Ten years of living with an injured spinal cord: A qualitative longitudinal study.

Purpose: Rehabilitation and recovery following spinal cord injury often implies a fundamentally changed life. The aim of this study was to explore the process of living with spinal cord injury for 10 years to identify which factors were most decisive for living a fulfilled life. Materials and methods: The present study was a 10-year longitudinal qualitative study based on Ricoeur's hermeneutic-phenomenological approach to explore and interpret people's experiences of life during the first 10 years after they had suffered a spinal cord injury. Interviews were conducted with 10 people during the first year and then again after two, five and 10 years. Results: The process over 10 years showed that a satisfying life can be led despite limitations caused by the damaged spine by balancing possibilities and the life wished for. Reduced body function did not have to hinder people from living a satisfying life. Bodily issues can move into the background when new skills and routines are developed. This enabled backgrounding body conditions, letting other matters foreground. Thus, life can be experienced as good and can resemble the lives of other people of the same age, though strains and struggles were an integrated part of every activity. However, the new normal was disturbed when bodily conditions could not be kept stable or worsened due to illness, often related to the damaged spine. If this challenged the new way of living, the body foregrounded and became the primary focus for effort and attention, and the process of balancing possibilities and the life wished for had to be repeated. Conclusions: Life 10 years after spinal cord injury can be experienced as good despite limitations, partly resembling life lived by other same-aged people. Having stable bodily conditions allowed other matters to foreground. This was important to the process of reconciling oneself to the situation and balancing possibilities and the life wished for.

The poetics of vulnerability: creative writing among young adults in treatment for psychosis in light of Ricoeur's and Kristeva's philosophy of language and subjectivity.

There is a growing interest in the application of creative writing in the treatment of mental illness. Nonpharmacological approaches have shown that access to poetic, creative language can allow for the verbalisation of illness experiences, as well as for self-expressions that can include other facets of the subject outside of the disease. In particular, creative writing in a safe group context has proven to be of particular importance. In this article, we present a pilot on a creative writing group for young adults in treatment for psychosis. We set the texts and experiences from the writing group in dialogue with Paul Ricoeur's and Julia Kristeva's philosophies on poetic language as meaning making and part of subject formation. The focus is on language as materiality and potentiality and on the patient's inherent linguistic resources as founded in a group dynamic. As a whole, the project seeks to give an increased theoretical and empirical understanding of the potentiality of language and creativity for healing experiences, participation and meaning-making processes among vulnerable people. Furthermore, a practice founded in poetic language might critically address both the general and biomedical understanding of the subject and disease.

A atenção segundo Paul Ricœur / The attention according to Paul Ricœur

Examinamos a concepção de atenção em Paul Ricœur com base em seu artigo A atenção e no primeiro tomo da Filosofia da vontade. Centramo-nos na elucidação da relação da atenção com a perceptibilidade à luz do preceito fenomenológico da intencionalidade, e no nexo entre atividade e passividade. Abordamos, a partir disso, o vínculo temático interno da atenção com a preocupação do filósofo em relação ao tempo e à duração, além de expor as vicissitudes da percepção atenta entre a antecipação e o espanto, entre o inédito e o instituído. Uma das principais conclusões aventadas por Ricœur acerca da atenção consiste em afirmar que sua essência residiria na busca pela ingenuidade dos sentidos.

We examine the understanding of attention by Paul Ricœur based on his article entitled The attentionand the first tome of Freedom and nature. We focus on elucidating the relationship of attention with perceptibility in the light of the phenomenological precept of intentionality, and on the link between activity and passivity. From this, we approach the internal thematic bond of attention with the philosopher's concern about time and duration, besides exposing the vicissitudes of the attentive perception between anticipation and astonishment, between the unheard and the instituted. One of Ricœur's main conclusions about attention is to affirm that its essence lies in the search for the naivetyof the senses.

Violence versus gratitude: Courses of recognition in caring situations.

Pandemic infection by COVID-19 could be changing the public image of the nursing profession in Italy. Recently, as in any western country, we were being registered with an increase in the number of violence against healthcare professionals. Nevertheless, due to pandemic in the social media, the nursing profession is remembered for competence, determination, courage, and humanity, and it is continually remercied by people, politicians, and journalists. In this paper, we will conduct a phenomenological argument that proposes both phenomena can be explained by Paul Ricoeur's courses of recognition. In cases of violence, patients and their family members reacting because they feel betrayed for a real or alleged injustice-primarily not to be listened to by health professionals. Nurses and other professionals are often unable to take the right grade of involvement for understanding patient's needs. On the other hand, during COVID-19 pandemic, patients and family members perceive the extraordinary daily work of caring, and they react thanking. The principle of the gift is implicated in both cases: the crisis of gift received or donated can be explaining violence; gratitude and thanks can be explaining by gratuitousness of care.

Paul Ricoeur y una vida buena con otros y para otros: a propósito del trabajo en equipo en salud / Paul Ricoeur and with a good and other life other: a purpose of teamwork in health / Paul Ricoeur e com boa e outra vida outros: um fim dos trabalhos de equipa em saúde

Este artículo revisa aspectos esenciales del trabajo de equipo, en el ámbito de salud, desde la perspectiva ética de Paul Ricoeur. La ética, conceptualizada por este autor como "tender a una vida buena con otros y para otros dentro de instituciones justas", constituye una alternativa de reflexión, análisis y discusión del fundamento ético del trabajo en equipo en salud, y conmina a sus miembros a cimentar y/o rediseñar las bases para la articulación y aplicación de esta intencionalidad de vida buena con otros y para otros en su cotidianidad. El trabajo en equipo es una instancia en la que el ser humano, en intersubjetividad, desarrolla su modo de ser ético y construye su experiencia moral. En la medida en que cada miembro desarrolle y ejercite una permanente interpretación de sí mismo y de su accionar, conducente a la estima de sí y a su autovaloración, podrá contribuir a establecer mejores espacios de convivencia y de trabajo con otros.

This article essential aspects of teamwork in the field of health, are reviewed from the ethical perspective of Paul Ricoeur. Ethics conceptualized by the author as "tending to a good life with others and for others in just institutions", is an alternative for reflection, analysis and discussion the ethical foundation of teamwork in health, and urges its members to build and / or redesign the bases for the articulation and implementation of this intentionality of good life with others and others in their daily lives. Teamwork is an instance in which the human being in intersubjectivity with others, develops his way of being ethical and moral constructs his experience. To the extent that each member develop and exercise permanent interpretation of himself and his actions leading the esteem and their self-esteem, may help establish better living spaces and working with others.

Este artigo aspectos essenciais do trabalho em equipe no campo da saúde, são analisados a partir da perspectiva ética sobre Paul Ricoeur. Ética conceituada pelo autor como "tendendo para uma boa vida com os outros e para os outros em instituições justas", é uma alternativa à reflexão, análise e discussão o fundamento ético do trabalho em equipe na saúde, e insta seus membros para construir e / ou reformular as bases para a articulação e implementação deste intencionalidade boa vida com os outros e para os outros em suas vidas diárias. Trabalho em equipe é um caso em que o ser humano em intersubjetividade com os outros, desenvolve a sua maneira de ser construções éticas e morais sua experiência. Na medida em que cada membro desenvolver e exercitar uma interpretação permanente de si mesmo e suas ações que levam a auto-estima e sua auto-estima, você pode ajudar a criar melhores espaços de vida e trabalhar com os outros.

Evidence, Emotion and Eminence: A Qualitative and Evaluative Analysis of Doctors' Skills in Macroallocation.

In this analysis of the ethical dimensions of doctors' participation in macroallocation we set out to understand the skills they use, how they are acquired, and how they influence performance of the role. Using the principles of grounded moral analysis, we conducted a semi-structured interview study with Australian doctors engaged in macroallocation. We found that they performed expertise as argument, bringing together phronetic and rhetorical skills founded on communication, strategic thinking, finance, and health data. They had made significant, purposeful efforts to gain skills for the role. Our findings challenge common assumptions about doctors' preferences in argumentation, and reveal an unexpected commitment to practical reason. Using the ethics of Paul Ricoeur in our analysis enabled us to identify the moral meaning of doctors' skills and learning. We concluded that Ricoeur's ethics offers an empirically grounded matrix for ethical analysis of the doctor's role in macroallocation that may help to establish norms for procedure.

The values and ethical commitments of doctors engaging in macroallocation: a qualitative and evaluative analysis.

BACKGROUND: In most socialised health systems there are formal processes that manage resource scarcity and determine the allocation of funds to health services in accordance with their priority. In this analysis, part of a larger qualitative study examining the ethical issues entailed in doctors' participation as technical experts in priority setting, we describe the values and ethical commitments of doctors who engage in priority setting and make an empirically derived contribution towards the identification of an ethical framework for doctors' macroallocation work. METHOD: We conducted semi-structured interviews with 20 doctors, each of whom participated in macroallocation at one or more levels of the Australian health system. Our sampling, data-collection, and analysis strategies were closely modelled on grounded moral analysis, an iterative empirical bioethics methodology that employs contemporaneous interchange between the ethical and empirical to support normative claims grounded in practice. RESULTS: The values held in common by the doctors in our sample related to the domains of personal ethics ('taking responsibility' and 'persistence, patience, and loyalty to a cause'), justice ('engaging in distributive justice', 'equity', and 'confidence in institutions'), and practices of argumentation ('moderation' and 'data and evidence'). Applying the principles of grounded moral analysis, we identified that our participants' ideas of the good in macroallocation and their normative insights into the practice were strongly aligned with the three levels of Paul Ricoeur's 'little ethics': 'aiming at the "good life" lived with and for others in just institutions'. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest new ways of understanding how doctors' values might have procedural and substantive impacts on macroallocation, and challenge the prevailing assumption that doctors in this milieu are motivated primarily by deontological considerations. Our empirical bioethics approach enabled us to identify an ethical framework for medical work in macroallocation that was grounded in the values and ethical intuitions of doctors engaged in actions of distributive justice. The concordance between Ricoeur's 'little ethics' and macroallocation practitioners' experiences, and its embrace of mutuality, suggest that it has the potential to guide practice, support ethical reflection, and harmonise deliberative practices amongst actors in macroallocation generally.

THE EPISTEMOLOGY BEHIND THE CURTAIN: THOUGHTS ON THE SCIENCE OF PSYCHOANALYSIS.

This essay is concerned with the epistemological complications of the interface between psychoanalysis and "scientific" disciplines and methodologies-in particular, with respect to theories of knowledge and conceptualizations of subjectivity appropriate to psychoanalysis. The author suggests that there is in such interface the potential for an untheorized scientism in empiricist prescriptions for the reform and rescue of psychoanalysis, and revisits the notion that subjectivity as conceived psychoanalytically, grounded in lived experience, is irreducible in ways that are unique and existentially abiding. The author explores the problem through the lens of philosophical hermeneutics and cautions against merging psychoanalysis, under the guise of a salutary pluralism, with disciplines guided by a systematized empiricism and its attendant epistemological commitments.

Victims of disaster: can ethical debriefings be of help to care for their suffering?

Victims of disaster suffer, not only at the very moment of the disaster, but also years after the disaster has taken place, they are still in an emotional journey. While many moral perspectives focus on the moment of the disaster itself, a lot of work is to be done years after the disaster. How do people go through their suffering and how can we take care of them? Research on human suffering after a major catastrophe, using an ethics of care perspective, is scarce. People suffering from disasters are often called to be in distress and their emotional difficulties 'medicalised'. This brings them often into a situation of long term use of medication, and one can wonder if medication is of help to them in the long run. In our paper, we will explore another moral perspective, focusing on the importance of the victims' narrative and their lived experiences. We will use Paul Ricoeur's phenomenological reflections from 'Suffering is not the same as pain' for conceptualizing human suffering and how to apply it to victims of disaster. Ricoeur suggests that suffering is not a quantity that can be measured, but a characteristic that should be studied qualitatively in interpersonal and narrative contexts. Above all, the perspective of care and listening could offer an opportunity to reconcile people from their loss and suffering.

Contributos da hermenêutica para a psicanálise / Contributions of hermeneutics to psychoanalysis / Las contribuciones de la hermenéutica al psicoanálisis

Para compreender o ser humano é necessário haver uma reflexão que se efetua sempre através de uma interpretação. Para Paul Ricoeur, não existe compreensão e interpretação sem mediação, pois a mediação é uma condição para poder proceder a uma interpretação. Uma das funções da psicanálise é de desvendar o significado de sentidos ocultos através da linguagem, da escrita. Este artigo trata de algumas ligações entre psicanálise e hermenêutica considerando a psicanálise como hermenêutica pois ambas têm um ponto comum: a interpretação. Será apresentado o exemplo de como uma abordagem clínica da obra do pintor Wiliam Turner pode ser clarificadora da ligação entre hermenêutica e psicanálise.(AU)

In order for the human being to be understood a degree of reflection is necessary, which, in turn, is always carried out through a particular interpretation. For Paul Ricoeur, there is no understanding and interpretation without mediation because mediation is a means toward interpreting. One of the functions of psychoanalysis, as with phenomenology, is to uncover the significance of hidden meanings through language, through writing. This article explores certain connections between psychoanalysis and hermeneutics, qualifying psychoanalysis as hermeneutics given that both share a common feature: interpretation.. It will be exemplified how a clinical approach of the painter William Turner's artwork can clarify connections between hermeneutic and psychoanalysis.(AU)

Para entender al ser humano es necesario realizar una reflexión que se efectua siempre a través de una interpretación. Para Paul Ricoeur, no existe comprensión e interpretación sin la mediación porque la mediación es una condición para llevar a cabo una interpretación. Una de las funciones del psicoanálisis, es desvelar el significado de sentidos ocultos a través del lenguaje, de la escritura. Este artículo presenta algunas relaciones entre el psicoanálisis y la hermenéutica considerando el psicoanálisis como hermenéutica porque ambos tienen un punto en común: la interpretación. Se presenta el ejemplo de como abordaje clínico de la obra del pintor William Turner puede aclarar la relación existente entre la hermenéutica y el psicoanálisis.(AU)

Contribuições da hermenêutica de Paul Ricoeur à pesquisa fenomenológica em psicologia / Contributions de l'herméneutique de Paul Ricoeur à la recherche phénoménologique en psychologie / Aportes de la hermenéutica de Paul Ricoeur a la investigación fenomenológica en psicología / Contributions of the hermeneutics of Paul Ricoeur to the phenomenological research in psychology

Resumo: O trabalho objetiva apreender a especificidade e refletir sobre possíveis contribuições do método fenomenológico-hermenêutico de Paul Ricoeur à pesquisa fenomenológica em psicologia. Os resultados revelam que, na psicologia fenomenológica empírica, compreensão é sinônimo de interpretação e significa apreensão direta da estrutura do vivido (polo objetivo do círculo hermenêutico), ao passo que, na perspectiva hermenêutica de Ricoeur, é a aceitação radical da interpretação - entendida como resultado da dialética compreensão/explicação - atuante no decorrer de toda a investigação, o que assegura o reconhecimento da presença inalienável da subjetividade e o atendimento às exigências de rigor científico. Conclui-se que a hermenêutica de Ricoeur contribui para o aperfeiçoamento da psicologia fenomenológica empírica, uma vez que lhe oferece condições de maior coerência, consistência, profundidade e abrangência.

Résumé: Cet article vise à saisir la spécificité de la méthode phénoménologique-herméneutique de Paul Ricoeur et à réfléchir sur ses possibles contributions à la recherche en psychologie phénoménologique. Les résultats montrent que, dans la psychologie phénoménologique empirique, la compréhension en tant que synonyme d'interprétation signifie le moyen d'appréhension directe de la structure du vécu (pôle objectif du cercle herméneutique), tandis que dans la perspective herméneutique de Ricoeur, c'est l'acceptation radicale de l' interpretation - comprise comme le résultat de la dialectique compréhension/explication -, laquelle agisse au cours de toute l'enquête, qui assure la reconnaissance de la présence inaliénable de la subjectivité et le respect aux exigences de la rigueur scientifique. En conclusion, on peut dire que l'herméneutique de Ricoeur contribue à l'amélioration de la psychologie phénoménologique empirique, car elle l'offre des conditions pour une plus grande cohérence, consistance, profondeur et largeur.

Resumen: Este artículo tiene el objetivo de evaluar la especificidad y de reflexionar sobre las posibles contribuciones del método fenomenológico-hermenéutico de Paul Ricoeur a la investigación fenomenológica en psicología. Los resultados muestran que, en la psicología fenomenológica empírica, la comprensión y la interpretación son sinónimos de medios de aprehensión directa de la estructura de la experiencia vivida (punto objetivo del círculo hermenéutico), mientras que, en la perspectiva hermenéutica de Ricoeur, es la aceptación de la interpretación radical -entendida como resultado de la dialéctica comprensión/explicación- actuando en el curso de toda la investigación, lo que le asegura el reconocimiento de la presencia inalienable de la subjetividad y el cumplimiento de los requisitos de rigor científico. Se concluye que la hermenéutica de Ricoeur contribuye a la mejora de la psicología fenomenológica empírica, ya que le proporciona las condiciones para una coherencia, consistencia, profundidad y amplitud más amplias.

Abstract: The study aims to apprehend the specificity and reflect on possible contributions of the phenomenological-hermeneutic method of Paul Ricoeur to phenomenological research in psychology. The results demonstrate that, in phenomenological psychology, the empirical understanding is synonymous with interpretation and it means direct apprehension of the lived structure (objective pole of the hermeneutic circle), whereas, in the Ricoeur's hermeneutics perspective, it is the radical acceptance of interpretation - understood as a result of the understanding/explanation dialectics - acting in the course of any investigation that ensures the recognition of the inalienable presence of subjectivity and the requirements of scientific rigor to be corresponded. We concluded that the hermeneutics of Ricoeur contributes to the improvement of the empirical phenomenological psychology, since it offers conditions of greater coherence, consistency, depth, and range.

Contribuições da hermenêutica de Paul Ricoeur à pesquisa fenomenológica em psicologia / Contributions de l'herméneutique de Paul Ricoeur à la recherche phénoménologique en psychologie / Aportes de la hermenéutica de Paul Ricoeur a la investigación fenomenológica en psicología / Contributions of the hermeneutics of Paul Ricoeur to the phenomenological research in psychology

O trabalho objetiva apreender a especificidade e refletir sobre possíveis contribuições do método fenomenológico-hermenêutico de Paul Ricoeur à pesquisa fenomenológica em psicologia. Os resultados revelam que, na psicologia fenomenológica empírica, compreensão é sinônimo de interpretação e significa apreensão direta da estrutura do vivido (polo objetivo do círculo hermenêutico), ao passo que, na perspectiva hermenêutica de Ricoeur, é a aceitação radical da interpretação - entendida como resultado da dialética compreensão/explicação - atuante no decorrer de toda a investigação, o que assegura o reconhecimento da presença inalienável da subjetividade e o atendimento às exigências de rigor científico. Conclui-se que a hermenêutica de Ricoeur contribui para o aperfeiçoamento da psicologia fenomenológica empírica, uma vez que lhe oferece condições de maior coerência, consistência, profundidade e abrangência.(AU)

Cet article vise à saisir la spécificité de la méthode phénoménologique-herméneutique de Paul Ricoeur et à réfléchir sur ses possibles contributions à la recherche en psychologie phénoménologique. Les résultats montrent que, dans la psychologie phénoménologique empirique, la compréhension en tant que synonyme d'interprétation signifie le moyen d'appréhension directe de la structure du vécu (pôle objectif du cercle herméneutique), tandis que dans la perspective herméneutique de Ricoeur, c'est l'acceptation radicale de l' interpretation - comprise comme le résultat de la dialectique compréhension/explication -, laquelle agisse au cours de toute l'enquête, qui assure la reconnaissance de la présence inaliénable de la subjectivité et le respect aux exigences de la rigueur scientifique. En conclusion, on peut dire que l'herméneutique de Ricoeur contribue à l'amélioration de la psychologie phénoménologique empirique, car elle l'offre des conditions pour une plus grande cohérence, consistance, profondeur et largeur.(AU)

Este artículo tiene el objetivo de evaluar la especificidad y de reflexionar sobre las posibles contribuciones del método fenomenológico-hermenéutico de Paul Ricoeur a la investigación fenomenológica en psicología. Los resultados muestran que, en la psicología fenomenológica empírica, la comprensión y la interpretación son sinónimos de medios de aprehensión directa de la estructura de la experiencia vivida (punto objetivo del círculo hermenéutico), mientras que, en la perspectiva hermenéutica de Ricoeur, es la aceptación de la interpretación radical -entendida como resultado de la dialéctica comprensión/explicación- actuando en el curso de toda la investigación, lo que le asegura el reconocimiento de la presencia inalienable de la subjetividad y el cumplimiento de los requisitos de rigor científico. Se concluye que la hermenéutica de Ricoeur contribuye a la mejora de la psicología fenomenológica empírica, ya que le proporciona las condiciones para una coherencia, consistencia, profundidad y amplitud más amplias.(AU)

The study aims to apprehend the specificity and reflect on possible contributions of the phenomenological-hermeneutic method of Paul Ricoeur to phenomenological research in psychology. The results demonstrate that, in phenomenological psychology, the empirical understanding is synonymous with interpretation and it means direct apprehension of the lived structure (objective pole of the hermeneutic circle), whereas, in the Ricoeur's hermeneutics perspective, it is the radical acceptance of interpretation - understood as a result of the understanding/explanation dialectics - acting in the course of any investigation that ensures the recognition of the inalienable presence of subjectivity and the requirements of scientific rigor to be corresponded. We concluded that the hermeneutics of Ricoeur contributes to the improvement of the empirical phenomenological psychology, since it offers conditions of greater coherence, consistency, depth, and range.(AU)

A permanência no tempo e a aparência de não-metamorfose: contribuições de Ricoeur e Ciampa para uma crítica da identidade / The permanence in time and the appearance of non-metamorphosis: contributions of Ricoeur and Ciampa to a critique of identity

O objetivo do artigo é apresentar as contribuições do flósofo francês Paul Ricoeur e do psicólogo social brasileiro Antonio da Costa Ciampa para a crítica da identidade. Para tanto, trata-se de discutir como os dois autores desenvolveram suas teorias sobre a identidade narrativa e identidade metamorfose. Além disso, o artigo assinala as diferentes categorias desenvolvidas pelos autores (mesmidade e ipseidade; mesmice e mesmidade) ao tratar dos problemas que se depararam: a) permanência da identidade no tempo e b) aparência de não-metamorfose da identidade. Finalmente, é apresentada as proximidades e diferenças em suas perspectivas, de modo a oferecer ao leitor elementos importantes para pesquisas e estudos acerca da identidade na contemporaneidade.(AU)

The aim of this paper is to present the contributions of the French philosopher Paul Ricoeur and the Brazilian social psychologist Antonio da Costa Ciampa to the critique of identity. In addition, the article points out the different categories developed by the authors (sameness and selfhood) to address the problems encountered: a) the permanence of identity at the time and b) the appearance of nonmetamorphosis of identity. Finally, it is presented the proximities and differences in their perspectives in order to provide the reader with important elements for research and studies about the identity nowadays.(AU)

Nursing researchers' modifications of Ricoeur's hermeneutic phenomenology.

Paul Ricoeur's hermeneutic phenomenology has proved to be very helpful in guiding nursing researchers' qualitative analysis of interview transcripts. Modifying Ricoeur's philosophy, a number of nursing researchers have developed their own interpretive methods and shared them, along with their experience, with research community. Major contributors who published papers directly presenting their modifications of Ricoeur's theory include Rene Geanellos (2000), Lena Wiklund, Lisbet Lindholm and Unni Å. Lindström (2002), Anders Lindseth and Astrid Norberg (2004) and Pia Sander Dreyer and Birthe D Pedersen (2009). The aim of this article was to delineate differences among these methods. Descriptive presentation of each method side by side makes clear the differences among them. In addition, Ricoeur's hermeneutic theory is portrayed and compared with the modifications. It is believed that differences that are found can stimulate further thoughts on how to apply Ricoeur's theory in qualitative research in nursing.

Paul Ricoeur, leitor de Freud: contribuições da psicanálise ao campo da filosofia hermenêutica / Paul Ricoeur, reader of Freud: contributions of psychoanalysis to the field of hermeneutic philosophy

Este trabalho visa explicitar as tensões manifestas pelo encontro entre o projeto de uma filosofia reflexiva e a psicanálise a partir de um evento bastante específico: a publicação, em 1965, da tese De l'interprétation: essai sur Freud, de Paul Ricoeur. Nossa indagação surge do fato de que a psicanálise introduziu um dos maiores embaraços às filosofias da consciência, na medida em que estabeleceu o inconsciente psíquico como fundamento e matriz da subjetividade. Em contraste, Paul Ricoeur reforça sua pertença à tradição reflexiva iniciada por Husserl, mas com um desvio fundamental: em seu acesso à subjetividade, essa filosofia reflexiva deve assumir a forma de uma hermenêutica que interprete os signos da existência do homem. Diante disso, o presente estudo busca indagar que dificuldades, tensões e contribuições a leitura de Freud oferece ao projeto de hermenêutica proposto por Ricoeur. O artigo visa mostrar como a leitura filosófica de Freud permitiu a Ricoeur arbitrar as diferentes e por vezes conflitantes abordagens hermenêuticas em torno do problema do símbolo.

This work aims to spell out clear the tensions manifested by the meeting between the project of a reflexive philosophy and psychoanalysis, from a very specific event: the publication, in 1965, of the thesis De l'interprétation: essai sur Freud by Paul Ricoeur. Our question arises from the fact that psychoanalysis has introduced one of the greatest embarrassments to the philosophies of consciousness, as it established the unconscious psychic as foundation and array of subjectivity. In contrast, Paul Ricoeur strengthens its belonging to the reflective tradition initiated by Husserl, but with a fundamental deviation: in your access to subjectivity, this reflexive philosophy must take the form of a hermeneutics that interprets the signs of man's existence. Given this, the present study seeks to find out what difficulties, tensions and contributions the reading of Freud offers to hermeneutic project proposed by Ricoeur. The article aims to show how the philosophical reading of Freud allowed Ricoeur to arbitrate the different and sometimes conflicting hermeneutics approaches around the problem of symbol.

Hermeneutic phenomenological interpretations of patients with head and neck neoplasm experiences living with radiation-induced xerostomia: the price to pay?

PURPOSE: Patients with head and neck neoplasms often experience a number of persistent treatment related symptoms including xerostomia. The impact of xerostomia can be profound and wearing on the patients, hence negatively influencing their quality of life. The purpose of this study was to explore the in-depth experiences of the patients living with radiation-induced xerostomia. METHODS AND SAMPLE: This was a hermeneutic phenomenological study inspired by the Philosophy of Paul Ricoeur. Research data were retrieved with individual narratives from 15 patients diagnosed with head and neck neoplasm that underwent radiotherapy. Interpretation proceeded through three phases: naïve reading, structural analysis and comprehensive understanding. RESULTS: Five themes consisting of ten sub-themes emerged from the narratives reflecting on the patients' lived experiences. The themes were "suffering of the body", "suffering of the person's world", "being helpless against xerostomia", "suffering of the mind" and "being alone". The comprehensive understanding disclosed new possibilities for being-in-the world in relation to living with xerostomia. CONCLUSION: The precedent consideration of xerostomia mainly as a physical side-effect of radiotherapy was outweighed by the social and psychological effects revealed by this study. These xerostomia's effects are inflicted on the patients with an obvious reflection on their perceived quality of life. The findings call upon a shift towards acknowledging the severity of xerostomia and the need to care for these patients holistically.

El Diagnóstico Psicopatológico: Características y Supuestos Epistemológicos en los que se Sustenta / O Diagnóstico Psicopatológico: Características e Supostos pistemológicos nos quais se Sustenta / Psychopathological Diagnosis: Its Characteristics and Grounding Epistemological Assumptions

Urgida por la necesidad de justificarla e incluirla como una rama médica, así como de otorgarle credibilidad y defender su autoridad al abordar los llamados desórdenes mentales, la profesión psiquiátrica se ha inclinado a privilegiar los modelos biológicos y conceptualizar estos fenómenos como resultados de disfunciones orgánicas. Sin embargo, en este artículo se señala que la labor del psicopatólogo supone una valoración comprensiva y biográfica de los marcos interpretativos, las acciones y la personalidad del enfermo como unidad intencional e histórica. Se reafirma la especificidad del discurso psicológico y psiquiátrico, y los supuestos de apoyo. Se discuten aspectos del diagnóstico y la labor clínica en psicopatología a la luz de la propuesta narrativa de Paul Ricoeur.

Pressed by the need to justify itself within the medical field, acquire credibility and defend its authority when addressing the so-called mental disorders, the psychiatric profession has been historically inclined to favor biological models and conceptualize such disorders as the result of organic dysfunctions. However, the article points out that the work of the psychopathologist involves a comprehensive and biographical assessment of the interpretive frameworks, the actions, and the personality of the patient as an intentional and historical being. The paper also reaffirms the specificity of psychological and psychiatric discourse and its supporting assumptions, and discusses aspects of psychopathological diagnosis and clinical work from the perspective of Paul Ricoeur's narrative analysis proposal.

Urgida pela necessidade de justificá-la e incluí-la como um ramo médico, assim como de outorgar-lhe credibilidade e defender sua autoridade ao abordar as chamadas desordens mentais, a profissão psiquiátrica vem se inclinando para privilegiar os modelos biológicos e conceitualizar esses fenômenos como resultados de disfunções orgânicas. Contudo, neste artigo, assinala-se que o trabalho do psicopatologista supõe uma valorização compreensiva e biográfica dos marcos interpretativos, as ações e a personalidade do doente como unidade intencional e histórica. Reafirma-se a especificidade do discurso psicológico e psiquiátrico, e os supostos de apoio. Discutem-se aspectos do diagnóstico e o trabalho clínico em psicopatologia à luz da proposta narrativa de Paul Ricoeur.

Tensões da identidade pessoal no espelho de Machado de Assis / Tensions of personal identity in the mirror by Machado de Assis

O objetivo deste artigo consiste em analisar a forma como as tensões da identidade pessoal são representadas em "O Espelho", um conto de Machado de Assis. Como o argumento central é baseado em Paul Ricoeur, busca-se em primeiro lugar caracterizar em linhas gerais seus conceitos de identidade narrativa conforme apresentados em sua última obra: O si-mesmo como um outro. Posteriormente, em um segundo momento, as teorias de Ricoeur são usadas para caracterizar algumas das questões centrais no conto de Machado de Assis.

The aim of this article consists on analyze how the tensions of personal identity are represented in "The Mirror", a short story by Machado de Assis. The central argument is based in Paul Ricoeur, so, it is looked for firstly to describe in general terms his concepts of narrative identity as expressed in his last book: "Oneself as Another". Later, in a second time, Ricoeur's theories are used in order to characterize some of central questions in Machado's tale.

De l'herméneutique à la phénoménologie de l'œuvre littéraire / From the Hermeneutic to the phenomenology of the literary work / Da hermenêutica à fenomenologia da obra literária

Avec les considérables travaux de P. Ricœur consacrés à l'œuvre littéraire &— en particulier La métaphore vive (1975) et les trois volumes de Temps et récit (1982-1986), mais aussi les très nombreux articles et communications plus brèves &—, l'élucidation de l'œuvre sous horizon herméneutique semble s'être imposée au détriment d'une approche plus strictement phénoménologique. En effet, la philosophie de Ricœur accomplit un tournant, au milieu des années soixante dix, d'une phénoménologie post-husserlienne (bien représentée par Le volontaire et l'involontaire ainsi que par de nombreux articles sur Husserl) à une herméneutique de l'existence humaine finie et facticielle qui allait interroger de manière constante la littérature. Ce tournant est antérieur aux travaux sur l'œuvre littéraire &— il s'esquisse dans l'essai sur Freud de 1969 &—, mais il a permis d'ouvrir la voie à une interprétation des textes assumant le point de vue herméneutique. Nous voudrions montrer ici qu'une élucidation plus purement phénoménologique était &— et reste &— possible. Cette voie, R. Ingarden l'avait ouverte dès 1931 dans son livre capital: L'œuvre d'art littéraire et cet ouvrage servira de fil conducteur à notre esquisse d'une possible phénoménologie de l'œuvre

With P. Ricouer's remarkable works concerning literature - in particular La métaphore vive (1975) and the three volumes of Temps et récit (1982-1986), and also a great number of articles and brief communiqués - the elucidation of his work through the hermeneutic point of view seems to have been imposed, to the detriment of a more phenomenological approach. In fact, Ricouer´s philosophy suddenly changes in the mid-seventies, from a post-husserlian phenomenology (represented by Le volontaire et l´involuntaire and also in many of articles about Husserl) to a hermeneutic based on a finite and factual existence, that would constantly seek to interrogate literature. This redirection occurs before his work concerning these same literary works - that is outlined in the essay on Freud from 1969 -, but it enabled the interpretation of texts from the hermeneutic point of view.Our goal here is to demonstrate that a predominantly phenomenological elucidation was - and still is - possible. This point of view was introduced by R. Ingarden in 1931 in his seminal book: L'oeuvre d'art littéraire, and this work will serve as a guideline to this sketch of a possible phenomenology of the work

Com os consideráveis trabalhos de P. Ricouer consagrados à obra literária &­ em particular La métaphore vive (1975) e os três volumes de Temps et récit (1982-1986), mas também os numerosos artigos e comunicações breves -, à elucidação da obra sob o horizonte hemenêutico parece ter sido imposta em detrimento de uma aproximação mias estritamente fenomenológica. De fato, a filosofia de Ricoeur dá uma guinada, no meado dos anos setenta, de uma fenomenologia pós-husserliana (representada por Le volontaire et l'involuntaire bem como por numerosos artigos sobre Husserl) para uma hermenêutica da existência humana finita e fática que iria interrogar de maneira constante a literatura. Este redirecionamento é anterior aos trabalhos sobre a obra literária &­ que se esboça no ensaio sobre Freud de 1969 -, mas permitiu abrir uma interpretação de textos que assumem o ponto de vista hermenêutico. Queremos mostrar aqui que uma elucidação mais puramente fenomenológica foi &­ e ainda é &­ possível. Este ponto de vista foi aberto por R. Ingarden desde 1931 em seu livro capital : L'œuvre d'art littéraire e esta obra servirá de fio condutor à este esboço de uma possível fenomenologia da obra