Adherence with post-hospitalization follow-up after pediatric critical illness due to respiratory failure.

BACKGROUND: Adherence with follow-up appointments after a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission is likely a key component in managing post-PICU sequalae. However, prior work on PICU follow-up adherence is limited. The objective of this study is to identify hospitalization characteristics, discharge child health metrics, and follow-up characteristics associated with full adherence with recommended follow-up at a quaternary care center after a PICU admission due to respiratory failure. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients ≤ 18 years with respiratory failure admitted between 1/2013-12/2014 to a quaternary care PICU. Post-hospitalization full adherence with recommended follow-up in the two years post discharge (1/2013-3/2017) at the quaternary care center was quantified and compared by demographics, baseline child health metrics, hospitalization characteristics, discharge child health metrics, and follow-up characteristics in bivariate and multivariate analyses. Patients were dichotomized into being non-adherent with follow-up (patients who attended less than 100% of recommended appointments at the quaternary care center) and fully adherent (patients who attended 100% of recommended appointments at the quaternary care center). RESULTS: Of 155 patients alive at hospital discharge, 140 (90.3%) were recommended to follow-up at the quaternary care center. Of the 140 patients with recommended follow-up at the quaternary care center, 32.1% were non-adherent with follow-up and 67.9% were fully adherent. In a multivariable logistic regression model, each additional recommended unique follow-up appointment was associated with lower odds of being fully adherent with follow-up (OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.60-0.91, p = 0.005), and each 10% increase in the proportion of appointments scheduled before discharge was associated with higher odds of being fully adherent with follow-up (OR 1.02, 95% CI 1.01-1.03, p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: After admission for acute respiratory failure, only two-thirds of children were fully adherent with recommended follow-up at a quaternary care center. Our findings suggest that limiting the recommended follow-up to only key essential healthcare providers and working to schedule as many appointments as possible before discharge could improve follow-up adherence. However, a better understanding of the factors that lead to non-adherence with follow-up appointments is needed to inform broader system-level approaches could help improve PICU follow-up adherence.

Post-extubation laryngitis in children: diagnosis, management and follow-up.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the occurrence of post-extubation laryngitis, analyze its one-year evolution, and correlate laryngeal lesions with clinical outcomes. METHODS: Retrospective study including children up to 13 years old at a tertiary hospital between March 2020 and March 2022 with diagnosis of post-extubation laryngitis confirmed by endoscopic examination. Exclusion criteria were prior history of intubation or anatomical airway abnormalities. Medical records were reviewed to characterize patients, underlying diagnosis, laryngeal lesions, treatment, and outcomes at 12-month follow-up. RESULTS: The study included 38 endoscopically confirmed post-extubation laryngitis cases, corresponding to 86.4% of suspected cases. The mean age was 13.24 months, and 60.5% were male. Acute respiratory failure was the leading cause of intubation. Initial treatment was clinical, and initial diagnosis was defined by nasopharynoglaryngoscopy and/or Microlaryngoscopy and Bronchoscopy (MLB) findings. Initial diagnostic MLB was performed in 65.7% of the patients. Approximately half (53%) of the patients exhibited moderate or severe laryngeal lesions. When compared to mild cases, these patients experienced a higher rate of extubation failures (mean of 1.95 vs. 0.72, p = 0.0013), underwent more endoscopic procedures, and faced worse outcomes, such as the increased need for tracheostomy (p = 0.0001) and the development of laryngeal stenosis (p = 0.0450). Tracheostomy was performed in 14 (36.8%) children. Patients undergoing tracheostomy presented more extubation failures and longer intubation periods. Eight (21%) developed laryngeal stenosis, and 17 (58.6%) had complete resolution on follow-up. CONCLUSION: Post-extubation laryngitis is a frequent diagnosis among patients with clinical symptoms or failed extubation. The severity of laryngeal lesions was linked to a less favorable prognosis observed at one-year follow-up. Otolaryngological evaluation, follow-up protocols, and increased access to therapeutic resources are essential to manage these children properly. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 4.

Knowledge, attitudes and practices of critical care unit personnel regarding pediatric palliative care: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have evaluated the perceptions of healthcare providers in China regarding pediatric palliative care, particularly in critical care units (PICUs), where many children receive palliative care. To evaluate the knowledge, attitudes and practices of PICU personnel in China regarding pediatric palliative care. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted in five cities in China (Shanghai, Suzhou, Chongqing, Chengdu and Yunnan) between November 2022 and December 2022. RESULTS: The analysis included 204 participants (122 females), with 158 nurses and 46 physicians. The average knowledge, attitude and practice scores were 9.75 ± 2.90 points (possible range, 0-13 points), 38.30 ± 3.80 points (possible range, 12-60 points) and 35.48 ± 5.72 points (possible range, 9-45 points), respectively. Knowledge score was higher for physicians than for nurses (P < 0.001) and for personnel with previous training in pediatric palliative care (P = 0.005). According to structural equation modelling knowledge had a direct positive effect on attitude (ß = 0.69 [0.28-1.10], p = 0.001), and indirect on practice (ß = 0.82 [0.36-1.28], p < 0.001); attitude had significant effect on practice as well (ß = 1.18 [0.81-1.56], p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: There is room for improvement in the knowledge, attitudes and practices of PICU personnel in China regarding pediatric palliative care. The findings of this study may facilitate the design and implementation of targeted education/training programs to better inform physicians and nurses in China about pediatric palliative care.

Predicting adverse long-term neurocognitive outcomes after pediatric intensive care unit admission.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Critically ill children may suffer from impaired neurocognitive functions years after ICU (intensive care unit) discharge. To assess neurocognitive functions, these children are subjected to a fixed sequence of tests. Undergoing all tests is, however, arduous for former pediatric ICU patients, resulting in interrupted evaluations where several neurocognitive deficiencies remain undetected. As a solution, we propose using machine learning to predict the optimal order of tests for each child, reducing the number of tests required to identify the most severe neurocognitive deficiencies. METHODS: We have compared the current clinical approach against several machine learning methods, mainly multi-target regression and label ranking methods. We have also proposed a new method that builds several multi-target predictive models and combines the outputs into a ranking that prioritizes the worse neurocognitive outcomes. We used data available at discharge, from children who participated in the PEPaNIC-RCT trial (ClinicalTrials.gov-NCT01536275), as well as data from a 2-year follow-up study. The institutional review boards at each participating site have also approved this follow-up study (ML8052; NL49708.078; Pro00038098). RESULTS: Our proposed method managed to outperform other machine learning methods and also the current clinical practice. Precisely, our method reaches approximately 80% precision when considering top-4 outcomes, in comparison to 65% and 78% obtained by the current clinical practice and the state-of-the-art method in label ranking, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our experiments demonstrated that machine learning can be competitive or even superior to the current testing order employed in clinical practice, suggesting that our model can be used to severely reduce the number of tests necessary for each child. Moreover, the results indicate that possible long-term adverse outcomes are already predictable as early as at ICU discharge. Thus, our work can be seen as the first step to allow more personalized follow-up after ICU discharge leading to preventive care rather than curative.

Hyperlacticaemia in children with status asthmaticus. The Stewart approach.

BACKGROUND: Patients with status asthmaticus (SA) frequently present with lactic acidosis (LA). Our goal is to identify the nature of this LA using the Stewart physicochemical model and to identify the independent factors associated with LA in children with SA. METHODS: Analytical study of a retrospective cohort using a nested case-control design. Twenty-eight episodes of SA in 24 children were included. Patients admitted to a paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) for SA over a 9-year period were recruited consecutively. Data were analysed using the Stewart model and the Strong Ion Calculator. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and regression models were fitted within the general linear model. RESULTS: Hyperlacticaemia (Lact[mM/L] = 3.905 [95% CI = 3.018-4.792]) and acidosis (pH = 7.294 [95% CI = 7.241-7.339]) were observed in 18 episodes (15 patients; 62.5%). According to the Stewart model, acidosis was caused by a decrease in strong ion difference. Initially, pCO2 was high (pCO2[mmHg] = 45.806 [95% CI = 37.314-54.298]) but the net unmeasured ion (NUI) component was normal (NUI = -4,461 [95% CI = -3.51 to -5.412]), and neither changed significantly over the clinical course. There was no need to determine pyruvate, as the NUI was normal and the LA was type B (non-hypoxic, lactate/pyruvate < 25). We observed a correlation (P = .023) between LA and intramuscular epinephrine administered on arrival at hospital, but not between LA and the cumulative dose of nebulized salbutamol. CONCLUSIONS: Most patients with SA presented LA. The Stewart model confirmed that LA is not hypoxic, probably due to sympathomimetic-related glycolysis.

Impression of Primary Care Follow-Up After a PICU Admission: A Pilot Survey of Primary Care Pediatricians.

OBJECTIVES: The majority of PICU general follow-up occurs with primary care providers. Our objective was to investigate primary care pediatricians': 1) comfort with and barriers to caring for children after a PICU admission, 2) knowledge of and screening for post-intensive care syndrome in pediatrics (PICS-P), and 3) resource needs. DESIGN: Pilot cross-sectional survey study. SETTING: Metropolitan Detroit, Michigan from September 2022 to March 2023. SUBJECTS: Primary care pediatricians. MEASUREMENT AND MAIN RESULTS: The survey included 15 questions on provider demographics, comfort with and barriers to caring for children after a PICU admission, knowledge of and screening practices for PICS-P, and resource needs. The median values for continuous data and frequencies for categorical data were calculated. The survey response rate was 17% (26/152). The median age was 38.5 years (interquartile range 34-52 yr) and 19 of 26 (73%) were female. In case studies, 26 of 26 (100%) were "very comfortable" resuming care for a patient with a straightforward bronchiolitis PICU admission while 8 of 26 participants (31%) were "somewhat uncomfortable" and 1 of 26 (4%) was "not at all comfortable" with caring for a patient after a complex acute respiratory distress syndrome PICU admission. Seven of 26 participants (27%) were familiar with the term "post-intensive care syndrome in pediatrics." Over 50% screened for four of five PICS-P domains. Key barriers were care coordination with specialists, discomfort or difficulties with managing new home equipment, and inadequate or missing documentation. CONCLUSIONS: In this pilot study, approximately one-third of primary care pediatricians had knowledge of PICS-P. Participants experienced numerous care barriers. Our findings suggest future research could engage improved study methods and designs, and focus on interventions to support primary care-provided PICU follow-up.

Development of a model to predict vancomycin serum concentration during continuous infusion of vancomycin in critically ill pediatric patients.

Vancomycin is a frequently used antibiotic in intensive care units, and the patient's renal clearance affects the pharmacokinetic characteristics of vancomycin. Several advantages have been reported for vancomycin continuous intravenous infusion, but studies on continuous dosing regimens based on patients' renal clearance are insufficient. The aim of this study was to develop a vancomycin serum concentration prediction model by factoring in a patient's renal clearance. Children admitted to our institution between July 1, 2021, and July 31, 2022 with records of continuous infusion of vancomycin were included in the study. Sex, age, height, weight, vancomycin dose by weight, interval from the start of vancomycin administration to the time of therapeutic drug monitoring sampling, and vancomycin serum concentrations were analyzed with the linear regression analysis of the mixed effect model. Univariable regression analysis was performed using the vancomycin serum concentration as a dependent variable. It showed that vancomycin dose (p < 0.001) and serum creatinine (p = 0.007) were factors that had the most impact on vancomycin serum concentration. Vancomycin serum concentration was affected by vancomycin dose (p < 0.001) and serum creatinine (p = 0.001) with statistical significance, and a multivariable regression model was obtained as follows: Vancomycin serum concentration (mg/l) = -1.296 + 0.281 × vancomycin dose (mg/kg) + 20.458 × serum creatinine (mg/dl) (adjusted coefficient of determination, R2 = 0.66). This prediction model is expected to contribute to establishing an optimal continuous infusion regimen for vancomycin.

Acute kidney injury in children undergoing cardiac surgery: predictive value of kidney arterial Doppler-based variables.

BACKGROUND: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common condition in critically ill children and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to assess the performance of point-of-care ultrasonography to predict AKI in children undergoing cardiac surgery. METHODS: In this prospective study, consecutive children underwent kidney Doppler ultrasound examination within 24 h following cardiac surgery, and an experienced operator obtained both renal resistive index (RRI) and renal pulsatility index (RPI). AKI was defined by the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcome (KDIGO) criteria. The primary outcome was the diagnosis of severe AKI (KDIGO stage 2 or 3) on day 3. RESULTS: A total of 58 patients were included. Median age and weight were 12.9 months (IQR 6.0-37.9) and 7.36 kg (IQR 5.19-11.40), respectively. On day 3, 13 patients were classified as having AKI, of which 11 were severe. RRI could effectively predict AKI (area under the ROC curve [AUC] 0.83, 95% CI 0.71-0.92; p < 0.001) as well as RPI (AUC 0.81, 95% CI 0.69-0.90; p < 0.001). The optimal cutoff value for RRI was 0.85 (sensitivity, 73%; specificity, 83%; positive predictive value [PPV], 50%; and negative predictive value [NPV], 93%), while for RPI was 1.95 (sensitivity, 73%; specificity, 78%; PPV, 44%; and NPV, 92%). Similar results were found in the analysis for prediction on day 5. Significant correlations were found between Doppler-based variables and estimated GFR and furosemide dose on day 3. CONCLUSIONS: Kidney Doppler ultrasound may be a promising tool for predicting AKI in children undergoing cardiac surgery.

Deep Sedation in Pediatric Patients With Single Ventricle Physiology Outside of the Operating Room.

Background: Advancements in palliative surgery of patients with single ventricle physiology have led to an increase in the need for deep sedation protocols for painful procedures. However, positive pressure ventilation during anesthesia can result in unfavorable cardiopulmonary interactions. This patient population may benefit from sedation from these painful procedures. Methods: This study aims to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of deep sedation by pediatric intensivists outside the operating room for children with single ventricle physiology. This is a single-center, retrospective chart review on consecutive pediatric patients with single ventricle physiology who received deep sedation performed by pediatric intensivists between 2013 and 2020. Results: Thirty-three sedations were performed on 27 unique patients. The median age was 3.7 years (25th%-75th%: 2.1-15.6). The majority of the sedations, 88% (29/33), were done on children with Fontan physiology and 12% (4/33) were status-post superior cavopulmonary anastomosis. The primary cardiac defect was hypoplastic left heart in 63% (17/27) of all sedation procedures. There were 24 chest tube placements and 9 cardioversions. Ketamine alone [median dose 1.5 mg/kg (range 0.8-3.7)], ketamine [median dose 1 mg/kg (range 0.1-2.1)] with propofol [median dose 2.3 mg/kg (range 0.7-3.8)], and ketamine [median dose 1.5 mg/kg (range 0.4-3.0)] with morphine [median dose 0.06 mg/kg (range 0.03-0.20)] were the most common sedation regimens used. Adverse events (AEs) occurred in 4 patients (15%), three of which were transient AEs. All sedation encounters were successfully completed. Conclusion: Procedural deep sedation can be safely and effectively administered to single ventricle patients by intensivist-led sedation teams in selective case.

Survey of Pediatric Critical Care Fellows on Postresuscitation Debriefing.

Purpose: Current guidelines recommend debriefing following medical resuscitations to improve patient outcomes. The goal of this study was to describe national trends in postresuscitation debriefing practices among pediatric critical care medicine (PCCM) fellows to identify potential gaps in fellow education. Methods: A 13-item survey was distributed to fellows in all 76 ACGME-accredited PCCM programs in the United States in the spring of 2021. The online survey addressed frequency and timing of debriefings following medical resuscitations, whether formal training is provided, which medical professionals are present, and providers' comfort level leading a debriefing. Results were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: A total of 102 responses (out of a possible N of 536) were gathered from current PCCM fellows. All fellows (100%) reported participation in a medical resuscitation. Only 21% stated that debriefings occurred after every resuscitation event, and 44% did not follow a structured protocol for debriefing. While 66% reported feeling very or somewhat comfortable leading the debriefing, 19% felt either somewhat uncomfortable or very uncomfortable. A vast majority (92%) of participating fellows believed that debriefing would be helpful in improving team member performance during future resuscitations, and 92% expressed interest in learning more about debriefing. Conclusions: The majority of PCCM fellows do not receive formal training on how to lead a debriefing. Given that 74% of fellows in our study did not feel very comfortable leading a debriefing but almost universally expressed that this practice is useful for provider well-being and performance, there is a clear need for increased incorporation of debriefing training into PCCM curricula across the United States.

Multiorgan Dysfunction Syndrome in Abusive and Accidental Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury.

BACKGROUND: Abusive head trauma (AHT) is a mechanism of pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) with high morbidity and mortality. Multiorgan dysfunction syndrome (MODS), defined as organ dysfunction in two or more organ systems, is also associated with morbidity and mortality in critically ill children. Our objective was to compare the frequency of MODS and evaluate its association with outcome between AHT and accidental TBI (aTBI). METHODS: This was a single center, retrospective cohort study including children under 3 years old admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit with nonpenetrating TBI between 2014 and 2021. Presence or absence of MODS on days 1, 3, and 7 using the Pediatric Logistic Organ Dysfunction-2 score and new impairment status (Functional Status Scale score change > 1 compared with preinjury) at hospital discharge (HD), short-term timepoint, and long-term timepoint were abstracted from the electronic health record. Multiple logistic regression was performed to examine the association between MODS and TBI mechanism with new impairment status. RESULTS: Among 576 children, 215 (37%) had AHT and 361 (63%) had aTBI. More children with AHT had MODS on days 1 (34% vs. 23%, p = 0.003), 3 (28% vs. 6%, p < 0.001), and 7 (17% vs. 3%, p < 0.001) compared with those with aTBI. The most common organ failures were cardiovascular ([AHT] 66% vs. [aTBI] 66%, p = 0.997), neurologic (33% vs. 16%, p < 0.001), and respiratory (34% vs. 15%, p < 0.001). MODS was associated with new impairment in multivariable logistic regression at HD (odds ratio 19.1 [95% confidence interval 9.8-38.6, p < 0.001]), short-term discharge (7.4 [3.7-15.2, p < 0.001]), and long-term discharge (4.3 [2.0-9.4, p < 0.001])]. AHT was also associated with new impairment at HD (3.4 [1.6-7.3, p = 0.001]), short-term discharge (2.5 [1.3-4.7, p = 0.005]), and long-term discharge (2.1 [1.1-4.1, p = 0.036]). CONCLUSIONS: Abusive head trauma as a mechanism was associated with MODS following TBI. Both AHT mechanism and MODS were associated with new impairment at all time points.

Miedo a la muerte y a su proceso en personal de Pediatría durante la pandemia por COVID-19

Introducción: La evidencia obtenida en estudios previos señala que existe mayor ansiedad por el proceso de morir que, por la muerte misma, aunque falta mayor investigación. Objetivo: Analizar el miedo a la muerte y al proceso de morir propio y de otros en el servicio de Pediatría del Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio analítico transversal con la Escala de Miedo a la Muerte de Collett-Lester en 143 personas: 25,2 % pediatras generales y subespecialistas, 70,6 % profesionales de Enfermería y auxiliares, y 4,2 % terapeutas respiratorios. El análisis incluyó estadística descriptiva, pruebas de Chi2, U de Mann-Whitney, Fisher, T de Student, ANOVA y el Alfa de Cronbach. Resultados: los hallazgos del estudio sugieren que es menor el miedo a la propia muerte que el miedo a la muerte de otros, y no hay diferencia entre el miedo al proceso de morir propio y de otros. Es mayor el miedo a la muerte en enfermeras profesionales y menor en pediatras subespecialistas. Existe mayor miedo a la muerte en el servicio de UCI-UCE (media: 3,53 DS: 0,88) comparado con Urgencias (media: 2,66 DS: 0,59). Hay asociación entre el miedo a la muerte con: el sexo femenino (p = 0,000), tener una creencia religiosa (p = 0,048), y el cargo (p = 0,007). La escala tuvo muy alta fiabilidad (Alfa de Cronbach: 0,95). Discusión: es de aclarar que este estudio fue realizado durante el segundo año de la pandemia del COVID-19, cuando había menor temor, mayor conocimiento y vacunas, cuyos resultados se corresponden con otros estudios. Conclusión: en el presente estudio el mayor miedo a la muerte se asoció con ser mujer, tener creencia religiosa y laborar en UCI-UCE comparado con Urgencias.

Introduction: The evidence obtained from previous research suggests that there is more anxiety related to dying compared with death. Nevertheless, more research is needed. Objective: To analyze the fear of death and dying, oneself and others, in the pediatric service personnel at Pablo Tobón Uribe Hospital in Medellín. Methodology: This was a transversal analytic study to apply the Collett-Lester Fear of Death Scale on 143 people: 25,2 % were general pediatricians and subspecialists, 70,6 % were professional nurses and medical assistants, and 4,2 % were respiratory therapists. The analysis included descriptive statistics, Chi2 test, Mann-Whitney U test, Fisher, StudentsT, ANOVA and Cronbach's Alpha. Results: Here we report the mean of one's fear of death is lower than the fear of others' death. There is no difference when comparing the fear of one's process of dying mean, rather than when it's others. Fear of death is higher in professional nurses and lower in pediatric subspecialists. The study shows higher fear of death in the ICU-IMC services (mean: 3,53 SD: 0,88) compared with the emergency room (mean:2,66 SD: 0,59). There is a statistical association between fear of death and being a woman (p=0,000), having a religious belief (p=0,048) and job position (p=0,007). The scale has a high internal consistency (Cronbach's Alpha: 0,95). Discussion: It is important to mention that this research was conducted during the second year of the COVID-19 pandemic, when the fear had decreased, and with more knowledge and the vaccines were ready, the results are coherent with other papers. Conclusion: In this study the higher fear of death was associated with being a woman, having a religious belief and working in ICU-IMC compared to the emergency room.

Challenges Encountered in the Provision of Enteral Nutrition in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit: An Observational Study.

Background Enteral nutrition (EN) represents the preferred modality for nutrient administration in critically ill patients. However, it is fraught with challenges such as delayed initiation and recurrent interruptions, which can significantly impact patient clinical outcomes. A substantial proportion of these interruptions can be mitigated. In the present investigation, our objective was to scrutinize the practice of EN in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU). We sought to ascertain the frequency and underlying causes of EN interruptions and assess their ramifications for nutrient delivery. Study design We conducted an observational study within the PICU of Mahatma Gandhi Mission's (MGM) Medical College and Hospital, Aurangabad. The study encompassed children admitted to the PICU for a period exceeding 24 hours who were receiving enteral feeds. We documented the time of commencing EN from the point of PICU admission, instances of enteral feeding interruptions, the number and duration of each interruption episode, and the reasons behind these interruptions. Subsequently, we categorized the causes of feeding interruptions into avoidable and non-avoidable determinants. Results Out of the 100 patients enrolled in this study, only 34% presented with normal nutritional status upon admission. Sixty-five percent of patients had their nutritional support initiated within the first 48 hours of admission to the PICU. The median duration from PICU admission to the initiation of EN was 32.5 hours, with a median interruption duration per patient of 40.96 hours. Common causes of interruptions included radiological procedures, respiratory distress, altered sensorium, presence of gastric aspirates, and surgical procedures. Upon analysis, it was determined that a substantial majority, constituting 74%, of these interruptions were avoidable. Conclusions The primary challenges associated with EN in the PICU encompass delayed initiation of enteral feeds and frequent interruptions. Importantly, a significant proportion of these issues are avoidable.

Pathogens in PICU before and during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in China: a multicenter retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: Nonpharmacological interventions for COVID-19 could reduce the incidence of children hospitalized in pediatric intensive care units (PICU) and the incidence of children with bacterial infections. This study aimed to evaluate changes in the bacterial profile of children in PICU before and during the COVID-19 pandemics. METHODS: This is a retrospective study, involving clinical data of children with positive bacterial cultures admitted to the PICU respectively in 2019 and 2021. RESULTS: In total 652 children were included in this study. The total number of hospitalized patients and the incidence of bacteria-positive children in 2021 were lower than those in 2019. There were no significant differences in the ratio of Gram-positive bacterial infection, Gram-negative bacteria infection or fungi infection between the two years. The rate of Streptococcus pneumoniae in 2021 was higher than that in 2019(p = 0.127). The incidence of Haemophilus influenzae in hospitalized patients decreased with a downward trend(p = 0.002). The distribution of previous underlying diseases in children admitted to PICU with different outcomes of bacterial infection between the two years were homogeneous (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: After the implementation of COVID-19 isolation, prevention and control measures, the number of hospitalizations and bacterial infections in PICU decreased, which may be due to changes in population's behavior patterns. Meanwhile, the incidence of Haemophilus influenzae in hospitalized patients decreased with a downward trend.

Knowledge regarding extracorporeal membrane oxygenation management among Brazilian pediatric intensivists: a cross-sectional survey.

OBJECTIVE: To assess Brazilian pediatric intensivists' general knowledge of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, including evidence for its use, the national funding model, indications, and complications. METHODS: This was a multicenter cross-sectional survey including 45 Brazilian pediatric intensive care units. A convenience sample of 654 intensivists was surveyed regarding their knowledge on managing patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, its indications, complications, funding, and literature evidence. RESULTS: The survey addressed questions regarding the knowledge and experience of pediatric intensivists with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, including two clinical cases and 6 optional questions about the management of patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Of the 45 invited centers, 42 (91%) participated in the study, and 412 of 654 (63%) pediatric intensivists responded to the survey. Most pediatric intensive care units were from the Southeast region of Brazil (59.5%), and private/for-profit hospitals represented 28.6% of the participating centers. The average age of respondents was 41.4 (standard deviation 9.1) years, and the majority (77%) were women. Only 12.4% of respondents had taken an extracorporeal membrane oxygenation course. Only 19% of surveyed hospitals have an extracorporeal membrane oxygenation program, and only 27% of intensivists reported having already managed patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Specific extracorporeal membrane oxygenation management questions were responded to by only 64 physicians (15.5%), who had a fair/good correct response rate (median 63.4%; range 32.8% to 91.9%). CONCLUSION: Most Brazilian pediatric intensivists demonstrated limited knowledge regarding extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, including its indications and complications. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is not yet widely available in Brazil, with few intensivists prepared to manage patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and even fewer intensivists recognizing when to refer patients to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation centers.

Nutrition for critically ill children and neonates requiring dialysis: Application of clinical practice recommendations.

Approximately 30% of all children and neonates admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) experience acute kidney injury (AKI). Children with AKI are largely poorly fed and experience high rates of malnutrition. Nutrition prescription and provision are exceptionally challenging for critically ill neonates, infants, and children with AKI given the dynamic nature of AKI and its respective treatment modalities. Managing the nutrition prescription of critically ill neonates, infants, and children with AKI requires nutrition support clinicians to have a high-level understanding of the various treatment modalities for AKI, which can affect the patient's protein, fluid, electrolyte, and mineral needs. Accurate and timely nutrition assessment in critically ill neonates and children with AKI can be flawed owing to difficulty obtaining accurate anthropometric parameters. Recently, the Pediatric Renal Nutrition Taskforce introduced clinical practice recommendations for the nutrition management of children with AKI. In this review, we will discuss the practical implications of these recent guidelines and work to bridge the knowledge and practice gaps for pediatric and neonatal nutrition support clinicians providing nutrition therapy for patients with AKI in the ICU. We also appraise special nutrition-related considerations for neonates with AKI given newer available renal replacement treatment modalities.

Nutrition for critically ill children with congenital heart disease.

Children with congenital heart disease often require admission to the cardiac intensive care unit at some point in their lives, either after elective surgical or catheter-based procedures or during times of acute critical illness. Meeting both the macronutrient and micronutrient needs of children in the cardiac intensive care unit requires complex decision-making when considering gastrointestinal perfusion, vasoactive support, and fluid balance goals. Although nutrition guidelines exist for critically ill children, these cannot always be extrapolated to children with congenital heart disease. Children with congenital heart disease may also suffer unique circumstances, such as chylothoraces, heart failure, and the need for mechanical circulatory support, which greatly impact nutrition delivery. Guidelines for neonates and children with heart disease continue to be developed. We provide a synthesized narrative review of current literature and considerations for nutrition evaluation and management of critically ill children with congenital heart disease.

Timing of enteral nutrition and parenteral nutrition in the PICU.

The timing of nutrition support initiation has the potential to positively impact nutrition and clinical outcomes in infants and children with critical illness. Early enteral nutrition within 24-48 h and attainment of both a 60% energy and protein goal by the end of the first week of pediatric intensive care unit admission are reported to be significantly associated with improved survival in large observational studies. The results of one randomized controlled trial demonstrated increased morbidity in infants and children with critical illness assigned to early vs delayed supplemental parenteral nutrition. Observational studies in this population also suggest increased mortality with exclusive parenteral nutrition and worse nutrition outcomes when parenteral nutrition is delayed. Subsequently, current nutrition support guidelines recommend early enteral nutrition and avoidance of early parenteral nutrition, although the available evidence used to create the guidelines was inadequate to inform bedside nutrition support practice to improve outcomes. These guidelines are limited by the included studies with small numbers and heterogeneity of patients and research design that confound study outcomes and interpretation. This article provides a narrative review of the timing of nutrition support on outcomes in infants and children with critical illness, strategies to optimize timing and adequacy of nutrition support, and literature gaps, including the timing of parenteral nutrition initiation for children with malnutrition and those with contraindications to enteral nutrition and accurate measurement of energy requirements.

Impact of prematurity on long-stay paediatric intensive care unit admissions in England 2008-2018.

BACKGROUND: Survival following extreme preterm birth has improved, potentially increasing the number of children with ongoing morbidity requiring intensive care in childhood. Previous single-centre studies have suggested that long-stay admissions in paediatric intensive care units (PICUs) are increasing. We aimed to examine trends in long-stay admissions (≥28 days) to PICUs in England, outcomes for this group (including mortality and PICU readmission), and to determine the contribution of preterm-born children to the long-stay population, in children aged <2 years. METHODS: Data was obtained from the Paediatric Intensive Care Audit Network (PICANet) for all children <2 years admitted to National Health Service PICUs from 1/1/2008 to 31/12/2018 in England. We performed descriptive analysis of child characteristics and PICU outcomes. RESULTS: There were 99,057 admissions from 67,615 children. 2,693 children (4.0%) had 3,127 long-stays. Between 2008 and 2018 the annual number of long-stay admissions increased from 225 (2.7%) to 355 (4.0%), and the proportion of bed days in PICUs occupied by long-stay admissions increased from 24.2% to 33.2%. Of children with long-stays, 33.5% were born preterm, 53.5% were born at term, and 13.1% had missing data for gestational age. A considerable proportion of long-stay children required PICU readmission before two years of age (76.3% for preterm-born children). Observed mortality during any admission was also disproportionately greater for long-stay children (26.5% for term-born, 24.8% for preterm-born) than the overall rate (6.3%). CONCLUSIONS: Long-stays accounted for an increasing proportion of PICU activity in England between 2008 and 2018. Children born preterm were over-represented in the long-stay population compared to the national preterm birth rate (8%). These results have significant implications for future research into paediatric morbidity, and for planning future PICU service provision.

Ketamine Clinical Use on the Pediatric Critically Ill Infant: A Global Bibliometric and Critical Review of Literature.

The developing central nervous system is vulnerable to several stimuli, especially psychotropic drugs. Sedation procedures during the developmental period are frequent in pediatric intensive care units (PICUs), in which the use of the sedative agent is still a challenge for the PICU team. Ketamine has been indicated for sedation in critically ill children with hemodynamic and ventilatory instabilities, but the possible neurobehavioral consequences related to this use are still uncertain. Here, we performed a bibliometric analysis with conventional metrics and a critical review of clinical findings to reveal a gap in the literature that deserves further investigation. We revealed that only 56 articles corresponded to the inclusion criteria of the study. The United States of America emerges as the main country within the scope of this review. In addition, professional clinical societies play a key role in the publications of scientific clinical findings through the specialist journals, which encourages the sharing of research work. The co-occurrence of keywords evidenced that the terms "sedation", "ketamine", and "pediatric" were the most frequent. Case series and review articles were the most prevalent study design. In the critical evaluation, the scarce studies highlight the need of use and post-use monitoring, which reinforces the importance of additional robust clinical studies to characterize the possible adverse effects resulting from ketamine anesthetic protocol in critically ill children.