Non-sulfonamide bacterial CA inhibitors.

Non-sulfonamide chemical moieties able to inhibit the bacterial (b) expressed Carbonic Anhydrases (CAs; EC 4.2.1.1) constitute an important alternative to the prototypic modulators discussed in Chapter 6, as give access to large and variegate chemical classes, also of the natural origin. This contribution reports the main classes of compounds profiled in vitro on the bCAs and thus may be worth developing for the validation process of this class of enzymes.

Catalytic Hydrodeoxygenation of Phenols and Cresols to Gasoline Range Biofuels.

Unlike fossil fuels, biomass has oxygen amounts exceeding 10 wt%. Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) is a crucial step in upgrading biomass to higher heating value liquid fuels. Oxygen removal has many challenges due to the complex chemistry and the high reactivity leading to irreversible catalyst deactivation. In this study, the focus is on the catalytic HDO of aromatic oxygen-containing model compounds in biomass: phenols and cresols. In the current work, literature on catalytic HDO of phenols using molecular hydrogen is reviewed, with a focus on non-nickel-based mono- and bi-metallic catalysts, as nickel-based catalysts were reviewed elsewhere. In addition, the catalytic HDO of m-cresol using molecular hydrogen is examined. This review also addresses the use of hydrogen donors for the HDO of phenols and cresols. The operating conditions, catalysts, products, and yields are summarized to find the catalyst with promising activity and high selectivity toward aromatics. A critical review of the reactions that successfully led to HDO is presented and research gaps related to the HDO of phenols and cresols are highlighted. The conclusions provide potential successful catalyst combinations that can be used for HDO of phenols, cresols, and liquid aromatic hydrocarbons.

Growth, yield and oil quality of adult pedestrian olive orchards grown at four different planting systems.

This study evaluated growth, yield and olive oil quality of mature pedestrian olive orchards. Trees of three Sicilian cultivars Calatina, Nocellara del Belice and Abunara were planted at four combinations of planting densities and training forms. Trees at 2 × 5 m were trained to central leader (CLx2), those at 3 × 5 m to free palmette (FPx3), those at 4 x 5 to globe vase (GVx4), and those at 5 x 5 to poly-conic vase (PVx5). 'Calatina' had the smallest trees in terms of trunk size in all growing systems, while canopy size of trees at higher densities was similar for all three cultivars. 'Calatina' was also the most growth efficient (m3 of canopy per cm2 of TCSA) and produced the least amount of pruning wood in the hedgerow systems (CLx2 and FPx3). Fruit yield per tree tended to be higher in more vigorous cultivars (Abunara and Nocellara) grown to 3D systems (GVx4 and PVx5), while 'Calatina' was the most yield efficient (kg of fruit per cm2 of TCSA) especially in the hedgerow growing systems. Fruit and oil yield per ha and average production value tended to be highest in CLx2 trees and lowest in GVx4 trees, with 'Calatina' showing the sharpest changes and 'Nocellara' the smallest changes among growing systems. According to the Jaen index, CLx2 tended to induce earlier fruit maturation, followed by PVx5, GVx4, and FPx3. The growing system did not affect oil fatty acid composition, while 'Calatina' had the highest amount of mono-unsaturated fatty acids and the lowest amount of saturated fatty acids. 'Abunara' oils exhibited the highest amount of total phenols in CLx2, while 'Calatina' and 'Nocellara' oils exhibited the highest amount in FPx3 and PVx5. Both, trans-2-hexenal ("cut grass" sensory note) and hexenyl acetate ("floral" sensory note) tended to be lowest in oils from trees grown at CLx2 and highest in those from trees grown at GVx4, showing a somewhat inverse relationship with fruit ripening degree. The outcome of the present study on mature pedestrian orchards shows that proper combinations of cultivars, planting densities, and training forms (canopy shape) may result in efficient intensive systems for growing olive in areas where super-high density systems cannot be profitable due to agronomic and environmental limitations (water shortage, steep sloping sites, small farm size, etc.). Pedestrian growing systems can also be used to exploit olive biodiversity by allowing the use of available local genotypes. For this reason, they may represent an effective and sustainable solution against unexpected climate changes and associated emerging diseases.

Amelioration of Smoke Taint in Wine via Addition of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers during or after Fermentation.

The adsorbents used to remove taint compounds from wine can also remove constituents that impart desirable color, aroma, and flavor attributes, whereas molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are tailor-made to selectively bind one or more target compounds. This study evaluated the potential for MIPs to ameliorate smoke taint in wine via removal of volatile phenols during or after fermentation. The addition of MIPs to smoke-tainted Pinot Noir wine (for 24 h with stirring) achieved 35-57% removal of guaiacol, 4-methylguaiacol, cresols, and phenol, but <10% of volatile phenol glycoconjugates were removed and some wine color loss occurred. Of the MIP treatments that were subsequently applied to Semillon and Merlot fermentations or wine, MIP addition post-inoculation of yeast yielded the best outcomes, both in terms of volatile phenol removal and wine sensory profiles. Despite some impact on other aroma volatiles and red wine color, the findings demonstrate that MIPs can ameliorate smoke-tainted wine.

Phytochemical Composition and Bioactivities of Some Hydrophytes: Antioxidant, Antiparasitic, Antibacterial, and Anticancer Properties and Mechanisms.

Few researches have explored the production of pharmaceuticals from aquatic plants. Therefore, this study explored, for the first time, the phytochemical composition and bioactivities of ten aquatic plants. Aquatic plant shoots from various Nile River canals were collected, dried, and ground for aqueous extract preparation. Phytochemical composition and antioxidant capacity were assessed using DPPH assays. Extracts were tested for antiparasitic, antibacterial, anti-biofilm, and anticancer activities through standard in vitro assays, measuring IC50 values, and evaluating mechanisms of action, including cell viability and high-content screening assays. The results showed that the aquatic plants were rich in pharmaceutical compounds. The antioxidant capacity of these extracts exceeded that of vitamin C. The extracts showed promising antiparasitic activity against pathogens like Opisthorchis viverrini and Plasmodium falciparum, with IC50 values between 0.7 and 2.5 µg/mL. They also demonstrated low MICs against various pathogenic bacteria, causing DNA damage, increased plasma membrane permeability, and 90% biofilm inhibition. In terms of anticancer activity, extracts were effective against a panel of cancer cell lines, with Ludwigia stolonifera exhibiting the highest efficacy. Its IC50 ranged from 0.5 µg/mL for pancreatic, esophageal, and colon cancer cells to 1.5 µg/mL for gastric cancer cells. Overall, IC50 values for all extracts were below 6 µg/mL, showing significant apoptotic activity, increased nuclear intensity, plasma membrane permeability, mitochondrial membrane permeability, and cytochrome c release, and outperforming doxorubicin. This study highlights the potential of aquatic plants as sources for new, safe, and effective drugs with strong antiparasitic, antibacterial, and anticancer properties.

The Mediterranean Species Calendula officinalis and Foeniculum vulgare as Valuable Source of Bioactive Compounds.

Research studies on plant secondary metabolites have increased over the last decades as a consequence of the growing consumer demand for natural products in pharmaceutics and therapeutics, as well as in perfumery and cosmetics. In this perspective, many Mediterranean plant species could be an appreciated source of bioactive compounds with pharmacological and health-promoting properties, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor ones. Calendula officinalis and Foeniculum vulgare are commercially important plants of the Mediterranean flora, with great therapeutic use in the treatment of many disorders since ancient times, and are now listed in several world pharmacopoeias and drug agencies. The present review offers an overview of the main phytochemicals, phenols, terpenes, and alkaloids, biosynthesized in C. officinalis and F. vulgare, both species endemic to the Mediterranean region. Further, all current knowledge and scientific data on taxonomic classification, botanical description, traditional uses, pharmacological studies, and potential toxicity of both species were reported. The principal aim of this review is to point out the prospective use of C. officinalis and F. vulgare as valuable reservoirs of beneficial plant-derived products with interesting biological properties, also providing suggestions and future challenges for the full exploitation of these two Mediterranean species for human life improvement.

Biochemical and Structural Characterization of a Novel Psychrophilic Laccase (Multicopper Oxidase) Discovered from Oenococcus oeni 229 (ENOLAB 4002).

Recently, prokaryotic laccases from lactic acid bacteria (LAB), which can degrade biogenic amines, were discovered. A laccase enzyme has been cloned from Oenococcus oeni, a very important LAB in winemaking, and it has been expressed in Escherichia coli. This enzyme has similar characteristics to those previously isolated from LAB as the ability to oxidize canonical substrates such as 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 2,6-dimethoxyphenol (2,6-DMP), and potassium ferrocyanide K4[Fe(CN6)], and non-conventional substrates as biogenic amines. However, it presents some distinctiveness, the most characteristic being its psychrophilic behaviour, not seen before among these enzymes. Psychrophilic enzymes capable of efficient catalysis at low temperatures are of great interest due to their potential applications in various biotechnological processes. In this study, we report the discovery and characterization of a new psychrophilic laccase, a multicopper oxidase (MCO), from the bacterium Oenococcus oeni. The psychrophilic laccase gene, designated as LcOe 229, was identified through the genomic analysis of O. oeni, a Gram-positive bacterium commonly found in wine fermentation. The gene was successfully cloned and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli, and the recombinant enzyme was purified to homogeneity. Biochemical characterization of the psychrophilic laccase revealed its optimal activity at low temperatures, with a peak at 10 °C. To our knowledge, this is the lowest optimum temperature described so far for laccases. Furthermore, the psychrophilic laccase demonstrated remarkable stability and activity at low pH (optimum pH 2.5 for ABTS), suggesting its potential for diverse biotechnological applications. The kinetic properties of LcOe 229 were determined, revealing a high catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) for several substrates at low temperatures. This exceptional cold adaptation of LcOe 229 indicates its potential as a biocatalyst in cold environments or applications requiring low-temperature processes. The crystal structure of the psychrophilic laccase was determined using X-ray crystallography demonstrating structural features similar to other LAB laccases, such as an extended N-terminal and an extended C-terminal end, with the latter containing a disulphide bond. Also, the structure shows two Met residues at the entrance of the T1Cu site, common in LAB laccases, which we suggest could be involved in substrate binding, thus expanding the substrate-binding pocket for laccases. A structural comparison of LcOe 229 with Antarctic laccases has not revealed specific features assigned to cold-active laccases versus mesophilic. Thus, further investigation of this psychrophilic laccase and its engineering could lead to enhanced cold-active enzymes with improved properties for future biotechnological applications. Overall, the discovery of this novel psychrophilic laccase from O. oeni expands our understanding of cold-adapted enzymes and presents new opportunities for their industrial applications in cold environments.

Ene-Reductase-Catalyzed Aromatization of Simple Cyclohexanones to Phenols.

Direct aromatization of cyclohexanones to synthesize substituted phenols represents a significant challenge in modern synthetic chemistry. Herein, we describe a novel ene-reductase (TsER) catalytic system that converts substituted cyclohexanones into the corresponding phenols. This process involves the successive dehydrogenation of two saturated carbon-carbon bonds within the six-membered ring of cyclohexanones and utilizes molecular oxygen to drive the reaction cycle. It demonstrates a versatile and efficient approach for the synthesis of substituted phenols, providing a valuable complement to existing chemical methodologies.

Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Antioxidant Derivatives: Pharmacological Insights for Neurological Disorders.

Neurological disorders, characterized by oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation, have become a major global health concern. Redox reactions play a vital role in regulating the balance of the neuronal microenvironment. Specifically, the imbalance leads to a significant weakening of the organism's natural defensive mechanisms. This, in turn, causes the development of harmful oxidative stress, which plays a crucial role in the onset and progression of neurodegenerative dis-eases. The quest for effective therapeutic agents has led to significant advancements in the syn-thesis of antioxidant derivatives. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the recent developments in the use of novel antioxidant compounds with potential pharmacological applica-tions in the management of neurological disorders. The discussed compounds encompass a di-verse range of chemical structures, including polyphenols, vitamins, flavonoids, and hybrid mole-cules, highlighting their varied mechanisms of action. This review also focuses on the mechanism of oxidative stress in developing neurodegenerative disease. The neuroprotective effects of these antioxidant derivatives are explored in the context of specific neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease. The ultimate goal is to pro-vide effective treatments for these debilitating conditions and improve the quality of life for pa-tients.

Grassland degraded patchiness reduces microbial necromass content but increases contribution to soil organic carbon accumulation.

Plant and microbially derived carbon (C) are the two major sources of soil organic carbon (SOC), and their ratio impacts SOC composition, accumulation, stability, and turnover. The contributions of and the key factors defining the plant and microbial C in SOC with grassland patches are not well known. Here, we aim to address this issue by analyzing lignin phenols, amino sugars, glomalin-related soil proteins (GRSP), enzyme activities, particulate organic carbon (POC), and mineral-associated organic carbon (MAOC). Shrubby patches showed increased SOC and POC due to higher plant inputs, thereby stimulating plant-derived C (e.g., lignin phenol) accumulation. While degraded and exposed patches exhibited higher microbially derived C due to reduced plant input. After grassland degradation, POC content decreased faster than MAOC, and plant biomarkers (lignin phenols) declined faster than microbial biomarkers (amino sugars). As grassland degradation intensified, microbial necromass C and GRSP (gelling agents) increased their contribution to SOC formation. Grassland degradation stimulated the stabilization of microbially derived C in the form of MAOC. Further analyses revealed that microorganisms have a C and P co-limitation, stimulating the recycling of necromass, resulting in the proportion of microbial necromass C in the SOC remaining essentially stable with grassland degradation. Overall, with the grassland degradation, the relative proportion of the plant component decreases while than of the microbial component increases and existed in the form of MAOC. This is attributed to the physical protection of SOC by GRSP cementation. Therefore, different sources of SOC should be considered in evaluating SOC responses to grassland degradation, which has important implications for predicting dynamics in SOC under climate change and anthropogenic factors.

Effects of Hyperbaric (Non-Thermal) Sanitization and the Method of Extracting Pomegranate Juice on Its Antioxidant and Antihypertensive Properties.

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is considered a functional food due to its polyphenol content that benefits the body. The type of processing the fruit undergoes is important, as this also influences the concentrations of these compounds. The pomegranate juice was extracted by two methods: manual extraction using a manual juicer through heat treatment in a water bath (Man-P), and extraction through mechanical pressing using Good Nature X-1 equipment and hyperbaric sanitization (Mech-Hyp). Bromatological analyses showed significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) between the two treatments. When subjected to hyperbaric sanitization, the juice showed higher concentrations of moisture, soluble solids, protein, and carbohydrates. In an antioxidant analysis, the ABTS radical showed no significant difference in the treatments, with 96.99% inhibition. For the DPPH radical, the sample with the highest inhibition was Man-P with 98.48%. The determination of phenols showed that there was a higher concentration in juice that underwent pasteurization (104.566 mg GAE/mL). However, the Mech-Hyp treatment exhibited a minor concentration of phenols with 85.70 mg GAE/mL. FTIR spectra revealed that the functional groups were mainly associated with carbohydrates. Regarding ACE inhibition, it was observed that the Man-P and Mech-Hyp juices showed greater inhibition of enzyme in hypertensive patients compared to normotensive patients. This activity can be attributed to the mechanisms of action of antioxidant compounds. Both extraction methods manual and mechanical pressing resulted in increased antioxidant and antihypertensive activity. The antioxidant compounds accompanied by adequate sanitation were decisive in an antimicrobial analysis, since no pathogenic microorganisms were observed in the juices.

Effects of Bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso) By-Product on Growth Performance and Meat Quality of Growing Rabbits.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of feeding dried bergamot pulp to rabbits on animal performance and meat quality. Thirty rabbits were assigned to two groups (balanced for body weight, 804.4 ± 2.35 g) and fed individually for 60 days a basal diet (control) or the basal diet in which part of the cereals was replaced with 10% of dried bergamot pulp (DBP). There were no effects of DBP on growth performance, carcass yield, or the crude protein and ether extract composition of meat. The concentrations of α-linolenic acid (C18:3 n-3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5 n-3) increased in the longissimus thoracis et lumborum muscle (p < 0.01 and p = 0.021, respectively) after integrating dried bergamot pulp into the diet, leading to higher levels of total of ω-3 fatty acids (p < 0.01) compared to the control treatment. The inclusion of dried bergamot pulp improved the oxidative stability in meat (p < 0.001), where TBARS values were lower after 4 and 7 days of refrigerated storage (p < 0.001) in the DBP group than in the control group. Finally, feeding dried bergamot pulp to rabbits improves meat quality without negatively influencing growth performance.

Influence of Fruit Load Regulation on Harvest and Postharvest Fruit Quality and Antioxidant-Related Parameters in Sweet Cherry (Prunus avium L.) cv. Regina Cultivated under Plastic Covers in Southern Chile.

Plastic covers have been used to prevent environmental constraints negatively affecting sweet cherry production in Southern Chile. However, less information is available on agronomic practices and their effects on fruit quality in sweet cherry covered orchards. Thus, in this study, we evaluated the impact of fruit load regulation on cherries' antioxidant-related parameters and the quality and condition at harvest and postharvest in sweet cherry (Prunus avium) cv. Regina that was cultivated under a plastic cover in Southern Chile. For this, four fruit load treatments were manually applied-(i) 100% fruit load (the control), (ii) 80% fruit load, (iii) 60% fruit load, and (iv) 40% fruit load-in a commercial sweet cherry orchard for two seasons (2021/2022 and 2022/2023). The results revealed that the yield and fruit load were not significantly different between the treatments. Interestingly, the 60% and 40% fruit loads increased the fresh weight, fruit size, and firmness (20.3%) compared to the control (the 100% fruit load) during both seasons. Likewise, the 60% and 40% fruit load treatments exhibited the highest fruit size distribution of 30 mm, while the 100 and 80% fruit load treatments showed the highest fruit distribution with fruit sizes between 28 mm and 24 mm. The total soluble solids (TSSs) did not vary among the fruit load treatments, while a significant increase was found in the titratable acidity (TA) in the 60 and 40% fruit load treatments during both seasons. No significant differences in antioxidant activity (AA) and total phenols (TPHs) among the treatments were observed during both seasons. Overall, the results revealed that the fruit load treatments, mainly 40%, increased the fruit weight and firmness and reduced pitting in fruits by 39.4% at postharvest. Thus, fruit thinning might be an important agronomical practice to regulate fruit load, positively affecting fruit quality at harvest and during postharvest storage in sweet cherry cv. Regina cultivated under a plastic cover. However, more biochemical and molecular studies are needed to elucidate the mechanism involved in this improvement.

Seasonal variations and the prevalence of phenolic profiles in ambient fine particulate matter and their impact on oxidative potential.

Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) poses numerous health risks, with oxidative potential (OP) serving as a critical marker of its toxicity. Synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs) and bisphenols (BPs) influence reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in PM2.5, and exposure to these compounds induces oxidative stress in organisms, thereby potentially affecting the OP of PM2.5. We detected 26 phenols (including 12 SPAs, 5 transformation products (TPs), and 9 BPs) in PM2.5 sample collected from October 2018 to September 2021 in Wuhan, China. Among them, 19 substances were detected at a detection frequency greater than 50 % in PM2.5 sample. AO 2246 and BHT were the main components of SPAs, and BHT-Q and BPA had the highest concentrations in TPs and BPs, respectively. PM2.5 mass concentrations and phenolic levels were higher in winter and autumn. Substances within groups were strongly correlated, suggesting the same or similar source of exposure. This finding aid in more precise pollution source identification and is crucial for comprehensively evaluating their combined health effects. Furthermore, we determined the OP of PM2.5 and found that BPs were related to increased OP and ROS. This suggests that the toxicity of PM2.5 is influenced not only by its concentration but also by its chemical composition, with BPs potentially enhancing its toxic effects. These factors should be fully considered when assessing the health impacts of PM2.5.

Optimization of the Photo-Fenton process for the effective removal of chemical oxygen demand and phenols in portable toilet wastewater: A treatment study under real world conditions.

Wastewater from portable toilets (WWPT) is characterized by a high content of organic matter and a variety of chemical compounds that retain bad odors, especially phenols, a type of pollutant that is difficult to degrade by conventional treatments; in addition, it is persistent, toxic, and accumulates in the aquatic environment. Although different successful experiences with the use of Photo-Fenton are reported in the scientific domain, its application in WWPT is scarce and warrants study due to the wide use of portable toilets. The objective of this study was to evaluate the Photo-Fenton oxidation process in the removal of organic matter expressed as COD in a WWPT, as well as the reduction of phenols and BOD5. The experimental runs were carried out in a 0.50 L batch reactor to evaluate the effect of the factors (H2O2: 0.019, 25.56, 40.67, 87.24, 148.91, 174.45 g L-1 and pH: 2.80, 3.00, 3.27, 4.40, 5.53, 6.00 UNT) on COD removal and sludge production. It was found that the optimum operating conditions of pH 4.72 and H2O2 dosage of 174.45 g L-1 reduced the concentration of phenols by 97.83 % and 95.49 % of COD. In addition, 98.01 % of BOD5 was reduced, resulting in a biodegradability ratio (BOD5/COD) of 0.23 compared to the untreated wastewater of 0.53. From a cost perspective, the use of Photo-Fenton to treat wastewater under these conditions would be US$ 1.15 per liter.

Mechanism of up-regulated H2O2 BPA-derived production and production of (poly)phenols by two seaweeds of the genus Ulva.

The present study provides information on the effects of BPA on ROS production-related phenomena in the chlorophytes Ulva rigida and U. intestinalis, and on the mechanism they establish against BPA toxicity, at environmentally relevant concentrations (0.1-3 µg L-1). Up-regulated H2O2 generation seems to be a key factor causing oxidative damage. Interspecific differences, in terms of the mechanism and the temporal response to BPA toxicity were observed. BPA effects on U. rigida were more intense and appeared earlier (on 1D at 0.1 µg L-1) compared to U. intestinalis and mostly after 7D (LOEC: 0.3 µg L-1, Terminal time, Tt: 7D). In U. rigida, on 1-5D, the 'mosaic' type effect patterns ('models' 3A/3B) with 'unaffected' and 'affected' areas (dark content, positive H2DCF-DA staining signal/H2O2 production and chlorophyll autofluorescence signal loss) indicated a time-dependent manner. After 7D, only U. rigida cells with dark content formed aggregates, showing positive H2O2 production ('model' 4) or in some cells oxidative damages triggering retrograde signaling in the neighboring 'unaffected' areas ('model' 5). H2O2 overproduction (CTCF ratio) in U. rigida, on 1D at the lowest concentration and after 7D at 0.3-1/3 µg L-1, respectively, seems to stimulate (poly)phenolic production, in a dose- and time-dependent manner. U. intestinalis did not display severe BPA impact (i.e., 'models' 4, 5) at any exposures, although at a later time indicated a lower LOEC (0.1 µg L-1, Tt: 9D) than that in U. rigida. In U. intestinalis, H2O2 production does not appear to stimulate high (poly)phenolic amounts.

Effects of environmental phenols on eGFR: machine learning modeling methods applied to cross-sectional studies.

Purpose: Limited investigation is available on the correlation between environmental phenols' exposure and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Our target is established a robust and explainable machine learning (ML) model that associates environmental phenols' exposure with eGFR. Methods: Our datasets for constructing the associations between environmental phenols' and eGFR were collected from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 2013-2016). Five ML models were contained and fine-tuned to eGFR regression by phenols' exposure. Regression evaluation metrics were used to extract the limitation of the models. The most effective model was then utilized for regression, with interpretation of its features carried out using shapley additive explanations (SHAP) and the game theory python package to represent the model's regression capacity. Results: The study identified the top-performing random forest (RF) regressor with a mean absolute error of 0.621 and a coefficient of determination of 0.998 among 3,371 participants. Six environmental phenols with eGFR in linear regression models revealed that the concentrations of triclosan (TCS) and bisphenol S (BPS) in urine were positively correlated with eGFR, and the correlation coefficients were ß = 0.010 (p = 0.026) and ß = 0.007 (p = 0.004) respectively. SHAP values indicate that BPS (1.38), bisphenol F (BPF) (0.97), 2,5-dichlorophenol (0.87), TCS (0.78), BP3 (0.60), bisphenol A (BPA) (0.59) and 2,4-dichlorophenol (0.47) in urinary contributed to the model. Conclusion: The RF model was efficient in identifying a correlation between phenols' exposure and eGFR among United States NHANES 2013-2016 participants. The findings indicate that BPA, BPF, and BPS are inversely associated with eGFR.

Perinatal Exposure to Phenols and Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances and Gut Microbiota in One-Year-Old Children.

The role of the gut microbiota in human health calls for a better understanding of its determinants. In particular, the possible effects of chemicals with widespread exposure other than pharmaceuticals are little known. Our aim was to characterize the sensitivity of the early-life gut microbiota to specific chemicals with possible antimicrobial action. Within the SEPAGES French couple-child cohort, we assessed 12 phenols in repeated urine samples from 356 pregnant women and their offspring and 19 poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in serum from the pregnant women. We collected stool samples from the children at one year of age, in which the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was sequenced, allowing for gut bacterial profiling. Associations of each chemical with α- and ß-diversity indices of the gut microbiota and with the relative abundance of the most abundant taxa were assessed using single-pollutant and mixture (BKMR) models. Perinatal exposure to certain parabens was associated with gut microbiota α- and ß-diversity and with Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. Suggestive associations of certain phenols with genera of the Lachnospiraceae and Enterobacteriaceae families were observed, but these were not maintained after correction for multiple testing. Parabens, which have known antimicrobial properties, might disrupt the child gut microbiota, but larger studies are required to confirm these findings.

The critical role of electron donating rate of pyrogenic carbon in mediating the degradation of phenols in the aquatic environment.

Phenols are the widely detected contaminants in the aquatic environment. Pyrogenic carbon (PyC) can mediate phenols degradation, but the specific properties of PyC or phenols influencing this reaction remain unknown. The present study investigated the kinetic process and mechanism of removal of various phenols by different PyC in aqueous phase system. To avoid the impact of the accumulated degradation byproducts on the overall reaction, we conducted a short-term experiment, quantified adsorption and degradation, and obtained reaction rate constants using a two-compartment first-order kinetics model. The adsorption rate constants (ka) of phenols by PyC were 10-220 times higher than degradation rate constants (kd), and they were positively correlated. Interestingly, no correlation was found between kd and common PyC properties, including functional groups, electron transfer capacities, and surface properties. Phenols were primarily attacked by •OH in the adsorbed phase. But neither the instantly trapped •OH, nor the accumulated •OH could explain phenol degradation. Chemical redox titration revealed that the electron transfer parameters, such as the electron donating rate constant (kED) of PyC, correlated well with kd (r>0.87, P < 0.05) of phenols. Analysis of 13 phenols showed that Egap and ELUMO negatively correlated with their kd, confirming the importance of the electronic properties of phenols to their degradation kinetics. This study highlights the importance of PyC electron transfer kinetics parameters for phenols degradation and manipulation of PyC electron transfer rate may accelerate organic pollutant removal, which contributes to a deeper understanding of the environmental behavior and application of PyC systems.

Bioactive (Poly)phenol Concentrations in Plant-Based Milk Alternatives in the US Market.

Plant-based milk alternatives (PBMAs) are increasingly consumed as a dairy alternative [Olson, S. Milk and Non-Dairy Milk - US - 2021, 2021.]. Plant foods are rich sources of (poly)phenols, but concentrations of these bioactive phytochemicals in processed PBMAs are not well documented. We procured twenty-seven PBMA products of 6 types (almond, coconut, oat, pea, rice, and soy) for (poly)phenol analysis. Samples were analyzed via ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array with mass spectrometry. The (poly)phenol content of PBMAs varies and is dependent on plant source, brand, and added flavorings. Soy milk had the highest concentration and rice milk had the lowest (91.9 ± 2.7 and 0.9 ± 0.2 mean mg ± SD/cup serving, respectively). Almond milk, the most widely consumed PBMA, averaged 12.1 ± 8.2 mg/cup serving, but the majority of (poly)phenols are derived from added flavorings. PBMAs contain a wide range of potentially bioactive (poly)phenols and may contribute significantly to overall dietary (poly)phenol intake with the potential to impact health outcomes.