RESUMO
In the Leishmania lifecycle, the motile promastigote form is transmitted from the sand fly vector to a mammalian host during a blood meal. Inside vertebrate host macrophages, the parasites can differentiate into the amastigote form and multiply, causing leishmaniasis, one of the most significant neglected tropical diseases. Leishmania parasites face different conditions throughout their development inside sand flies. Once in the mammalian host, the parasites have to overcome the microbicide repertoire of the cells of the immune system to successfully establish the infection. In this context, the expression of protein phosphatases is of particular interest. Several members of the serine/threonine-specific protein phosphatase (STP), protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP), and histidine acid phosphatase (HAcP) families have been described in different Leishmania species. Although their physiological roles have not been fully elucidated, many studies suggest they have an involvement with parasite biology and pathogeny. Phosphatases play a role in adaptation to nutrient starvation during parasite passage through the sand fly midgut. They are also important to parasite virulence, mainly due to the modulation of host cytokine production and impairment of the microbiocidal potential of macrophages. Furthermore, recent whole-genome expression analyses have shown that different phosphatases are upregulated in metacyclic promastigotes, the infective form of the mammalian host. Leishmania phosphatases are also upregulated in drug-resistant strains, probably due to the increase in drug efflux related to the activation of ABC transporters. Throughout this review, we will describe the physiological roles that have been attributed to Leishmania endogenous phosphatases, including their involvement in the adaptation, survival, and proliferation of the parasites inside their hosts.
Assuntos
Leishmania , Parasitos , Psychodidae , Animais , Biologia , Monoéster Fosfórico HidrolasesRESUMO
Introducción: la hemodiálisis de alto flujo origina mayor remoción de moléculas grandes y pequeñas, por lo que incrementa su aclaramiento y se obtiene una mejoría ostensible en las personas tratadas. Teniendo en cuenta que la remoción del fósforo depende de su cinética, esta técnica permite lograr su corrección, más si la combinamos con una mayor duración y frecuencia de las sesiones de diálisis. Objetivo: evaluar la corrección de la hiperfosforemia con la hemodiálisis de alto flujo y de larga duración. Métodos: se realizó un estudio de intervención experimental en 2 grupos: estudio y control, elegidos por el método aleatorio simple 12 pacientes que tenían elevadas las cifras de fósforo. El grupo I recibió hemodiálisis de alto flujo de larga duración 18 h semanales utilizando dializadores con membrana de polisulfona de alto flujo y el grupo II, hemodiálisis convencional de bajo flujo 12 h semanales de tratamiento. Ambos con seguimiento clínico-humoral mensual. Fueron analizadas las variables de respuesta primaria y secundaria dadas por los niveles de fósforo, calcio, producto fosfocálcico, KT/V, albúmina, hemoglobina y morbilidad; los datos fueron procesados mediante el paquete estadístico SPSS versión 15.0. Resultados: En el grupo estudio hubo una disminución del fósforo sérico en 0,36 mmol/L, el calcio y el producto fosfocálcico disminuyeron en el tiempo en 9,2 porciento y 23,90 por ciento, respectivamente, al final del estudio. No existió correlación entre el tiempo de tratamiento (diálisis) y la hiperfosforemia, con una correlación lineal no paramétrica de Spearman de -0,09 y sin significación estadística. El 66,7 por ciento presentó calambres y el 50 porciento hipotensión como morbilidad. Conclusión: la hemodiálisis de alto flujo y larga duración disminuye los niveles séricos de fósforo y mejora los niveles de albúmina, calcio, metabolismo fosfocálcico y KT/V en los pacientes en hemodiálisis(AU)
Introduction: high flux hemodialysis causes major removal of big and small molecules, so the clearing increases and the treated people remarkably improves. Taking into account that excretion of phosphorus depends on its kinetics, this technique allows correcting it, mainly if combined with long duration and high frequency dialysis. Objective: to evaluate the correction of hyperphosphoremia based on long duration high flux hemodialysis. Methods: an experimental intervention study was conducted in two groups, namely, the study and the control groups in which 12 patients, who were selected by the simple random method, were distributed. They presented with high phosphorus content figures. Group I was treated with long duration high flux hemodialysis for 18 hours every week by using high flux polysulphone membrane dialyzers. Group II underwent conventional low flux hemodialysis for 12 hours a week. Both groups were clinically and humorally followed-up monthly. The primary and secondary response variables depending on the phosphorous, calcium, calcium phosphate product, KT/V, albumin, hemoglobin and morbidity levels were analyzed. Data were processed using SPPS statistical package, 15.0 version. Results: the study group lowered the serum phosphorus by 0.36 mmol/L, calcium and calcium phosphate product decreased by 9.2 percent and 23.90 percent respectively at the end of the study. There was no correlation between the length of treatment (dialysis) and hyperphosphoremia; Spearman's non-parametric linear correlation was -0.09 and there was no statistical significance. Of the patients, 66.7 percent had cramps and 50 percent had hypotension as morbidity. Conclusions: long duration high flux hemodialysis reduces the serum phosphorus levels and improves albumin, calcium, calcium phosphate product metabolism and KT/V in patients on hemodialysis(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Diálise Renal/métodos , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/terapia , Fósforo/sangue , Cálcio/sangue , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Ensaio ClínicoRESUMO
Introducción: la hemodiálisis de alto flujo origina mayor remoción de moléculas grandes y pequeñas, por lo que incrementa su aclaramiento y se obtiene una mejoría ostensible en las personas tratadas. Teniendo en cuenta que la remoción del fósforo depende de su cinética, esta técnica permite lograr su corrección, más si la combinamos con una mayor duración y frecuencia de las sesiones de diálisis. Objetivo: evaluar la corrección de la hiperfosforemia con la hemodiálisis de alto flujo y de larga duración. Métodos: se realizó un estudio de intervención experimental en 2 grupos: estudio y control, elegidos por el método aleatorio simple 12 pacientes que tenían elevadas las cifras de fósforo. El grupo I recibió hemodiálisis de alto flujo de larga duración 18 h semanales utilizando dializadores con membrana de polisulfona de alto flujo y el grupo II, hemodiálisis convencional de bajo flujo 12 h semanales de tratamiento. Ambos con seguimiento clínico-humoral mensual. Fueron analizadas las variables de respuesta primaria y secundaria dadas por los niveles de fósforo, calcio, producto fosfocálcico, KT/V, albúmina, hemoglobina y morbilidad; los datos fueron procesados mediante el paquete estadístico SPSS versión 15.0. Resultados: En el grupo estudio hubo una disminución del fósforo sérico en 0,36 mmol/L, el calcio y el producto fosfocálcico disminuyeron en el tiempo en 9,2 porciento y 23,90 por ciento, respectivamente, al final del estudio. No existió correlación entre el tiempo de tratamiento (diálisis) y la hiperfosforemia, con una correlación lineal no paramétrica de Spearman de -0,09 y sin significación estadística. El 66,7 por ciento presentó calambres y el 50 porciento hipotensión como morbilidad. Conclusión: la hemodiálisis de alto flujo y larga duración disminuye los niveles séricos de fósforo y mejora los niveles de albúmina, calcio, metabolismo fosfocálcico y KT/V en los pacientes en hemodiálisis
Introduction: high flux hemodialysis causes major removal of big and small molecules, so the clearing increases and the treated people remarkably improves. Taking into account that excretion of phosphorus depends on its kinetics, this technique allows correcting it, mainly if combined with long duration and high frequency dialysis. Objective: to evaluate the correction of hyperphosphoremia based on long duration high flux hemodialysis. Methods: an experimental intervention study was conducted in two groups, namely, the study and the control groups in which 12 patients, who were selected by the simple random method, were distributed. They presented with high phosphorus content figures. Group I was treated with long duration high flux hemodialysis for 18 hours every week by using high flux polysulphone membrane dialyzers. Group II underwent conventional low flux hemodialysis for 12 hours a week. Both groups were clinically and humorally followed-up monthly. The primary and secondary response variables depending on the phosphorous, calcium, calcium phosphate product, KT/V, albumin, hemoglobin and morbidity levels were analyzed. Data were processed using SPPS statistical package, 15.0 version. Results: the study group lowered the serum phosphorus by 0.36 mmol/L, calcium and calcium phosphate product decreased by 9.2 percent and 23.90 percent respectively at the end of the study. There was no correlation between the length of treatment (dialysis) and hyperphosphoremia; Spearman's non-parametric linear correlation was -0.09 and there was no statistical significance. Of the patients, 66.7 percent had cramps and 50 percent had hypotension as morbidity. Conclusions: long duration high flux hemodialysis reduces the serum phosphorus levels and improves albumin, calcium, calcium phosphate product metabolism and KT/V in patients on hemodialysis