes afinidades com a educação popular. São discutidos, na ótica das metodologias participativas, os seguintes tópicos: a relevância social, a qualidade de descrição e de interpretação, a reflexividade coletiva, a qualidade da relação entre os sujeitos da pesquisa e a praticabilidade do conhecimento. Na conclusão, argumenta-se que a discussão sobre a qualidade da pesquisa em educação e educação popular pode contribuir para fazer frente ao produtivismo acadêmico, onde são confundidos critérios de quantidade e qualidade, a superar a dicotomização entre produtores e consumidores ou usuários de pesquisa, e para fomentar a densidade teórica da área.

El presente texto, derivado de la experiencia de investigación del autor y de otras evaluaciones de trabajos de investigación en educación popular, propone la discusión de criterios de calidad y validez de metodologias participativas, las cuales desde su origen en América Latina presentan importantes semejanzas con la educación popular. Son discutidos, a partir de la perspectiva de las metodologias participativas, los seguientes temas: relevancia social, calidad de la descripción y de interpretación, reflexividad colectiva, calidad de la relación entre los sujetos de la investigación y practicabilidad del conocimiento. En la conclusión, se argumenta que la discusión sobre la calidad de la investigación en educación y educación popular puede contribuir para enfrentar el productivismo académico, donde son confundidos criterios de cantidad y calidad, para superar la dicotimización entre productores y consumidores o usuarios de investigación y para fomentar la densidad teórica del área.

The paper, a consequence of the author’s research experience and the evaluation of research in popular education, discusses the criteria for quality and validity of participatory methodologies, which since their origin in Latin America present significant affinities with popular education. The following topics are discussed in the perspective of participatory methodologies: the social relevance; the quality of description and interpretation; the collective reflexivity; the quality of the relations among the stakeholders in the research process; and the practicability of the produced knowledge. In the conclusion it is pointed out that the discussion about the quality of research in education and popular education can contribute to confront the academic productivism, where qualitative and quantitative criteria are confused, to be able to overcome the dichotomization between producers and consumers of research, thus enhancing the area’s theoretical density.

"Son of the Soil Daughters of the Land": poetry writing as a strategy of citizen-making for lesbian, gay, and bisexual migrants and asylum seekers in Johannesburg.

South Africa's Constitution, Bill of Rights, and Freedom Charter are globally ground-breaking for providing provisions of non-discrimination, and, of particular note, on the basis of sexual orientation. Since the introduction of these protective frameworks, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex, and queer (LGBTIQ) communities, allies, and advocates in the country have won major legal battles on these issues; however, in spite of these successes, LGBTIQ communities continue to face hostility and violence. As a result, South African LGBTIQ individuals often travel to urban centres, such as Johannesburg, in the hope that these spaces will be more tolerant of their sexual orientation and gender identity; the reality, however, suggests otherwise. Moreover, despite South Africa's designation as a safe haven for LGBTIQ communities, migrants from other African countries - where same-sex relationships are criminalised - are overwhelmingly met with xenophobic verbal, emotional, physical, and political violence. This article describes the authors' engagement with nine lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) migrants and asylum seekers from Zimbabwe, Malawi, and elsewhere in South Africa during a weeklong poetry workshop exploring their lived experiences in Johannesburg. This workshop followed a body mapping and narrative writing workshop held previously with the same participants. This article investigates the themes identified from the body mapping process that guided the poems produced: migration, violence, citizenship, and freedom. The poetry created during the workshop illuminates how lesbian, gay, and bisexual migrants in Johannesburg work on a daily basis to build social trust as they demand to be seen and recognised, to enact their rights, to make and remake homes, to show up in public as Black people, as LGB individuals, and as human beings. We explore these strategies of citizen-making as informed by the LGB poets with whom we had the opportunity to work.

Propuesta metodológica para la formulación participativa de programas de desarrollo agropecuario local / Methodoloal propposal for participatory design of local aricultural deveelopment program

El enfoque participativo en la formulación de iniciativas para el desarrollo agropecuario y rural, se considera como un elemento esencial para responder de manera más efectiva a las necesidades de un territorio, logrando involucrar a las partes interesadas. En ese sentido se presenta una propuesta metodológica para la formulación de programas agropecuarios locales, basada en el análisis estructural prospectivo y el análisis factorial, construida a partir de una experiencia de investigación en el municipio de Bello (Antioquia, Colombia). El eje central de la propuesta, es el concepto de participación visto como la consecución y análisis de información con las comunidades, la actividad reflexiva, la acción colectiva para la toma de decisiones y el fortalecimiento del capital social por medio del mejoramiento de la confianza entre actores, para el seguimiento y evaluación de los procesos. Como resultado de la metodología propuesta se identificaron las limitantes para el desarrollo del sector agropecuario, que sirvieron como base para la formulación del programa local, así mismo se logró un avance en el fortalecimiento del capital social, a través del Consejo Municipal de Desarrollo Rural (CMDR) como instancia legal y representativa de los actores locales.

The participatory approach to design agricultural and rural initiatives is considered an important factor to respond, in a more effective way, to a territory needs achieving involvement of the interested parties. In this sense, a methodological proposal to design agricultural programs is presented based on prospective structural analysis and factor analysis built from a research experience at the municipality of Bello (Antioquia, Colombia). The proposal is the concept of participation, seen as the information attainment and analysis with communities, the reflective activity, the collective action for decision-making and the strengthening of social capital through the improvement of trust between actors for the process evaluation and monitoring. As a result of the proposed methodology limitations for the agricultural sector development were identified, which were used for the design of the local program as well as an advance in the strengthening of the social capital was achieved through the Rural Development Municipal Council (RDMC) as the legal and representative instance of the local actors.

A psicologia nos serviços de acolhimento institucional e o fortalecimento de vínculos familiares e comunitários / Psychology in the institutional care services aiming at strenghtening family and community ties / La psicología en los servicios de atención residencial y el fortalecimiento de los lazos familiares y comunitários

No decorrer dos anos, mudanças vêm acontecendo no que se refere às políticas públicas destinadas às crianças e adolescentes abandonados ou retirados de seus lares. Entretanto, a dinâmica institucional dos abrigos ainda necessita ser reorganizada, para romper com o modelo de caráter asilar, massificador e excludente. Assim, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo compreender a importância da atuação do psicólogo no fortalecimento de vínculos familiares e comunitários com crianças em situação de acolhimento. O estudo caracterizou-se como qualitativo, utilizando-se para a coleta de dados a entrevista semiestruturada. Os dados foram analisados a partir da análise de conteúdo temático categorial. Participaram da pesquisa seis psicólogas dos serviços de acolhimento institucional de dez municípios do litoral catarinense. Aponta-se que as estratégias e atuação do psicólogo com base em ações interdisciplinares e participativas constituem-se caminhos possíveis para o fortalecimento de vínculos familiares e comunitários com crianças em situação de acolhimento.

Over the years, there have been many changes in public policies focused on children and teenagers abandoned by their families or removed from their homes. However, the institutional dynamics of the shelters still needs to be reorganized in order to break with the classical asylar model, that has always being massifying and exclusionary.This research aimed to understand the importance of the psychologist professional in strengthening family and community ties with children institutionalized. The study was characterized as qualitative, using for data collection by means of semistructured interview. The data were submitted to the analysis of categorical thematic content. The participated in the survey were six psychologists who worked at institutional hostages of ten municipalities of Santa Catarina coast services. It is pointed out that the strategies and the psychological care, based on interdisciplinary and participatory actions, constitute possible ways to strengthen family and community ties to children institutionalized.

In transcurrir de los años, los cambios están ocurriendo en lo que se refiere a la política pública a los niños y los adolescentes abandonado y isolado de sus casas. Sin embargo, la dinámica institucional de los refugios todavía necesita ser reconsiderado, romper con el modelo massificador y exclusión. De este modo, esta investigación había cuando el objetivo comprende la importancia del rendimiento del psicólogo en la tonificación de familia y bonos de comunidad con niños en la situación de abrigo. El estudio fue calificado de cualitativo, serlo usó el semiestruturada de entrevista por la recolección de los datos. Los datos fueron analizados empezando del análisis de categorial temático contento. Participaron en las psicólogos de investigación seis de los servicios de institucionalización de diez distritos municipales del catarinense de costa. Lo es aparecer que el rendimiento con la base en los movimientos interdisciplinarios y participativas, posible para el que los caminos son constituidos la tonificación de familia y comunidad de las estrategias y el psicólogo establece lazos afectivos con niños en la situación de abrigo.

O trabalho psicossocial em rede: uma experiência no município de Cajamar / The psychosocial networking: an experience in the city of Cajamar / El trabajo psicosocial en red: una experiencia en el municipio de Cajamar

Este artigo refere-se a uma prática psicossocial comunitária na qual foi implantado o trabalho em rede, cuja metodologia teve por base o referencial da psicologia comunitária defendido por Montero (2004; 2006). Essa experiência de trabalho em rede foi realizada no Município de Cajamar durante dois anos (2007-2009), com a participação de diferentes atores sociais, dentre eles representantes do poder público (diretorias: cultura, esportes, saúde, assistência social, defesa civil) e da sociedade civil (associações de bairro, pastoral da criança, usuários da assistência social), fórum, representantes de empresas e comércio. A iniciativa dessa intervenção psicossocial visava introduzir uma prática comunitária desde a implantação dos Centros de Referência da Assistência Social (CRAS), tendo em vista romper com aquelas práticas marcadas pelo assistencialismo e clientelismo. A experiência aqui relatada evidencia que as metodologias participativas, que envolvem a população destinatária dos Programas Sociais, promovem a construção de uma cidadania forte, consciente e crítica, como propõe Montero (2004), mas requer que a população assuma a direção dessas ações, não podendo ficar nas mãos do Poder Público.

Based on the theoretical framework of Community Psychology, this article analyses, an experience of a networking held in the city of Cajamar for two years (2007 - 2009) with the participation of different social actors, including government representatives (directors: culture, sports, health, social welfare, civil defense) and civil society (neighborhood associations, child´s pastoral, users of social assistance), representatives of companies and of the commerce. The initiative of this work aimed to consolidate the deployment of Reference Centers for Social Assistance (CRAS) in order to break with practices marked by paternalism and clientelism. The experience reported here shows that participatory methodologies, which involve the target population of social programs, promote the construction of a strong, conscious and critical citizenship, as proposed by Montero (2004), but requires that people have the power of directing these actions, rather than letting them be in the hands of the government.

Este artículo analiza, con base en el referencial teórico de la psicología comunitaria, una experiencia de trabajo en red, realizado en la ciudad de Cajamar durante los años de 2007 a 2009, con la participación de diferentes actores sociales, como representantes del poder público (directores de cultura, deportes, salud, asistencia social, defensa civil) y de la sociedad civil (asociaciones de barrios, pastoral de los niños, usuarios de la asistencia social), fórum, representantes de empresas y del comercio. El objetivo de este trabajo en red era consolidar la implantación de los Centros de Referencia de la Asistencia Social (CRAS), afín de hacer una ruptura con prácticas marcadas por el asistencialismo y el clientelismo. La experiencia aquí presentada muestra que las metodologías participativas, que incluyen la población destinataria de los Programas Sociales, promueven la construcción de una ciudadanía fuerte, consciente y crítica, como propone Montero (2004), pero exigen que la población asuma la dirección de estas acciones, no la dejando en las manos del poder público.

Interdisciplinary engagement with inclusive design - the Challenge Workshops model.

The DBA Inclusive Design Challenge and the Challenge Workshops organised by the lead author has exposed numerous design teams to the benefit of working with extreme users - this paper will analyse the challenges and benefits of this approach to inclusive design and suggest how the lessons learned from competition can be transferred into design practice.

Etnopedologia: uma abordagem das etnociências sobre as relações entre as sociedades e os solos / Ethnopedology: an ethnosciences approach on relations between societies and soils

A avaliação do conjunto de conhecimentos gerados e transmitidos por populações humanas caracteriza-se como o campo de atuação dos estudos etnocientíficos. Esta avaliação de conhecimentos relacionados aos solos e sua associação com recursos naturais, bem como estratégias desenvolvidas para produção são os objetos de estudo da etnopedologia. A utilização de metodologias participativas que promovam a inserção direta dos envolvidos na pesquisa são premissas básicas nos trabalhos etnopedológicos. As áreas de avaliação etnopedológicas relacionam-se, dentre outros aspectos, a nomenclaturas para classificação das terras e práticas de manejo. O crescente desenvolvimento etnopedológico revela o reconhecimento da importância do solo como um recurso limitado e essencial para a vida e reforça uma visão conservacionista importante a ser considerada na construção de trabalhos na área de ciências do solo.

The overall assessment of knowledge produced and transmitted by a human group is set as ethnoscience field. This evaluation of information related to soils and its relation with natural resources, as well as strategies developed to production, are the scope of study from ethnopedology. Participatory methodologies which promote the inclusion of those directly involved are basic assumptions of ethnopedology. Areas of evaluation from ethnopedology studies are related, among other aspects, to nomenclatures for soil classification and management practices. The increasing ethnopedological development reveals soil importance recognition as a limited and essential resource for life and strengthens an important conservationist view to be considered in researches of soil science.