Devouring and Asphyxia: Symptoms of a Cultural Complex in Present Times.

The article discusses dominance and oppression in society due to cultural complexes filled with collective memories of destructiveness and perpetration, implicit memories which have remained repressed. Individual personal complexes and traumas are intertwined with traumatizing historical circumstances, setting up pairs of perpetrator and victim. The metaphors of devouring and asphyxiation are used to denote interpersonal and group relationships in which feelings of imprisonment, suffocating anxiety and expulsion are predominant, all of which leads to painful projections and introjections, dissociation and suffering. Asphyxiating death symbolizes not only environmental devastation by fire, the pandemic and the plague, but is also seen as a symptom of acute anxiety in modern times. Devouring stands for the annulment of the objectified Other in a patriarchal society best revealed in fratricidal struggles, the oppression of women and, ultimately, wars.

L'article traite de la domination et de l'oppression dans la société, du fait de complexes culturels chargés de souvenirs de destruction et de culpabilité, de mémoires implicites qui sont restées refoulées. Les complexes personnels et les traumatismes des individus sont entremêlés avec les circonstances historiques traumatisantes. Ainsi se forment des couples coupable-victime. Les métaphores de dévoration et d'asphyxie sont utilisées pour désigner des relations interpersonnelles et de groupe dans lesquelles les sentiments d'emprisonnement, l'angoisse d'étouffement et l'expulsion sont prédominants, tout cela menant à des projections et des introjections douloureuses, à de la dissociation et de la souffrance. La mort par asphyxie symbolise non seulement la dévastation de l'environnement par l'incendie, la pandémie et la peste, mais est aussi comprise comme un symptôme d'anxiété aigüe à notre époque. La dévoration signifie l'annulation d'un Autre traité comme un objet dans une société patriarcale qui se dévoile dans des batailles fratricides, l'oppression des femmes et au final, les guerres.

El artículo analiza la dominación y la opresión en la sociedad debido a complejos culturales llenos de memorias colectivas de destructividad y perpetración, memorias implícitas que han permanecido reprimidas. Los complejos y traumas personales individuales se entrelazan con circunstancias históricas traumatizantes, estableciendo pares de perpetrador y víctima. Las metáforas de la devoración y la asfixia se utilizan para denotar relaciones interpersonales y grupales en las que predominan sentimientos de aprisionamiento, ansiedad sofocante y expulsión, todo lo cual conduce a proyecciones e introyecciones dolorosas, disociación y sufrimiento. La muerte asfixiante simboliza no sólo la devastación medioambiental por el fuego, la pandemia y la peste, sino que también se considera un síntoma de ansiedad aguda en los tiempos modernos. Devorar representa la anulación del Otro cosificado en una sociedad patriarcal que sobre todo se revela en las luchas fratricidas, la opresión de la mujer y, en última instancia, las guerras.

¿En qué se diferencian las agresiones sexuales cometidas en solitario y en grupo? Una revisión sistemática / How are solo versus multiple perpetrator sexual assaults different? A systematic review

Resumen El estudio de las agresiones sexuales ha tenido una gran relevancia e interés en la literatura. Las agresiones sexuales en grupo representan una pequeña proporción de todas las agresiones sexuales cometidas, pero presentan unas características específicas. La presente revisión sistemática examinó las variables de los delitos de agresión sexual cometidos en solitario versus en grupo. Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos Psycinfo, Academic Search (EBSCO) y Google Scholar, y se encontraron ocho documentos que cumplían las condiciones de inclusión. Los resultados muestran que existe evidencia de las diferencias cualitativas entre las agresiones sexuales cometidas según el número de infractores. Las dinámicas que se promueven en los grupos explican la participación de los sujetos en las agresiones sexuales en grupo. El comportamiento colectivo favorece las agresiones sexuales en grupo por los procesos inherentes a él. Los delincuentes son, en su mayoría, hombres. Los delincuentes solitarios tienen una mayor edad y, a medida que los grupos son más grandes, la edad de los agresores disminuye. En cuanto a las víctimas, son más jóvenes que los agresores, sobre todo en los casos perpetrados por múltiples sujetos, y ofrecen una mayor resistencia ante las agresiones en solitario. Se ha confirmado que en las agresiones en grupo se llevan a cabo más actos sexuales y se utiliza más la violencia. Por otro lado, no aparecen diferencias en cuanto al uso de alcohol y la presencia de armas en las agresiones. Estos resultados tienen implicaciones para la prevención del delito y el tratamiento de las víctimas.

Abstract The study of sexual assault has had great relevance and interest in the literature. Group sexual assaults represent a small proportion of all sexual assaults committed, but they have specific characteristics. Internationally, it is established that between 10 and 33 % of sexual assaults have been committed by multiple authors. Describing the differences between individual versus group sexual assaults has been a challenge for researchers. The literature has concluded that there is a difference in the etiology of sexual assaults committed according to the number of authors. While in solo sexual assaults personal vulnerability factors may explain why these crimes are committed, in group assaults group behavior dynamics explain the interaction between more subjects. This systematic review examined the variables of sexual assault crimes committed alone versus in a group. A literature search was conducted on the Psycinfo, Academic Search (EBSCO) and Google Scholar databases. In the first analysis a total of 34 studies were initially identified, and after filtering the reasons for exclusion the analysis was performed with eight investigations. The results show that there is evidence of qualitative differences between sexual assaults committed according to the number of offenders. The dynamics promoted in the groups explain the subjects' participation in group sexual aggressions. Collective behavior favors sexual aggressions in groups because of the processes inherent to the group. The most common group was two subjects (dyad) although the average group was usually composed of three subjects. The offenders are mostly men; the lone offenders are older, and as the groups become larger, the age of the offenders decreases. Research has shown that the majority of victims are female, both in single and group assaults. Victims are also younger than the perpetrators, especially in multi-subject attacks, and they are more resistant to single-aggression attacks. The place where the crime is committed presents significant differences. Some authors found that offenders in groups of three or more people often commit the assault in an indoor space, although others found that lone offenders were more likely than group offenders to rape the victim indoors, especially in the bedroom. It has been confirmed that in group aggressions more sexual acts are carried out and more violence is used. Vaginal penetration is the most committed sexual assault, followed by anal and oral rape. In all cases, vaginal rape is more prevalent among group sexual assaults, even more so when the assaults are committed by groups of three or more subjects. Studies of multiple perpetrator sexual assaults show that this type of act increases the probability of suffering more injuries and long-term health problems. Another conclusion that can be drawn is that there are significant differences in the timing of stranger assault, with a higher likelihood of a stranger assault in group rapes. On the other hand, there is also a relevance in the presence of other instrumental factors such as alcohol and weapons. As for alcohol, it showed a significant relationship in sexual assaults. Although the presence of weapons in sexual assaults is not very common, some research has confirmed that groups tend to threaten victims with a weapon to a greater extent, and the knife is often the most common weapon. The results found are particularly relevant to understanding sexual assault crimes and have implications for crime prevention and the treatment of victims.

Creencias sobre la violencia y sus efectos en la prevalencia de la violencia en el noviazgo / Beliefs about violence and its effects on the prevalence of dating violence

Resumen La violencia en el noviazgo es un fenómeno multifactorial que requiere de estudios que profundicen respecto a los efectos que tienen las creencias culturales en el comportamiento tanto del agresor como de la víctima. Teniendo esto en cuenta, el objetivo de la presente investigación fue determinar la relación entre las creencias acerca de la violencia y la prevalencia de la violencia en el noviazgo. Para ello, se contó con una muestra de 420 estudiantes de dos universidades públicas mexicanas que respondieron el Inventario de creencias acerca de la violencia hacia la esposa, el Inventario de conflictos en las relaciones de noviazgo, y un cuestionario de información sociodemográfica. Los datos recolectados fueron examinados por medio de un análisis de correlación canónica, y los resultados mostraron que el modelo en general fue estadísticamente significativo (Wilks X = .654, F(20, 677.54) = 4.626,p < .05); que el tamaño del efecto del modelo general fue de .346, lo que indica que este explicó el 34.6 % de la varianza compartida por los dos conjuntos de variables; y que, específicamente en la primera función, el coeficiente de mayor magnitud fue el de la variable de justificación de la violencia (r2 s = 76.2; h 2 = 90.0), seguido por la del apoyo que se le puede brindar a la víctima (r2 s = 57.1; h2 = 94.5).

Abstract Dating violence is a multifactorial phenomenon that requires in-depth studies regarding the effects that cultural beliefs have on the behavior of both the aggressor and the victim. With this in mind, the objective of this research was to determine the relationship between beliefs about violence and the prevalence of dating violence. To this end, a sample of 420 students from two Mexican public universities answered the Inventory of Beliefs about Wife Violence, the Inventory of Conflicts in Dating Relationships, and a sociodemographic information questionnaire. The data collected were examined through a canonical correlation analysis, and the results showed that the overall model was statistically significant (Wilks X = .654, F (20, 677.54) = 4.626, p < .05); that the effect size of the overall model was .346, indicating that it explained 34. 6 % of the variance shared by the two sets of variables; and that, specifically in the first function, the coefficient of greatest magnitude was that of the variable of justification of the violence (r2 s = 76.2; h2 = 90.0), followed by that of the support that can be given to the victim (r2 s = 57.1; h2 = 94.5).

Trends and risk factors associated with the perpetration of physical intimate partner violence by women in Haiti, 2000-2012.

Trends in the proportion of women reporting ever having perpetrated physical intimate partner violence (IPV) and factors associated with such IPV in Haiti between 2000 and 2012 were analyzed. We used datasets from Haitian couples in the 2000, 2005, and 2012 Demographic and Health Surveys. Physical IPV was assessed by the Conflict Tactics Scale. Trends were tested with the Cochrane-Armitage test. Women's and spouses' factors associated with physical IPV perpetration by women were estimated using binomial multivariable regressions. In 2000, 2005 and 2012, 3.5%, 3.4% and 3.2% women, respectively, reported perpetrating physical IPV (p for trend = 0.732). Factors associated with physical IPV by women included exposure to any IPV [Adjusted prevalence ratio (APR): 9.37; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 5.05-17.38], living with a male partner who had a genital ulcer in the year preceding the survey [APR: 2.92; 95% CI: 1.11-7.65], living with a male partner who drank alcohol [APR: 2.58; 95% CI: 1.42-4.69], and having witnessed her father beating her mother during childhood [APR: 2.08; 95% CI: 1.14-3.81]. Exposure to IPV and history of genital ulcer in husbands/partners were the important factors associated with perpetration of physical IPV by women in Haiti over a 10-year period.

Caracterização, reincidência e percepção de homens autores de violência contra a mulher sobre grupos reflexivos / Caracterización, reincidencia y percepción de hombres autores de violencia contra la mujer sobre grupos reflexivos / Characterization, recidivism and perception of men perpetrators of violence against women about reflective groups

RESUMO Este estudo busca caracterizar homens autores de violência contra mulheres (HAV) que participaram de Grupos Reflexivos (GR) do Núcleo Especializado de Atendimento ao Homem ao Autor de Violência Doméstica e Familiar (NEAH) em Belém-PA, com destaque para a reincidência e a percepção dos HAV sobre os GR. Trata-se de um estudo documental, com registros feitos entre 2012 e 2015. Entre os resultados, verificou-se que 33,8% desses homens (n=24) não haviam completado o Ensino Fundamental, 58,8% (n=40) eram usuários de álcool e 54,8% (n=40) conviviam com a mulher no momento da agressão. Ademais, 61,2% (n=41) deles foram processados por violência física contra a mulher, mas apenas 1,3% (n=1) reincidiram nesta forma de agressão após a participação no GR. Estes foram descritos como um mecanismo acessível na prevenção da violência, pois proporciona cuidado, aprendizado e reflexão, porém, demanda por maiores pesquisas e investimentos que se aproximem de outras políticas sociais a fim de construir uma rede sólida de reformulação das relações sociais de gênero.

RESUMEN Este estudio busca caracterizar a hombres autores de violencia contra mujeres (HAV) y su participación en Grupos Reflexivos (GR) del Núcleo Especializado de Atendimento ao Homem ao Autor de Violência Doméstica e Familiar (NEAH) en Belém-PA, con destaque para la reincidencia y la percepción de los HAV sobre los GR. Se trata de un estudio documental con registros realizados entre 2012 y 2015. Entre los resultados, se verificó que el 33,8% de esos hombres (n = 24) no habían completado la Enseñanza Fundamental, el 58,8% (n = 40) eran usuarios de alcohol y el 54,8% (n = 40) residían con la mujer en el momento de la agresión. Además, 61,2% (n = 41) de ellos fueron procesados por violencia física contra la mujer, pero sólo el 1,3% (n = 1) reincidieron en esta forma de agresión después de la participación en Grupos Reflexivos. Estos fueron descritos como un mecanismo accesible en la prevención de la violencia, pues proporciona cuidado, aprendizaje y reflexión, pero demanda mayores investigaciones e inversiones que se aproximen a otras políticas sociales a fin de construir una red sólida de reformulación de las relaciones sociales de género.

ABSTRACT This study seeks to characterize men who were perpetrators of violence against women (HAV) and their participation in Reflexive Groups (GR) of the Nucleus X in Belém-PA, Brazil, highlighting the recidivism and the perception of HAV about GR. This is a documentary study with records made between 2012 and 2015. Among the results, 33.8% of these men (n = 24) did not complete Elementary School, 58.8% (n = 40) were alcohol users, 54.8% (n = 40) lived with the woman at the time of the aggression. In addition, 61.2% (n = 41) were prosecuted for physical violence against women, but only 1.3% (n = 1) relapsed in this form of aggression after participating in the GR. These have been described as an accessible mechanism in the prevention of violence that provides care, learning and reflection, demand for more research and investments that approach other social politics in order to build a solid network of reformulation of social relations of gender.

Violencia intrafamiliar reportada en la comisaría de familia del municipio de Funza, Cundinamarca / Family violence reported to the police station specialized in family affairs in the town of Funza, Cundinamarca

La violencia intrafamiliar se ha convertido en un fenómeno estructural de la sociedad, cobra innumerables víctimas que van desde el maltrato de palabra pasando por el psicológico, el económico, el sexual hasta llegar al daño en la integridad física. La pérdida de años de vida, las incapacidades permanentes o transitorias y la perpetuación del círculo vicioso hacen que este problema se convierta en un reto para la salud pública y para la sociedad en general. Mediante un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo en una población de 374 casos registrados en la Comisaría de Familia de Funza, Cundinamarca, se evaluaron los principales eventos violentos generados al interior de la familia y las más importantes características socio demográficas de sus actores. Se concluye que el grupo poblacional de adultos jóvenes es quien más sufre la agresión y dentro de este grupo, son las mujeres las más agredidas, el violentador es generalmente de la familia y conocido, y en la mayoría de los casos son los mismos agredidos quienes colocan la queja. Por otra parte la violencia verbal y la económica son las más frecuentes seguidas de la psicológica y la física.(AU)

Family violence in its multiple forms, i.e, verbal aggression, psychological, economical, sexual and physical abuse, has become a structural phenomenon of society which yields countless victims. The loss of years of life, the transient or permanent leaves from work , and perpetuation of its vicious circle make of it a challenge for public health in general and for society as a whole. The main violent events generated within the family and the principal characteristics of its actors were assessed by means of a retrospective study in a population of 374 registered cases reported to the police station specialized in family affairs of the town of Funza, Cundinamarca. Young adults are the group of population which most frequently suffer these aggressions and within it women are most often offended. The person responsible for this violence is usually someone known within the family group and in the majority of cases the victims themselves maid the claim. On the other hand, verbal and economic violence are the most frequent forms, followed by psychological and physical violence.(AU)