Infecção natural por Histomonas meleagridis em pavões-indianos (Pavo cristatus) / Histomonas meleagridis natural infection in peacocks (Pavo cristatus)

Background: Histomonas, also known as blackhead, is a protozoan disease caused by Histomonas meleagridis (phylum Parabasalia, class Tritrichomonadea, order Tritrichomonadida, family Dientamoebidae/Protrichomonadinae) and, characterized by enteric and hepatic lesions in several species of domestic and wild gallinaceous. Among the most affected species, turkeys are those with greater morbidity and mortality. Blackhead is the second most important disease caused by protozoa in domestic poultry, affecting especially young birds and causing severe economic losses, with decrease in production, lack of uniformity of lots and costs with treatment and control. Its occurrence must be monitored, especially in large poultry exporting countries, such as Brazil. The aim of this study is to report an outbreak of histomoniasis in Indian peacocks.Case: A peacocks group created together with chickens showed clinical signs characterized by apathy, head down and bruised head, eyes closed, anorexia, yellow or pale stools and death. At necropsy, the cecum showed intense thickening of the wall with irregularity in the serous layer and abundant deposit of friable material, amorphous, yellowish color with areas reddish in the lumen with large number of filiform white parasites from 1 to 1.5 cm in length, morphologically compatible with Heterakis gallinarum. The liver showed large and circular, multifocal, whitish areas that extended towards the parenchyma. Histologically, was observed marked transmural typhlitis, severe proliferation of fibroblasts with multifocal neovascularization, histiocytic infiltrate, giant cell enlargement, bacterial myriads, presence of eosinophilic circulars trophozoites, with 6-20 μm in diameter, morphologically compatible with Histomonas meleagridis. These structures were positive in PAS staining.[...](AU)

Infecção natural por Histomonas meleagridis em pavões-indianos (Pavo cristatus) / Histomonas meleagridis natural infection in peacocks (Pavo cristatus)

Background: Histomonas, also known as blackhead, is a protozoan disease caused by Histomonas meleagridis (phylum Parabasalia, class Tritrichomonadea, order Tritrichomonadida, family Dientamoebidae/Protrichomonadinae) and, characterized by enteric and hepatic lesions in several species of domestic and wild gallinaceous. Among the most affected species, turkeys are those with greater morbidity and mortality. Blackhead is the second most important disease caused by protozoa in domestic poultry, affecting especially young birds and causing severe economic losses, with decrease in production, lack of uniformity of lots and costs with treatment and control. Its occurrence must be monitored, especially in large poultry exporting countries, such as Brazil. The aim of this study is to report an outbreak of histomoniasis in Indian peacocks.Case: A peacocks group created together with chickens showed clinical signs characterized by apathy, head down and bruised head, eyes closed, anorexia, yellow or pale stools and death. At necropsy, the cecum showed intense thickening of the wall with irregularity in the serous layer and abundant deposit of friable material, amorphous, yellowish color with areas reddish in the lumen with large number of filiform white parasites from 1 to 1.5 cm in length, morphologically compatible with Heterakis gallinarum. The liver showed large and circular, multifocal, whitish areas that extended towards the parenchyma. Histologically, was observed marked transmural typhlitis, severe proliferation of fibroblasts with multifocal neovascularization, histiocytic infiltrate, giant cell enlargement, bacterial myriads, presence of eosinophilic circulars trophozoites, with 6-20 μm in diameter, morphologically compatible with Histomonas meleagridis. These structures were positive in PAS staining.[...]

Standard area diagram set for olive leaf spot assessment / Escala diagramática para avaliação de repilo em oliveira

The establishment of olive (Olea europaea) orchards in Brazil is increasing due to their economic potential and benefits to human health. However, a number of limiting factors need to be overcome, such as Olive Leaf Spot (OLS) occurrence, for olives to reach their full potential. OLS, which is caused by Fusicladium oleaginum, results in defoliation and a reduction in fruit production. This study aimed to develop a standard area diagram set (SAD) for the assessment of OLS severity under humid subtropical climate conditions. The SAD was developed with six levels of severity (1, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15%) and OLS severity was validated by eight inexperienced raters. Using the SAD provided an increase in accuracy, precision and concordance, while also reducing the smallest difference detectable. The proposed SAD was adequate at estimating the OLS and could be a useful tool for use in epidemiological and phytopathometry studies, evaluation of control strategies and selection of resistant genotypes.(AU)

O cultivo da oliveira (Olea europaea) no Brasil é crescente devido seu potencial econômico e pelos benefícios que seus produtos oferecem à saúde humana, entretanto, alguns fatores limitantes precisam ser superados, como a ocorrência do repilo (OLS). O repilo, causado pelo fungo Fusicladium oleagineum, causa desfolha e redução da produção de azeitonas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi elaborar uma escala diagramática para auxiliar nas estimativas de severidade de repilo em oliveira em condição de clima subtropical úmido. A escala diagramática foi elaborada com 6 níveis (1, 3, 6, 9, 12 e 15%) e validada por 8 avaliadores inexperientes. Com o uso da escala houve aumento na acurácia, precisão e concordância, também redução do menor valor de severidade detectável. A escala proposta foi adequada para estimar a severidade de repilo em oliveira, podendo ser utilizada para estudos epidemiológicos, avaliação de estratégias de controle e seleção de genótipos resistentes.(AU)

Standard area diagram set for olive leaf spot assessment / Escala diagramática para avaliação de repilo em oliveira

The establishment of olive (Olea europaea) orchards in Brazil is increasing due to their economic potential and benefits to human health. However, a number of limiting factors need to be overcome, such as Olive Leaf Spot (OLS) occurrence, for olives to reach their full potential. OLS, which is caused by Fusicladium oleaginum, results in defoliation and a reduction in fruit production. This study aimed to develop a standard area diagram set (SAD) for the assessment of OLS severity under humid subtropical climate conditions. The SAD was developed with six levels of severity (1, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15%) and OLS severity was validated by eight inexperienced raters. Using the SAD provided an increase in accuracy, precision and concordance, while also reducing the smallest difference detectable. The proposed SAD was adequate at estimating the OLS and could be a useful tool for use in epidemiological and phytopathometry studies, evaluation of control strategies and selection of resistant genotypes.

O cultivo da oliveira (Olea europaea) no Brasil é crescente devido seu potencial econômico e pelos benefícios que seus produtos oferecem à saúde humana, entretanto, alguns fatores limitantes precisam ser superados, como a ocorrência do repilo (OLS). O repilo, causado pelo fungo Fusicladium oleagineum, causa desfolha e redução da produção de azeitonas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi elaborar uma escala diagramática para auxiliar nas estimativas de severidade de repilo em oliveira em condição de clima subtropical úmido. A escala diagramática foi elaborada com 6 níveis (1, 3, 6, 9, 12 e 15%) e validada por 8 avaliadores inexperientes. Com o uso da escala houve aumento na acurácia, precisão e concordância, também redução do menor valor de severidade detectável. A escala proposta foi adequada para estimar a severidade de repilo em oliveira, podendo ser utilizada para estudos epidemiológicos, avaliação de estratégias de controle e seleção de genótipos resistentes.

Standard area diagram set for olive leaf spot assessment / Escala diagramática para avaliação de repilo em oliveira

ABSTRACT: The establishment of olive (Olea europaea) orchards in Brazil is increasing due to their economic potential and benefits to human health. However, a number of limiting factors need to be overcome, such as Olive Leaf Spot (OLS) occurrence, for olives to reach their full potential. OLS, which is caused by Fusicladium oleaginum, results in defoliation and a reduction in fruit production. This study aimed to develop a standard area diagram set (SAD) for the assessment of OLS severity under humid subtropical climate conditions. The SAD was developed with six levels of severity (1, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15%) and OLS severity was validated by eight inexperienced raters. Using the SAD provided an increase in accuracy, precision and concordance, while also reducing the smallest difference detectable. The proposed SAD was adequate at estimating the OLS and could be a useful tool for use in epidemiological and phytopathometry studies, evaluation of control strategies and selection of resistant genotypes.

RESUMO: O cultivo da oliveira (Olea europaea) no Brasil é crescente devido seu potencial econômico e pelos benefícios que seus produtos oferecem à saúde humana, entretanto, alguns fatores limitantes precisam ser superados, como a ocorrência do repilo (OLS). O repilo, causado pelo fungo Fusicladium oleagineum, causa desfolha e redução da produção de azeitonas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi elaborar uma escala diagramática para auxiliar nas estimativas de severidade de repilo em oliveira em condição de clima subtropical úmido. A escala diagramática foi elaborada com 6 níveis (1, 3, 6, 9, 12 e 15%) e validada por 8 avaliadores inexperientes. Com o uso da escala houve aumento na acurácia, precisão e concordância, também redução do menor valor de severidade detectável. A escala proposta foi adequada para estimar a severidade de repilo em oliveira, podendo ser utilizada para estudos epidemiológicos, avaliação de estratégias de controle e seleção de genótipos resistentes.

Pathological and parasitological aspects of the peacock (Pavo cristatus) infection by Tanaisia (Paratanaisia) bragai / Aspectos patológicos e parasitológicos da infecção por Tanaisia (Paratanaisia) bragai em pavões (Pavo cristatus)

Trematodes belonging to the family Eucotylidae, including Tanaisia (Paratanaisia) bragai Santos, 1934are parasites of the kidney and ureter that affect several species of domestic and wild birds. Tanaisia bragaiis considered a low pathogenic parasite, but high worm burdens may determine clinical complications, including signs of apathy, weight loss, diarrhea and death. This paper describes the first report of infection by T. bragai in peacocks (Pavo cristatus), which constitutes a new host record and offers data on the lesions associated to this parasitism, although the degree of pathogenicity and parasite load may be considered mild. These birds did not exhibit clinical signs of parasitism. The macroscopic exam revealed discreet yellow spots on the liver. In the histological sections of the kidney, specimens of T. bragai were found in the collecting ducts, which were markedly dilated, with a thickened wall. Other findings included a mild inflammatory reaction in the wall of the ducts (but sometimes absent), flattening of lining epithelial cells and small, multifocal points of calcification around the collecting ducts. The microscopic examination of the parasites revealed trematodes with an elongated body, well-developed sub terminal oral sucker, pharynx present, short esophagus, cecum somewhat undulating or not, with blind end, testes symmetrical, equatorial, irregular in shape or slightly lobed, vitelline fields extending in both pre-ovarian and post ovarian fields, uterus very long, intercecal or sometimes overlapping the cecum and containing large quantities of eggs. The present findings suggest the need for further diagnostic studies on the prevalence of this trematode in peacocks as well as pathologic studies for the determination of the potential pathogenicity of this parasite in this species of bird... (AU)

Os trematódeos da família Eucotylidae, incluindo Tanaisia (Paratanaisia) bragai Santos, 1934, são parasitos de rins e ureteres de várias espécies de aves domésticas e silvestres. Tanaisia bragai é considerada uma espécie pouco patogênica, mas que pode determinar complicações clínicas como apatia, perda de peso, diarreia e morte, quando em cargas parasitárias elevadas. No presente trabalho, descreve-se o primeiro relato de T. bragai parasitando pavões (Pavo cristatusLinnaeus, 1758), incluindo os achados parasitológicos e patológicos associados à infecção. A ausência de sinais clínicos evidencia uma infecção moderada, na qual, ao exame macroscópico dos órgãos internos, verificou-se a presença de pequenas manchas amareladas no fígado. Ao exame histopatológico, foram verificados espécimes de T. bragai nos ductos coletores dos rins, que se apresentavam marcadamente dilatados e com adelgaçamento das paredes. Verificou-se também moderada reação inflamatória (por vezes ausente) na parede dos ductos e pequenos pontos de calcificação ao redor dos mesmos. No interior do órgão foram recuperados parasitos de corpo alongado, com ventosa oral subterminal e bem desenvolvida, ventosa acetabular, faringe, esôfago curto, cecos intestinais em fundo cego, testículos simétricos e equatoriais e irregulares, glândulas vitelínicas presentes nas regiões pré e pós-ovarianas, útero longo e contendo grande quantidade de ovos. O presente achado sugere a necessidade de novos estudos diagnósticos a fim de determinar a prevalência e a importância deste parasito para pavões. Além disso, os pavões demonstraram ser hospedeiros definitivos de T. bragai,podendo servir de fonte de infecção para o ambiente, contribuindo para a dispersão do parasito.(AU)

Pathological and parasitological aspects of the peacock (Pavo cristatus) infection by Tanaisia (Paratanaisia) bragai / Aspectos patológicos e parasitológicos da infecção por Tanaisia (Paratanaisia) bragai em pavões (Pavo cristatus)

Trematodes belonging to the family Eucotylidae, including Tanaisia (Paratanaisia)bragai Santos, 1934are parasites of the kidney and ureter that affect several species of domestic and wild birds. Tanaisia bragai is considered a low pathogenic parasite, but high worm burdens may determine clinical complications, including signs of apathy, weight loss, diarrhea and death...

Os trematódeos da família Eucotylidae, incluindo Tanaisia (Paratanaisia)bragai Santos, 1934, são parasitos de rins e ureteres de várias espécies de aves domésticas e silvestres. Tanaisia bragai é considerada uma espécie pouco patogênica, mas que pode determinar complicações clínicas como apatia, perda de peso, diarreia e morte, quando em cargas parasitárias elevadas...