Protocol for fast postoperative improvement (FPOI) in gastrointestinal surgery.

INTRODUCTION: Peroperative treatment has required multimodal protocols that stimulate patient evolution and shorten hospital stay. OBJECTIVE: Identify the type of pathology, intervention performed and evaluate the effectiveness of the Rapid Postoperative Improvement Protocol (RAMPO) in patients undergoing elective gastrointestinal surgery. METHOD: A total of 122 patients were evaluated, a group of 61 patients received the RAMPO protocol and the other group of equal number of patients were treated with traditional protocols (Controls). RESULTS: Both groups were admitted for colorectal cancer, colostomy due to benign pathology and gastric cancer. The interventions performed were: colorectal resections (35.25%), intestinal transit restitution (29.51%) and gastrectomy (15.57%). In the RAMPO group, postoperative glycemia values (116.49 vs. 167.08 mg/dl) reflected better metabolic control with shorter hospital stay (5.49 vs. 14.11 days), obtaining a higher degree of satisfaction (91.80 vs. 19.67%) when compared to the control group (p < 0.005). CONCLUSION: The RAMPO protocol presented relevant aspects to the traditional management of patients undergoing elective surgeries of the gastrointestinal tract, being safe, acceptable in our environment, with faster hospital discharge, significantly improving the evolution of patients, a lower percentage of complications and a high degree of satisfaction without increasing morbidity and mortality.

INTRODUCCIÓN: El tratamiento peroperatorio ha requerido protocolos multimodales que estimulen la evolución del paciente y acorten la estancia hospitalaria. OBJETIVO: Identificar el tipo de patología y la intervención realizada, y evaluar la efectividad del protocolo de rápida mejoría posoperatoria (RAMPO) en pacientes sometidos a cirugía electiva gastrointestinal. MÉTODO: Se evaluaron 122 pacientes; a un grupo de 61 se les aplicó el protocolo RAMPO y en el otro grupo de igual número de pacientes se siguieron protocolos tradicionales (controles). RESULTADOS: Ambos grupos ingresaron por cáncer colorrectal, colostomía por patología benigna y cáncer gástrico. Las intervenciones realizadas fueron resecciones colorrectales (35.25%), restitución del tránsito intestinal (29.51%) y gastrectomía (15.57%). En el grupo RAMPO, los valores de glucemia posoperatoria (116.49 vs. 167.08 mg/dl) reflejaron un mejor control metabólico con menor estancia hospitalaria (5.49 vs. 14.11 días), con un mayor grado de satisfacción (91.80% vs. 19.67%) al compararse con el grupo control (p < 0.005). CONCLUSIÓN: El protocolo RAMPO presentó aspectos relevantes al manejo tradicional de los pacientes sometidos a cirugías electivas del tracto gastrointestinal, siendo seguro, aceptable en nuestro medio y con egreso hospitalario más rápido, mejorando de manera significativa la evolución de los enfermos, con menos complicaciones y un alto grado de satisfacción, sin aumentar la morbimortalidad.

Severe fat embolism in perioperative abdominal liposuction and fat grafting / Embolia gordurosa grave no peroperatório de lipoaspiração abdominal e lipoenxertia

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Fat embolism syndrome may occur in patients suffering from multiple trauma (long bone fractures) or plastic surgery (liposuction), compromising the circulatory, respiratory and/or central nervous systems. This report shows the evolution of severe fat embolism syndrome after liposuction and fat grafting. CASE REPORT: SSS, 42 years old, ASA 1, no risk factors for thrombosis, candidate for abdominal liposuction and breast implant prosthesis. Subjected to balanced general anesthesia with basic monitoring and controlled ventilation. After 45 min of procedure, there was a sudden and gradual decrease of capnometry, severe hypoxemia and hypotension. The patient was immediately monitored for MAP and central catheter, treated with vasopressors, inotropes, and crystalloid infusion, stabilizing her condition. Arterial blood sample showed pH = 7.21; PCO2 = 51 mmHg; PO2 = 52 mmHg; BE = -8; HCO3 = 18 mEq L-1, and lactate = 6.0 mmol L-1. Transthoracic echocardiogram showed PASP = 55 mmHg, hypocontractile VD and LVEF = 60%. Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. After 24 h of intensive treatment, the patient developed anisocoria and coma (Glasgow coma scale = 3). A brain CT was performed which showed severe cerebral hemispheric ischemia with signs of fat emboli in right middle cerebral artery; transesophageal echocardiography showed a patent foramen ovale. Finally, after 72 h of evolution, the patient progressed to brain death. CONCLUSION: Fat embolism syndrome usually occurs in young people. Treatment is based mainly on the infusion of fluids and vasoactive drugs, mechanical ventilation, and triggering factor correction (early fixation of fractures or suspension of liposuction). The multiorgânico involvement indicates a worse prognosis.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A Síndrome da Embolia Gordurosa (SEG) pode acontecer em pacientes vítimas de politrauma (fratura de ossos longos) ou operações plásticas (lipoaspiração), comprometendo circulação, respiração e/ou sistema nervoso central. O presente relato mostra evolução de SEG grave após lipoaspiração e lipoenxertia. RELATO DO CASO: SSS, 42 anos, ASA 1, sem fatores de risco para trombose, candidata a lipoaspiração abdominal e implante de prótese mamária. Submetida à anestesia geral balanceada com monitorização básica e ventilação controlada. Após 45 minutos de procedimento, houve queda súbita e progressiva da capnometria, hipoxemia e hipotensão grave. Imediatamente foi monitorizada com PAM e cateter central, tratada com vasopressores, inotrópicos e infusão de cristaloides, obtendo estabilização do quadro. Amostra sanguínea arterial mostrou pH = 7,21; PCO2 = 51 mmHg; PO2 = 52 mmHg; BE = -8; HCO3 = 18 mEQ/l e lactato = 6,0 mmol/l. Ecocardiograma transtorácico mostrou PSAP = 55 mmHg, VD hipocontrátil e FEVE = 60%. Diagnóstico de embolia pulmonar. Após24 h de tratamento intensivo, a paciente evoluiu com anisocoria e coma com escala de glasgow 3. Realizada TC de encéfalo que evidenciou isquemia cerebral grave, hemisférica, com sinais de êmbolos de gordura em A. cerebral média D; o ecocardiograma transesofágico mostrou forame oval patente. Finalmente, após 72 h de evolução, a paciente evoluiu para morte encefálica. CONCLUSÃO: A SEG ocorre geralmente em jovens. O tratamento baseia-se principalmente na infusão de líquidos e drogas vasoativas, ventilação mecânica e correção do fator desencadeante (fixação precoce de fraturas ou suspensão da lipoaspiração). O comprometimento multiorgânico indica pior prognóstico.

Severe fat embolism in perioperative abdominal liposuction and fat grafting.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Fat embolism syndrome may occur in patients suffering from multiple trauma (long bone fractures) or plastic surgery (liposuction), compromising the circulatory, respiratory and/or central nervous systems. This report shows the evolution of severe fat embolism syndrome after liposuction and fat grafting. CASE REPORT: SSS, 42 years old, ASA 1, no risk factors for thrombosis, candidate for abdominal liposuction and breast implant prosthesis. Subjected to balanced general anesthesia with basic monitoring and controlled ventilation. After 45min of procedure, there was a sudden and gradual decrease of capnometry, severe hypoxemia and hypotension. The patient was immediately monitored for MAP and central catheter, treated with vasopressors, inotropes, and crystalloid infusion, stabilizing her condition. Arterial blood sample showed pH=7.21; PCO2=51mmHg; PO2=52mmHg; BE=-8; HCO3=18mEqL(-1), and lactate=6.0mmolL(-1). Transthoracic echocardiogram showed PASP=55mmHg, hypocontractile VD and LVEF=60%. Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. After 24h of intensive treatment, the patient developed anisocoria and coma (Glasgow coma scale=3). A brain CT was performed which showed severe cerebral hemispheric ischemia with signs of fat emboli in right middle cerebral artery; transesophageal echocardiography showed a patent foramen ovale. Finally, after 72h of evolution, the patient progressed to brain death. CONCLUSION: Fat embolism syndrome usually occurs in young people. Treatment is based mainly on the infusion of fluids and vasoactive drugs, mechanical ventilation, and triggering factor correction (early fixation of fractures or suspension of liposuction). The multiorgânico involvement indicates a worse prognosis.

[Severe fat embolism in perioperative abdominal liposuction and fat grafting]. / Embolia gordurosa grave no peroperatório de lipoaspiração abdominal e lipoenxertia.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Fat embolism syndrome (FES) may occur in patients suffering from multiple trauma (long bone fractures) or plastic surgery (liposuction), compromising the circulatory, respiratory and/or central nervous systems. This report shows the evolution of severe FES after liposuction and fat grafting. CASE REPORT: SSS, 42 years old, ASA 1, no risk factors for thrombosis, candidate for abdominal liposuction and breast implant prosthesis. Subjected to balanced general anesthesia with basic monitoring and controlled ventilation. After 45minutes of procedure, there was a sudden and gradual decrease of capnometry, severe hypoxemia and hypotension. The patient was immediately monitored for MAP and central catheter, treated with vasopressors, inotropes, and crystalloid infusion, stabilizing her condition. Arterial blood sample showed pH = 7.21; PCO2 = 51mmHg; PO2 = 52mmHg; BE = -8; HCO3 = 18 mEq/L, and lactate = 6.0 mmol/L. Transthoracic echocardiogram showed PASP = 55mmHg, hypocontractile VD and LVEF = 60%. Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. After 24h of intensive treatment, the patient developed anisocoria and coma (glasgow coma scale = 3). A brain CT was performed which showed severe cerebral hemispheric ischemia with signs of fat emboli in right middle cerebral artery; transesophageal echocardiography showed a patent foramen ovale. Finally, after 72h of evolution, the patient progressed to brain death. CONCLUSION: FES usually occurs in young people. Treatment is based mainly on the infusion of fluids and vasoactive drugs, mechanical ventilation, and triggering factor correction (early fixation of fractures or suspension of liposuction). The multiorgânico involvement indicates a worse prognosis.

Prevención de complicaciones neurológicas perioperatorias / Prevention of perioperative neurologic complications

Las complicaciones neurológicas periperatorias constituyen un desafío en la anestesiología contemporánea como consecuencia del desarrollo de novedosas técnicas quirúrgicas. Las lesiones neurológicas pueden desarrollarse o exacerbarse como resultado de una mala práctica de la anestesia; por lo que es necesario que el médico especialista reúna un conjunto de conocimientos y habilidades a lo largo de su trayectoria, que le permita trazar estrategias de control y prevención de efectos nocivos que deterioren permanentemente al sistema nervioso (AU)

Perioperative neurologic complications are a challenge to contemporary anesthesiology as a consequence of the development of new surgical techniques. Neurologic damages can develop or worsen as a result of mal practice of anesthesia. That is the reason why a specialist should have the knowledge and the skills that allow them to draw up strategies for the control and prevention of harmful effects that deteriorate permanently the nervous system (AU)

Uso correto do monitor de consciência / Proper use of the monitor of consciousness

O índice bispectral (BIS) é um parâmetro multifatorial que permite a monitorização da componente hipnótico da anestesia. O BIS provê medidas quantificáveis do efeito de anestésicos no cérebro que correlacionam com a profundidade da anestesia. A monito-rização da profundidade anestésica na indução e manutenção da anestesia geral previne consciência e despertar intraoperatório, permite titular a quantidade de anestésicos adequada para promover a rápida recuperação da anestesia e evitar efeitos adversos da superdosagem dos fármacos. Desde sua introdução, a monitorização com BIS vem se tornando comum na prática anestésica. Esta revisão tem o objetivo de elucidar o papel do BIS na monitorização da hipnose na anestesia geral. Foi realizada revisão sobre o conceito de anestesia geral e monitorização da profundidade anestésica com o uso do BIS, bem como atualizações dos benefícios de seu emprego para a qualidade da anestesia, interpretação dos artefatos e drogas que podem interferir na sua utilização...

The bispectral index (BIS) is a multifactorial parameter that allows monitoring of the hypnotic component of anesthesia. The BIS provides quantitiable measures of the effect of anesthetics in the brain that correia te with the depth of anesthesia. Monitoring anesthetic depth during induction and maintenance of general anesthesia prevents intraoperative awakening and conscience and allows to holder the amount of anesthetic agents appropriate to promote a speedy recovery of anesthesia and avoid adverse effects of an overdose of drugs. Since its introduction, the BIS monitoring is becoming acommonplace in anesthetic practice. This review has the objective of elucidating the role of BIS monitor- ing in hypnosis of general anesthesia. A Literature review was conducted on the concepts of general anesthesia and monitoring of anesthetic depth using the BIS Moreover, recent articles on studies of BIS and its benetits in the quality of general anesthesia as well as the presence of artifacts and drugs that may interfere in its utilization...