Are people who have a better smell sense, more affected from satiation? / As pessoas que têm melhor olfato são mais afetadas pela saciedade?

Abstract Introduction: The olfactory system is affected by the nutritional balance and chemical state of the body, serving as an internal sensor. All bodily functions are affected by energy loss, including olfaction; hunger can alter odour perception. Objective: In this study, we investigated the effect of fasting on olfactory perception in humans, and also assessed perceptual changes during satiation. Methods: The "Sniffin' Sticks" olfactory test was applied after 16 h of fasting, and again at least 1 h after Ramadan supper during periods of satiation. All participants were informed about the study procedure and provided informed consent. The study protocol was approved by the local Ethics Committee of Gaziosmanpaşa Taksim Education and Research Hospital (09/07/2014 no: 60). The study was conducted in accordance with the basic principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Results: This prospective study included 48 subjects (20 males, 28 females) with a mean age of 33.6 ± 9.7 (range 20-72) years; their mean height was 169.1 ± 7.6 (range 150.0-185.0) cm, mean weight was 71.2 ± 17.6 (range 50.0-85.0) kg, and average BMI was 24.8 ± 5.3 (range 19.5-55.9). Scores were higher on all items pertaining to olfactory identification, thresholds and discrimination during fasting vs. satiation (p < 0.05). Identification (I) results: Identification scores were significantly higher during the fasting (median = 14.0) vs. satiation period (median = 13.0). Threshold (T) results: Threshold scores were significantly higher during the fasting (median = 7.3) vs. satiation period (median = 6.2). Discrimination (D) results: Discrimination scores were significantly higher during the fasting (median = 14.0) vs. satiation period (median = 13.0). The total TDI scores were 35.2 (fasting) vs. 32.6 (satiation). When we compared fasting threshold value of >9 and ≤9, the gap between the fasting and satiety thresholds was significantly greater in >9 (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Olfactory function improved during fasting and declined during satiation. The olfactory system is more sensitive, and more reactive to odours, under starvation conditions, and is characterised by reduced activity during satiation. This situation was more pronounced in patients with a better sense of smell. Olfaction-related neurotransmitters should be the target of further study.

Resumo Introdução: O sistema olfatório é afetado pelo equilíbrio nutricional e estado químico do corpo, que serve como um sensor interno. Todas as funções corporais são afetadas pela perda de energia, inclusive o olfato; a fome pode alterar a percepção do odor. Objetivo: Neste estudo, investigamos o efeito do jejum sobre a percepção olfativa em seres humanos, e também avaliamos as mudanças de percepção durante a saciedade. Método: O teste olfatório Sniffin Sticks foi aplicado após 16 horas de jejum e novamente pelo menos 1 hora após a ceia do Ramadã durante os períodos de saciedade. Todos os participantes foram informados sobre os procedimentos do estudo e forneceram o consentimento informado. O protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética do Gaziosmanpaşa Taksim Education e Research Hospital (2014/09/07 n° 60). O estudo foi conduzido de acordo com os princípios básicos da Declaração de Helsinki. Resultados: Foram incluídos 48 pacientes (20 homens, 28 mulheres) com média de 33,6 ± 9,7 aos (variação 20-72); a altura média deles era de 169,1 ± 7,6 cm (variação 150-185), o peso médio era de 71,2 ± 17,6 kg (variação de 50-85) e o IMC médio era de 24,8 ± 5,3 (variação de 19,5-55,9). Os escores foram maiores em todos os itens correspondentes à identificação olfativa, limiares e discriminação durante jejum vs. saciedade (p < 0,05). Resultados da identificação (I): os escores de identificação foram significativamente maiores durante o jejum (mediana = 14) vs. período de saciedade (mediana = 13). Resultados limiares (T): os escores limiares foram significativamente maiores durante o jejum (mediana = 7,3) vs. período de saciedade (mediana = 6,2). Resultados de discriminação (D): os escores de discriminação foram significativamente maiores durante o jejum (mediana = 14) vs. período de saciedade (mediana = 13). Os escores totais de TDI foram de 35,2 (jejum) vs. 32,6 (saciedade). Quando comparamos o valor do limiar de jejum de > 9 e ≤ 9, a diferença entre os limiares de jejum e de saciedade foi significativamente maior em > 9 (p < 0,05). Conclusão: A função olfatória melhorou durante o jejum e diminuiu durante a saciedade. O sistema olfatório é mais sensível e mais reativo aos odores em condições de fome e é caracterizado por atividade reduzida durante a saciedade. Essa situação foi mais pronunciada em pacientes com um melhor sentido olfativo. Os neurotransmissores relacionados com o olfato devem ser alvo de um estudo mais aprofundado.

Are people who have a better smell sense, more affected from satiation?

INTRODUCTION: The olfactory system is affected by the nutritional balance and chemical state of the body, serving as an internal sensor. All bodily functions are affected by energy loss, including olfaction; hunger can alter odour perception. OBJECTIVE: In this study, we investigated the effect of fasting on olfactory perception in humans, and also assessed perceptual changes during satiation. METHODS: The "Sniffin' Sticks" olfactory test was applied after 16h of fasting, and again at least 1h after Ramadan supper during periods of satiation. All participants were informed about the study procedure and provided informed consent. The study protocol was approved by the local Ethics Committee of Gaziosmanpasa Taksim Education and Research Hospital (09/07/2014 no: 60). The study was conducted in accordance with the basic principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. RESULTS: This prospective study included 48 subjects (20 males, 28 females) with a mean age of 33.6±9.7 (range 20-72) years; their mean height was 169.1±7.6 (range 150.0-185.0)cm, mean weight was 71.2±17.6 (range 50.0-85.0)kg, and average BMI was 24.8±5.3 (range 19.5-55.9). Scores were higher on all items pertaining to olfactory identification, thresholds and discrimination during fasting vs. satiation (p<0.05). Identification (I) results: Identification scores were significantly higher during the fasting (median=14.0) vs. satiation period (median=13.0). Threshold (T) results: Threshold scores were significantly higher during the fasting (median=7.3) vs. satiation period (median=6.2). Discrimination (D) results: Discrimination scores were significantly higher during the fasting (median=14.0) vs. satiation period (median=13.0). The total TDI scores were 35.2 (fasting) vs. 32.6 (satiation). When we compared fasting threshold value of >9 and ≤9, the gap between the fasting and satiety thresholds was significantly greater in >9 (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Olfactory function improved during fasting and declined during satiation. The olfactory system is more sensitive, and more reactive to odours, under starvation conditions, and is characterised by reduced activity during satiation. This situation was more pronounced in patients with a better sense of smell. Olfaction-related neurotransmitters should be the target of further study.

The influence of the fasting period on the number of nymphal instars and on the sex ratio of Argas (Persicargas) miniatus (Acari: Argasidae) / Influência do período de jejum no número de instares ninfais e na razão sexual de Argas (Persicargas) miniatus (Acari: Argasidae)

The current study investigated the biology of nymphs of the first and second instars of Argas (Persicargas) miniatus. Nymphs were deprived of food for 15, 30 or 60 days and held at 27 ± 1 ºC and 80 ± 10 percent relative humidity (controlled conditions) or at room conditions of temperature and relative humidity. Nymphs of first instar deprived of food for 15 or 30 days molted to second and third instars in both controlled and room conditions. Nymphs of the first instar deprived of food for 60 days had 28 and 37 percent mortality in controlled and room conditions, respectively; and survivors did not attach to the host. Nymphs of the second instar, deprived of food for 60 days, molted either to the third instar or to males after feeding on Gallus gallus, and the nymphs of the third instar developed to adults (42.42 percent males and 36.36 percent females when nymphs were held in controlled temperature and humidity conditions, and 40.54 percent males and 48.65 percent females when nymphs were held in room conditions). The remainder of the nymphs molted to the fourth instar and then molted to females. In conclusion, the nymphal starvation period of 60 days determined the number of nymph instars in the life cycle of A. miniatus under the experimental conditions studied.

Os aspectos biológicos de ninfas de primeiro e segundo instares de Argas (Persicargas) miniatus quando submetidas a diferentes períodos de jejum (15, 30 e 60 dias), foram estudados em estufa climatizada (27 ± 1 ºC e 80 ± 10 por cento de umidade relativa) e em ambiente de laboratório. Ninfas de primeiro instar que foram submetidas a um período de jejum de 15 e 30 dias mudaram para ninfas de segundo e terceiro instar, em ambas as condições estudadas. No período de 60 dias de jejum verificou-se mortalidade de 28 e 37 por cento das ninfas de primeiro instar, em estufa climatizada e em ambiente de laboratório, respectivamente. As ninfas sobreviventes não se fixaram sobre os hospedeiros. As ninfas de segundo instar, após 60 dias de jejum, desenvolveram-se em ninfas de terceiro instar ou machos, quando alimentadas em Gallus gallus. Ainda neste grupo, as ninfas de terceiro instar mudaram para adultos (42,42 e 40,54 por cento machos; 36,36 e 48,65 por cento fêmeas, nas condições ambiente de laboratório e estufa climatizada, respectivamente) e o restante desenvolveu-se em ninfas de quarto instar que por sua vez mudaram para fêmeas. Então, a situação de jejum (60 dias) em que as ninfas foram submetidas determinou o número de ninfas no ciclo biológico de A. miniatus, sob as condições experimentais estudadas.

The influence of the fasting period on the number of nymphal instars and on the sex ratio of Argas (Persicargas) miniatus (Acari: Argasidae)

The current study investigated the biology of nymphs of the first and second instars of Argas (Persicargas) miniatus. Nymphs were deprived of food for 15, 30 or 60 days and held at 27 ± 1 ºC and 80 ± 10% relative humidity (controlled conditions) or at room conditions of temperature and relative humidity. Nymphs of first instar deprived of food for 15 or 30 days molted to second and third instars in both controlled and room conditions. Nymphs of the first instar deprived of food for 60 days had 28 and 37% mortality in controlled and room conditions, respectively; and survivors did not attach to the host. Nymphs of the second instar, deprived of food for 60 days, molted either to the third instar or to males after feeding on Gallus gallus, and the nymphs of the third instar developed to adults (42.42% males and 36.36% females when nymphs were held in controlled temperature and humidity conditions, and 40.54% males and 48.65% females when nymphs were held in room conditions). The remainder of the nymphs molted to the fourth instar and then molted to females. In conclusion, the nymphal starvation period of 60 days determined the number of nymph instars in the life cycle of A. miniatus under the experimental conditions studied.

Os aspectos biológicos de ninfas de primeiro e segundo instares de Argas (Persicargas) miniatus quando submetidas a diferentes períodos de jejum (15, 30 e 60 dias), foram estudados em estufa climatizada (27 ± 1 ºC e 80 ± 10% de umidade relativa) e em ambiente de laboratório. Ninfas de primeiro instar que foram submetidas a um período de jejum de 15 e 30 dias mudaram para ninfas de segundo e terceiro instar, em ambas as condições estudadas. No período de 60 dias de jejum verificou-se mortalidade de 28 e 37% das ninfas de primeiro instar, em estufa climatizada e em ambiente de laboratório, respectivamente. As ninfas sobreviventes não se fixaram sobre os hospedeiros. As ninfas de segundo instar, após 60 dias de jejum, desenvolveram-se em ninfas de terceiro instar ou machos, quando alimentadas em Gallus gallus. Ainda neste grupo, as ninfas de terceiro instar mudaram para adultos (42,42 e 40,54% machos; 36,36 e 48,65% fêmeas, nas condições ambiente de laboratório e estufa climatizada, respectivamente) e o restante desenvolveu-se em ninfas de quarto instar que por sua vez mudaram para fêmeas. Então, a situação de jejum (60 dias) em que as ninfas foram submetidas determinou o número de ninfas no ciclo biológico de A. miniatus, sob as condições experimentais estudadas.

The influence of the fasting period on the number of nymphal instars and on the sex ratio of Argas (Persicargas) miniatus (Acari: Argasidae) / Influência do período de jejum no número de instares ninfais e na razão sexual de Argas (Persicargas) miniatus (Acari: Argasidae)

The current study investigated the biology of nymphs of the first and second instars of Argas (Persicargas) miniatus.Nymphs were deprived of food for 15, 30 or 60 days and held at 27 ± 1 °C and 80 ± 10% relative humidity (controlledconditions) or at room conditions of temperature and relative humidity. Nymphs of first instar deprived of food for15 or 30 days molted to second and third instars in both controlled and room conditions. Nymphs of the first instardeprived of food for 60 days had 28 and 37% mortality in controlled and room conditions, respectively; and survivorsdid not attach to the host. Nymphs of the second instar, deprived of food for 60 days, molted either to the third instaror to males after feeding on Gallus gallus, and the nymphs of the third instar developed to adults (42.42% males and36.36% females when nymphs were held in controlled temperature and humidity conditions, and 40.54% males and48.65% females when nymphs were held in room conditions). The remainder of the nymphs molted to the fourthinstar and then molted to females. In conclusion, the nymphal starvation period of 60 days determined the number ofnymph instars in the life cycle of A. miniatus under the experimental conditions studied.(AU)

Os aspectos biológicos de ninfas de primeiro e segundo instares de Argas (Persicargas) miniatus quando submetidasa diferentes períodos de jejum (15, 30 e 60 dias), foram estudados em estufa climatizada (27 ± 1 °C e 80 ± 10% deumidade relativa) e em ambiente de laboratório. Ninfas de primeiro instar que foram submetidas a um período dejejum de 15 e 30 dias mudaram para ninfas de segundo e terceiro instar, em ambas as condições estudadas. No períodode 60 dias de jejum verificou-se mortalidade de 28 e 37% das ninfas de primeiro instar, em estufa climatizada e emambiente de laboratório, respectivamente. As ninfas sobreviventes não se fixaram sobre os hospedeiros. As ninfas desegundo instar, após 60 dias de jejum, desenvolveram-se em ninfas de terceiro instar ou machos, quando alimentadasem Gallus gallus. Ainda neste grupo, as ninfas de terceiro instar mudaram para adultos (42,42 e 40,54% machos;36,36 e 48,65% fêmeas, nas condições ambiente de laboratório e estufa climatizada, respectivamente) e o restantedesenvolveu-se em ninfas de quarto instar que por sua vez mudaram para fêmeas. Então, a situação de jejum (60 dias)em que as ninfas foram submetidas determinou o número de ninfas no ciclo biológico de A. miniatus, sob as condições experimentais estudadas.(AU)