Comparing outcomes of prepectoral, partial muscle-splitting subpectoral, and dual-plane subpectoral direct-to-implant reconstruction: implant upward migration and the pectoralis muscle.

Background: Although dual-plane subpectoral breast reconstruction has been widely implemented in implant-based breast reconstruction, animation deformities remain an issue. Recent advances in skin flap circulation detection have increased the use of prepectoral reconstruction. A partial muscle-splitting subpectoral plane was introduced to decrease the visibility of the implant edge. However, there is yet to be a direct comparison of these methods for optimal results, including changes in implant position after reconstruction. This study aims to compare the incidence of complications such as rippling, animation deformity, implant upward migration between the dual-plane, the partial muscle splitting subpectoral and the prepectoral reconstruction group. In addition, multivariate analysis was conducted to identify the risk factors of complications. Methods: We retrospectively investigated 349 patients who underwent unilateral direct-to-implant breast reconstruction from January 2017 to October 2020. Implants were inserted into the dual-plane subpectoral (P2) or partial muscle-splitting subpectoral (P1, the muscle slightly covering the upper edge of the implant) or the prepectoral pocket (P0). Postoperative outcomes and at least 2 years of follow-up complications were compared. Results: There was no significant difference in rippling (P=0.62) or visible implant edges on the upper pole (P=0.62) among the three groups. In contrast, the P0 group had a lower incidence of seroma (P=0.008), animation deformity (P<0.001), breast pain (P=0.002), and upward implant migration (P0: 1.09%, P1: 4.68%, P2: 38.37%, P<0.001). According to the multivariate analysis, P2 resulted in a greater risk of seroma (odds ratio: 4.223, P=0.002) and implant upward migration (odds ratio: 74.292, P<0.001) than did P0. Conclusions: P0 and P1 showed better postoperative outcomes than P2. Additionally, P0 had less implant migration than P1. Even though P1 minimally dissects the muscle, the location of the implant may change. Considering that muscle contraction can deteriorate symmetry and aesthetic results, the P0 method may be the most favorable.

Associação do retalho miocutâneo do músculo peitoral maior e da mamaplastia em T invertido para reconstrução de extenso defeito da parede torácica: relato de caso / Association of pectoralis major myocutaneous flap and inverted T mammoplasty for reconstruction of extensive chest wall defect: case report

Introdução: Em 1977, a partir dos estudos anatômicos de McCraw et al., passou-se a utilizar o músculo peitoral maior como retalho miocutâneo em ilha. O presente artigo descreve um caso de reconstrução de um defeito da parede anterior do hemitórax direito através do retalho miocutâneo peitoral maior em ilha ipsilateral. Relato do Caso: A.E.S., de 66 anos, sexo masculino foi submetido a ressecção ampla de um carcinoma basocelular infiltrativo recidivante de 13,0 x 8,0cm da região paraesternal direita. O retalho miocutâneo foi transposto através de tunelização subcutânea e as cicatrizes posicionadas em forma de mamaplastia em T invertido. Conclusão: A presente tática cirúrgica é de fácil execução para cirurgiões habituados com reconstrução mamária, apresenta tempo cirúrgico curto e resultado estético-funcional satisfatório.

Introduction: In 1977, based on anatomical studies by McCraw et al., the pectoralis major muscle began to be used as an island myocutaneous flap. The present article describes a case of reconstruction of a defect in the anterior wall of the right hemithorax using the pectoralis major myocutaneous flap in an ipsilateral island. Case Report: AES, 66 years old, male, underwent wide resection of a recurrent infiltrative basal cell carcinoma measuring 13.0 x 8.0 cm in the right parasternal region. The myocutaneous flap was transposed through subcutaneous tunneling and the scars were positioned in the shape of an inverted T mammoplasty. Conclusion: This surgical tactic is easy to perform for surgeons accustomed to breast reconstruction, has a short surgical time, and has satisfactory aesthetic-functional results.

Surgical treatment of patients with chronic rupture of the pectoralis major muscle tendon. Prospective comparative study with 2 years of follow-up.

To compare outcomes between autologous fascia lata and autologous hamstring grafts for chronic pectoralis major muscle (PMM) rupture repair, and perform histological, and imaging analyses. Forty male patients with chronic PMM ruptures (time since injury ranging from >3 months to 5 years) and a mean age of 37.3 years (SD = 9.7 years) were evaluated. One group (20 patients) received an autologous semitendinosus graft, and another group (20 patients) received an autologous fascia lata graft for PMM reconstruction. These patients with fascia lata grafts by Bak 2criterium 60% of the patients presented excellent results, 20% presented good results, 15% presented fair results, and 5% presented poor results. In the hamstring group 65% of the patients presented excellent results, 30% presented good results, and 5% presented fair results. In this comparative study, no difference was observed regarding the functional result, image, and histology between groups.

Pectoralis Muscle Area as a Predictor of Mortality in Patients Hospitalized with Bronchiectasis Exacerbation.

INTRODUCTION: Data on factors related to mortality in patients with bronchiectasis exacerbation are insufficient. Computed tomography (CT) can measure the pectoralis muscle area (PMA) and is a useful tool to diagnose sarcopenia. This study aimed to evaluate whether PMA can predict mortality in patients with bronchiectasis exacerbation. METHODS: Patients hospitalized due to bronchiectasis exacerbation at a single center were retrospectively divided into survivors and non-survivors based on 1-year mortality. Thereafter, a comparison of the clinical and radiologic characteristics was conducted between the two groups. RESULTS: A total of 66 (14%) patients died at 1 year. In the multivariate analysis, age, BMI <18.4 kg/m2, sex-specific PMA quartile, ≥3 exacerbations in the previous year, serum albumin <3.5 g/dL, cystic bronchiectasis, tuberculosis-destroyed lung, and diabetes mellitus were independent predictors for the 1-year mortality in patients hospitalized with bronchiectasis exacerbation. A lower PMA was associated with a lower overall survival rate in the survival analysis according to sex-specific quartiles of PMA. PMA had the highest area under the curve during assessment of prognostic performance in predicting the 1-year mortality. The lowest sex-specific PMA quartile group exhibited higher disease severity than the highest quartile group. CONCLUSIONS: CT-derived PMA was an independent predictor of 1-year mortality in patients hospitalized with bronchiectasis exacerbation. Patients with lower PMA exhibited higher disease severity. These findings suggest that PMA might be a useful marker for providing additional information regarding prognosis of patients with bronchiectasis exacerbation.

Prompt Impact of Muscle Energy Technique on Pectoralis Muscle Tightness in Computer Users: A Quasi-Experimental Study.

Tightness of the pectoralis minor muscle has been a common characteristic of abnormal posture. Prolonged inappropriate posture while using computers/laptops results in musculoskeletal problems, mainly in the upper limb. This study aims to see how the muscular energy technique affected pectoralis minor tightness in computer users right away. This study included 65 individuals aged 20-40 years following the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Participants received muscle energy technique for the pectoralis minor muscle. Pre- and post-assessment included the evaluation of pectoralis minor length, round shoulder posture (RSP), and forward head posture (FHP). We used the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to assess the normality of data, as this study included > 50 participants. Data analysis was conducted using a paired t-test for within-group analysis. The outcome measures demonstrated significant improvement (p < 0.001). In conclusion, the muscle energy technique is effective in reducing muscle tightness, improving RSP and reducing FHP.

A review of chronic pectoralis major tears: what options are available?

Rupture of the pectoralis major muscle typically occurs in the young, active male. Acute management of these injuries is recommended; however, what if the patient presents with a chronic tear of the pectoralis major? Physical exams and magnetic resonance imaging can help identify the injury and guide the physician with a plan for management. Nonoperative management is feasible, but is recommended for elderly, low-demand patients whose functional goals are minimal. Repair of chronic tears should be reserved for younger, healthier patients with high functional demands. Although operative management provides better functional outcomes, operative treatment of chronic pectoralis tears can be challenging. Tendon retraction, poor tendinous substance and quality of tissue, muscle atrophy, scar formation, and altered anatomy make direct repairs complicated, often necessitating auto- or allograft use. We review the various graft options and fixation methods that can be used when treating patients with chronic pectoralis major tears.

A randomized controlled trial of pectoralis major myofascial release massage for breastfeeding mothers: breast pain, engorgement, and newborns' breast milk intake and sleeping patterns.

PURPOSE: Supportive interventions to improve breastfeeding practice are needed in nursing. This study investigated the effects of pectoralis major myofascial release massage (MRM) on breast pain and engorgement among breastfeeding mothers and on breast milk intake and sleep patterns among newborns. METHODS: Breastfeeding mothers who had delivered between 37 and 43 weeks and had 7-to 14-dayold newborns were recruited from a postpartum care center in Gunpo, Korea. Participants were randomized to the MRM or control group. The outcome variables were breast pain and breast engorgement among breastfeeding mothers and breast milk intake and sleep time among newborns. The experimental treatment involved applying MRM to separate the pectoralis major muscle and the underlying breast tissue in the chest. After delivery, the first MRM session (MRM I) was provided by a breast specialist nurse, and the second (MRM II) was administered 48 hours after MRM I. RESULTS: Following MRM, breast pain (MRM I: t=-5.38, p<.001; MRM II: t=-10.05, p<.001), breast engorgement (MRM I: right, t=-1.68, p =.100; left, t=-2.13, p=.037 and MRM II: right, t=-4.50, p<.001; left, t=-3.74, p<.001), and newborn breast milk intake (MRM I: t=3.10, p=.003; MRM II: t=3.09, p=.003) differed significantly between the groups. CONCLUSION: MRM effectively reduced breast engorgement and breast pain in breastfeeding mothers, reducing the need for formula supplementation, and increasing newborns' breast milk intake. Therefore, MRM can be utilized as an effective nursing intervention to alleviate discomfort during breastfeeding and to improve the rate of breastfeeding practice (clinical trial number: KCT0002436).

The Combined Effect of the Trapezius Muscle Strengthening and Pectoralis Minor Muscle Stretching on Correcting the Rounded Shoulder Posture and Shoulder Flexion Range of Motion among Young Saudi Females: A Randomized Comparative Study.

BACKGROUND: The shortening of the pectoralis minor muscle (PMi-M) and weakening of the lower trapezius muscle (LTr-M) affect scapular movement, resulting in the development of a rounded shoulder posture and reduction in the shoulder flexion range of motion (SFROM). OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the combined effect of LTr-M strengthening and PMi-M stretching on correcting the rounded shoulder postures and SFROM among young Saudi females. METHODS: This study was based on a two-arm parallel-group repeated measures randomized comparative design. A total of sixty female participants with rounded shoulder postures were recruited and randomly allocated into groups 1 and 2 (n = 30/group). Each group performed supervised PMi-M stretching; however, group 2 performed a combination of LTr-M strengthening and PMi-M stretching. The outcomes, including rounded shoulder posture and SFROM, were assessed using the pectoralis minor length test (PMLT) and universal goniometer. A repeated measure ANOVA was used to compare the differences within-group and between-group for the outcomes measures at one-week (baseline) pre-intervention, two weeks, and three -weeks post-intervention. The significance level was set at q > 2.00 and p < 0.05 for all respective statistical analyses. RESULTS: The within-group comparison revealed significant improvements (q > 2.00) in the outcomes of PMLT and SFROM when comparing their post-intervention scores to the baseline scores. The between-group comparison revealed a significant and an insignificant (q < 2.00) difference in the outcomes of PMLT and SFROM, respectively when comparing their scores at the second- and third-week post-intervention. Furthermore, the effect size of the intervention suggests an advantage of group 2 over group 1 in increasing the resting length of the PMi-M only among young Saudi females. CONCLUSIONS: The combined effect of LTr-M strengthening and PMi-M stretching was more beneficial than PMi-M stretching alone in correcting the rounded shoulder posture among young Saudi females by increasing PMi-M resting length. However, it could not yield a differential improvement in the SFROM outcome among them.

Using indocyanine green angiography to achieve complete engraftment of pectoralis major myocutaneous flaps.

Although the pectoralis major myocutaneous (PMMC) flap is among the useful reconstructive materials following oral cancer ablation, this flap has an unstable blood circulation that could result in partial necrosis of the skin paddle. This report describes the usefulness of indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) to achieve complete engraftment of the PMMC flap. Five patients with oral cancer underwent reconstruction with a PMMC flap after cancer ablation. During the skin paddle design and flap elevation, the blood supply to the flap was assessed by ICGA. Areas of the skin paddle that showed no ICG fluorescence were excised. Consequently, prior to transfer to the recipient site, the blood supply to all flaps was confirmed with indocyanine green visible at the edge of the skin paddle, and complete engraftment was achieved without partial necrosis. Based on the results observed, ICGA would make a useful contribution to complete engraftment of the PMMC flap.

PECTORALIS MAJOR TENDON INJURY: RECONSTRUCTION USING BONE TUNNEL AND ANCHORS.

Objective: This study aims to assess a new technique used for pectoralis major reconstruction using bone tunnel and fixation with metallic anchors in the contralateral cortical bone. Methods: Patients who had undergone post-surgical reconstruction of the pectoralis major at least 24 months before were assessed by the UCLA Shoulder Score and the Simple Shoulder Test and compared with the contralateral side by manual goniometry. Subgroup analysis was also performed between grafted and non-grafted patients. Results: 13 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The average UCLA score was 34.77 ± 0.12, compared with the standard 27 of good and excellent results p < 0.0001. The Simple Shoulder test mean was 11.92 ± 0.08. Grafted and non-grafted subgroups had no statistical differences for UCLA p = 0.58 and Simple Shoulder Test p = 1.00. Long term losses for elevation or external rotation were lower than 5º. No lesions recurred. All patients returned to their physical activities with no restrictions. Conclusion: The pectoralis major reconstruction technique using a bone tunnel and metallic anchors in the contralateral cortical bone was effective. However, its execution needs special care to avoid complications. Level of Evidence IV, Case Series.

Objetivo: Avaliar, em uma série de casos, o uso da técnica de reconstrução do músculo peitoral maior através de túnel ósseo na cortical umeral anterior, feito no local de inserção original desse tendão, com fixação tendínea, usando âncoras metálicas na cortical contralateral. Métodos: Foram avaliados pacientes com mais de 24 meses depós-operatório de reconstrução do tendão do peitoral maior através do escore da UCLA, do teste simples de ombro e da goniometria manual comparativa com o lado contralateral. Foram também avaliados e comparados os subgrupos uso de enxerto versus sem enxerto usando os testes de qualidade de vida e goniometria mencionados acima. Resultados: De todos os pacientes operados pelo cirurgião sênior do serviço, 13 alcançaram os critérios de inclusão e foram incluídos nesse trabalho. O escore da UCLA foi de 34,77 ± 0,12, comparado com o padrão 27 de bons e ótimos resultados p < 0,0001. A média para o teste simples de ombro foi de 11,92 ± 0,08. Com relação ao uso de enxerto, não houve diferenças entre os subgrupos com e sem enxerto, p = 0,62 para o escore da UCLA e p = 0,35 para o teste simples de ombro. Não houve perda de elevação ou rotação externa superior a 5º nem relesões. Todos os pacientes retornaram às atividades físicas. Conclusão: A técnica de reconstrução do tendão do peitoral maior com túnel ósseo e fixação na cortical contralateral com âncoras demonstrou-se efetiva, mas sua execução necessita cuidado afim de evitarem-se complicações. Nível de Evidência IV, Série de Casos .

The Inferior-Based Dermoglandular Flap with Partial Subpectoral Implant Transposition and Revision Mastopexy for Subglandular Breast Augmentation Complications.

BACKGROUND: Revision augmentation-mastopexy is a complex procedure that aims to correct the complications of a previous surgery. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reliability of the inferior-based dermoglandular flap with partial subpectoral implant coverage to correct implant- and tissue-related complications associated with primary subglandular breast augmentation and its influence on improving outcomes. METHODS: This was a retrospective study in which a total of 53 patients (106 breasts) underwent revision augmentation-mastopexy using the double coverage technique for an implant with an inferior-based dermoglandular flap and superior-based pectoralis major muscle (biplane) as the first layer and a nipple-areolar flap with breast pillars as the second layer. This technique provides a suspensory reconstruction that acts as hammock to minimize the pressure on the inframammary fold and maintain position integrity. RESULTS: The follow-up period ranged from 2.3 to 4 years (mean 3.6 years), and the recorded complications were minor wound dehiscence less than 1 cm2 at the "T" junction in three breasts (2.83 %) and mild hypertrophic scarring in five breasts (4.72%). CONCLUSION: The use of an inferior-based dermoglandular flap with partial subpectoral biplane implant reinforcement allows autologous support and double coverage to decrease the incidence of implant- and tissue-related complications, especially pseudoptosis, lower pole widening, capsular contracture, rippling, and implant visibility. It achieves enhanced upper pole fullness, medial cleavage, projection, and breast volume. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Pectoralis major tendon injury: reconstruction using bone tunnel and anchors / Lesão do tendão do peitoral maior: reconstrução utilizando túnel ósseo e âncoras

ABSTRACT Objective: This study aims to assess a new technique used for pectoralis major reconstruction using bone tunnel and fixation with metallic anchors in the contralateral cortical bone. Methods: Patients who had undergone post-surgical reconstruction of the pectoralis major at least 24 months before were assessed by the UCLA Shoulder Score and the Simple Shoulder Test and compared with the contralateral side by manual goniometry. Subgroup analysis was also performed between grafted and non-grafted patients. Results: 13 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The average UCLA score was 34.77 ± 0.12, compared with the standard 27 of good and excellent results p < 0.0001. The Simple Shoulder test mean was 11.92 ± 0.08. Grafted and non-grafted subgroups had no statistical differences for UCLA p = 0.58 and Simple Shoulder Test p = 1.00. Long term losses for elevation or external rotation were lower than 5º. No lesions recurred. All patients returned to their physical activities with no restrictions. Conclusion: The pectoralis major reconstruction technique using a bone tunnel and metallic anchors in the contralateral cortical bone was effective. However, its execution needs special care to avoid complications. Level of Evidence IV, Case Series.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar, em uma série de casos, o uso da técnica de reconstrução do músculo peitoral maior através de túnel ósseo na cortical umeral anterior, feito no local de inserção original desse tendão, com fixação tendínea, usando âncoras metálicas na cortical contralateral. Métodos: Foram avaliados pacientes com mais de 24 meses depós-operatório de reconstrução do tendão do peitoral maior através do escore da UCLA, do teste simples de ombro e da goniometria manual comparativa com o lado contralateral. Foram também avaliados e comparados os subgrupos uso de enxerto versus sem enxerto usando os testes de qualidade de vida e goniometria mencionados acima. Resultados: De todos os pacientes operados pelo cirurgião sênior do serviço, 13 alcançaram os critérios de inclusão e foram incluídos nesse trabalho. O escore da UCLA foi de 34,77 ± 0,12, comparado com o padrão 27 de bons e ótimos resultados p < 0,0001. A média para o teste simples de ombro foi de 11,92 ± 0,08. Com relação ao uso de enxerto, não houve diferenças entre os subgrupos com e sem enxerto, p = 0,62 para o escore da UCLA e p = 0,35 para o teste simples de ombro. Não houve perda de elevação ou rotação externa superior a 5º nem relesões. Todos os pacientes retornaram às atividades físicas. Conclusão: A técnica de reconstrução do tendão do peitoral maior com túnel ósseo e fixação na cortical contralateral com âncoras demonstrou-se efetiva, mas sua execução necessita cuidado afim de evitarem-se complicações. Nível de Evidência IV, Série de Casos .

Optimization strategy of anesthesia for modified radical mastectomy for breast cancer: transverse thoracic muscle plane block-pectoral nerve block with compound lidocaine-general anesthesia / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective:To evaluate the optimization efficacy of transversus thoracic muscle plane block (TTPB)-pectoral nerve block (PECS) with compound lidocaine-general anesthesia for modified radical mastectomy for breast cancer.Methods:Ninety female patients, aged 40-64 yr, with American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ and body mass index <30 kg/m 2, undergoing elective modified radical mastectomy for breast cancer, were divided into 3 groups ( n=30 each) using the random number table method: general anesthesia group (group C), TTPB-PECS with compound lidocaine-general anesthesia group (group L), and TTPB-PECS with ropivacaine-general anesthesia group (group R). The laryngeal mask was used for total intravenous anesthesia.PECS I, PECS II and TTPB were performed sequentially after laryngeal mask placement in L and R groups, and 0.4% compound lidocaine 15, 15 and 10 ml (group L) and 0.375% ropivacaine 15, 15 and 10 ml (group R) were injected at the above three points, respectively.Patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) was performed with sufentanil at patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) dose of 2 ml/dose and a lockout time of 15 min at the end of operation, and when visual analog scale (VAS) score ≥ 3 points, sufentanil 5 μg was given intravenously for rescue analgesia.The intraoperative consumption of propofol and remifentanil, emergence time, and laryngeal mask removal time were recorded.The Ramsay sedation score and duration of postoperative analgesia were recorded at 10 min after removal of the laryngeal mask.The consumption of sufentanil, ratio of the effective pressing times to the total pressing times of PCA (D 1/D 2 ratio), requirement for rescue analgesia, and occurrence of adverse effects such as nausea and vomiting, skin pruritus, bradycardia, and respiratory depression within 48 h after surgery were recorded. Results:Compared with C group, the intraoperative consumption of propofol and remifentanil was significantly reduced, the emergence time and laryngeal mask removal time were shortened, Ramsay sedation scores was decreased, postoperative VAS scores were decreased, duration of postoperative analgesia was prolonged, D 1/D 2 ratios were increased, the consumption of sufentanil was reduced, and the requirement for rescue analgesia and incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting were decreased in R and L groups ( P<0.05). Compared with R group, the duration of postoperative analgesia was significantly prolonged, D 1/D 2 ratio was increased, the consumption of sufentanil was decreased, and the requirement for rescue analgesia was decreased in L group ( P<0.05). Conclusions:Compared with general anesthesia, TTPB-PECS with compound lidocaine-general anesthesia used in modified radical mastectomy for breast cancer is helpful in achieving a low-opioid anesthetic mode, which is more conducive to suppressing postoperative hyperalgesia and promoting early postoperative recovery, and the optimization efficacy is more significant than that of ropivacaine.

Presence of incomplete superficial axillary arch and pectoralis quartus muscle in one male body / Presencia en un individuo de un arco axilar superficial incompleto y de un músculo pectoral cuarto

SUMMARY: The anatomical variations of the pectoralis major muscle (PMM) and latissimus dorsi muscle (LDM) range from agenesis to the presence of supernumerary fascicles with a variety of insertions and relationships with the muscles, fascia, vessels, nerves and skeletal components of the shoulder girdle and the axilla. Many of these variations are clinically irrelevant, but extremely interesting and revealing from the perspective of comparative anatomy, ontogeny, and phylogeny. In this report, we present two different supernumerary muscles in the chest of one adult male body, identified during dissection practice of undergraduate medical students at Universidad Surcolombiana. These supernumerary fascicles in the axillary region were caudal to the lower edge of the PMM on the right side of the chest, and in contact with the anterior edge of the LDM on the left side of the chest; each fascicle was inserted in the ipsilateral coracoid process. These observations are congruent with the pectoralis quartus muscle and an incomplete and superficial axillary arch, respectively.

RESUMEN: Las variaciones anatómicas del músculo pectoral mayor (MPM) y del músculo latísimo del dorso (MLD) van desde la agenesia hasta la presencia de fascículos supernumerarios con una variedad de inserciones y relaciones con los músculos, fascias, vasos, nervios y componentes esqueléticos de la cintura escapular y la axila. Clínicamente, muchas de las variaciones son irrelevantes, pero extremadamente interesantes y reveladoras desde la perspectiva de la anatomía comparada, la ontogenia y la filogenia. En este estudio, presentamos dos músculos supernumerarios diferentes en la pared torácica de un hombre adulto, identificados durante la práctica de disección de estudiantes de medicina de la Universidad Surcolombiana. Estos fascículos supernumerarios en la región axilar estaban caudales al margen inferior del MPM en el lado derecho del tórax y en contacto con el margen anterior del MLD en el lado izquierdo del tórax; cada fascículo se insertaba en el proceso coracoides ipsilateral. Estas observaciones son congruentes con el músculo pectoral cuarto y un arco axilar incompleto y superficial, respectivamente.

Unusual sonographic appearance of breast cancer metastasis to the pectoralis muscle.

Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies in women. It frequently metastasizes to the lungs, liver, and bone. Breast cancer metastasis to skeletal muscles is rare. Chest wall recurrence in patients that have undergone mastectomy is the most frequent form of local recurrence, and it is generally accompanied by nodules or masses on the chest wall. Here, we describe a case of the unusual appearance of invasive lobular cancer metastasis to the pectoral muscles without discrete nodules or masses in a patient who had undergone mastectomy 12 years ago.

Chronic Pectoralis Major Rupture Reconstruction With Interpositional Acellular Dermal Allograft.

Background: Pectoralis major tendon (PMT) rupture commonly occurs in males 20 to 39 years of age. PMT rupture is most often associated with gym-based exercise, with attempted bench press being the most common causative event, but it is also associated with contact or impact sports. Delayed presentation, misdiagnoses, and chronic PMT rupture can result in a therapeutic dilemma. Case Series: We present 2 cases of chronic PMT rupture that were operatively managed using acellular dermal allograft as an interposition graft. Patients' final follow-ups were at 20 and 30 months, respectively. Strength in their pectoralis major muscle was well preserved on the contralateral side: 88% for patient 1 and 110% for patient 2. Conclusion: Our reported technique using an interpositional acellular dermal allograft is a good option to treat chronic PMT rupture.

Electromyography of the Pectoralis Major Muscle after Surgical Reconstruction of Chronic Tendon Rupture.

Objective To evaluate the electrophysiological activity of the injured pectoralis major (PM) muscle of operated patients who perform weightlifting, more specifically bench press exercises, especially the activity of the clavicular and sternocostal portions of the PM. Methods All athletes in study I (10 patients) had unilateral complete ruptures during bench press exercises and a history of use of anabolic steroids, an association that is described in up to 86.7% of PM tendon ruptures. The control group included 10 men without PM tendon injury who did not perform bench press exercises. Description of the cross-sectional design. The p -values were obtained by multiple comparisons with Bonferroni correction. Results In the comparison between the control (C) group and the weightlifters during the postoperative period (POS), we found no evidence of differences in any measurements obtained in the clavicular and sternocostal portions of the PM muscle: clavicular average level ( p = 0.847); clavicular standard deviation (SD) ( p = 0.777); clavicular area ( p = 0.933); clavicular median ( p = 0.972); sternocostal average level ( p = 0.633); sternocostal SD ( p = 0.602); sternocostal area ( p = 0.931); and sternocostal median ( p = 0.633). Conclusion In the present study, the electromyographic activity of the PM muscle in weightlifters (bench press exercise) who underwent surgery was within the normal parameters for the clavicular and sternocostal portions studied.

Electromyography of the Pectoralis Major Muscle after Surgical Reconstruction of Chronic Tendon Rupture / Eletromiografia do músculo peitoral maior após reconstrução cirúrgica da ruptura crônica do tendão

Abstract Objective To evaluate the electrophysiological activity of the injured pectoralis major (PM) muscle of operated patients who perform weightlifting, more specifically bench press exercises, especially the activity of the clavicular and sternocostal portions of the PM. Methods All athletes in study I (10 patients) had unilateral complete ruptures during bench press exercises and a history of use of anabolic steroids, an association that is described in up to 86.7% of PM tendon ruptures. The control group included 10 men without PM tendon injury who did not perform bench press exercises. Description of the cross-sectional design. The p-values were obtained by multiple comparisons with Bonferroni correction. Results In the comparison between the control (C) group and the weightlifters during the postoperative period (POS), we found no evidence of differences in any measurements obtained in the clavicular and sternocostal portions of the PM muscle: clavicular average level (p = 0.847); clavicular standard deviation (SD) (p = 0.777); clavicular area (p = 0.933); clavicular median (p = 0.972); sternocostal average level (p = 0.633); sternocostal SD (p = 0.602); sternocostal area (p = 0.931); and sternocostal median (p = 0.633). Conclusion In the present study, the electromyographic activity of the PM muscle in weightlifters (bench press exercise) who underwent surgery was within the normal parameters for the clavicular and sternocostal portions studied.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a atividade eletrofisiológica do músculo peitoral maior (PM) lesionado de pacientes operados que realizam halterofilismo, mais especificamente exercícios de supino, especialmente a atividade das porções clavicular e esternocostal do PM. Métodos Todos os atletas no estudo I (10 pacientes) tiveram rupturas completas unilaterais durante o exercício de supino, e tinham histórico de uso de esteroides anabolizantes, associação descrita em até 86,7% das rupturas tendinosas do PM. O grupo controle incluiu 10 homens sem lesão no tendão do PM que não realizaram exercícios de supino. Descrição do projeto transversal. Os valores de p foram obtidos por múltiplas comparações com a correção de Bonferroni. Resultados Na comparação entre o grupo controle (C) e os halterofilistas durante o pós-operatório (POS), não foram encontradas diferenças nas medidas obtidas nas porções clavicular e esternocostal do músculo PM: nível médio clavicular (p = 0,847); desvio padrão (DP) clavicular (p = 0,777); área clavicular (p = 0,933); mediana da clavícula (p = 0,972); nível médio esternocostal (p = 0,633); DP esternocostal (p = 0,602); área esternocostal (p = 0,931); e mediana esternocostal (p = 0,633). Conclusão Neste estudo, a atividade eletromiográfica do músculo PM em atletas de halterofilismo (exercício de supino) que foram submetidos a cirurgia esteve dentro dos parâmetros normais para as porções claviculares e esternocostais estudadas.

Effects of implantation of pectoralis major fascia combined with serratus anterior fatty fascia flap prosthesis on breast reconstruction after early breast cancer surgery / 肿瘤研究与临床

Objective:To investigate effects of implantation of pectoralis major fascia combined with serratus anterior fatty fascia flap prosthesis on breast reconstruction after early breast cancer surgery.Methods:A total of 62 patients with early breast cancer undergoing breast reconstruction in Dongguan People's Hospital of Guangdong Province from July 2017 to December 2019 were selected and randomly divided into two groups, 31 cases in each group. The control group was treated with pectoralis major fascia covering prosthesis for breast reconstruction, and the observation group was treated with pectoralis major fascia combined with serratus anterior fatty fascia flap covering prosthesis for breast reconstruction. The clinical data of the two groups were recorded, the postoperative aesthetic appearance of breast was evaluated. According to the function assessment of cancer therapy-breast cancer (FACT-B) was used to evaluate the score of quality of life before and after operation, and postoperative complications were also observed.Results:In the control group and the observation group, the intraoperative blood loss was (82.61±12.38) ml, (88.76±13.57) ml, respectively; and drainage tube extubation time was (3.51±0.62) d and (3.64±0.58) d, respectively; there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups ( t value was 1.864, 0.853, respectively, all P > 0.05). The operation time of the observation group was longer than that of the control group [(2.59±0.29) h vs. (1.72±0.32) h, t = 11.217, P < 0.001]. The amount of drainage of the control group was higher than that of the observation group [(215.45±47.69) ml vs. (151.36±31.67) ml, t = 6.233, P < 0.001]; the length of hospital stay of the control group was longer than that of the observation group [(14.51±2.32) d vs. (10.79±1.86) d, t = 6.965, P < 0.001]. The excellent and good rate of postoperative breast appearance of the observation group was higher than that of the control group [96.77% (30/31) vs. 74.19% (23/31), χ 2adjusted=4.679, P = 0.031]. There were no statistical differences in all items including health, emotion, function, society/family and other conditions scores of FACT-B and total scores in both groups before the operation (all P > 0.05); all items scores and total scores of both groups after the operation were higher than those before the operation (all P < 0.001), and the sores after the operation of the observation group were higher than those of the control group (all P < 0.001). The total incidence of postoperative complications was 6.45% (2/31) of the observation group, 22.58% (7/31) of the control group, and the difference was not statistically significant (χ 2adjusted=2.080, P = 0.149). Conclusion:Breast reconstruction with implantation of pectoralis major fascia combined with serratus anterior fatty fascia flap prosthesis after early breast cancer surgery can shorten the postoperative hospital stay, improve the aesthetic appearance of breast, improve the long-term quality of life, and has a high safety.