Anther Culture of the Gametophytic Self-Incompatible Species Physalis ixocarpa Brot.

Here we present an optimized protocol for in vitro embryo formation and plant regeneration through anther culture of the Mexican husk tomato (Physalis ixocarpa Brot.). This protocol relies on the application of an anther thermal shock at a specific developmental stage prior to the in vitro culture, ensures embryo formation from anthers without callus formation, and allows spending less time to regenerate doubled haploid complete plants. This protocol has been used for different cultivars of Physalis ixocarpa (Chapingo, Rendidora, Puebla, Arandaz, Manzano, Tamazula, Salamanca, and Milpero), and also for two wild-type accessions, all of them cultivated in Mexico. Chapingo cultivar responded with the highest percentage of androgenesis on the embryo induction medium (EIM).

In vitro gastrointestinal digestion and colonic fermentation of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and husk tomato (Physalis ixocarpa Brot.): Phenolic compounds released and bioconverted by gut microbiota.

Two of the most important Mexican plant-foods are tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and husk tomato (Physalis ixocarpa Brot.). In this study three objectives were followed: i) to evaluate the bioaccessible phenolic compounds (PC) in T and HT during upper gastrointestinal digestion, ii) to in vitro ferment the indigestible fractions of the samples to evaluate the short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) production, iii) the microbial metabolites, bioconverted PC and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) generated during the fermentation. Vanillic acid was the most bioaccessible PC and after 48 h, 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid was the most abundant microbial metabolite identified in both samples. The identification of VOCs belonging to terpenes (and derivatives) group in T and HT can be product of the microbial metabolism of carotenoids. The study shows new knowledge of the in vitro intestinal digestion and fermentation of T and HT final compounds with biological potential which should be evaluated in further studies.

Physalis growth, development and yield at different sowing seasons in the Brazilian northeastern semiarid / Crescimento, desenvolvimento e produtividade de Physalis em diferentes épocas de semeadura no semiárido nordestino

The Physalis genus is composed of species with economic and medicinal importance, its cultivation is expanding in Brazil, and is needed research on the performance of species in different regions of the country. Thus, the objective was to characterize the growth, development and yield of Physalis angulata and Physalis ixocarpa species cultivated in three sowing seasons in Bahia's semiarid region. The days after sowing were determined for the occurrence of vegetative and reproductive stages, and the length and diameter of the main branch were evaluated weekly. At the end of cultivation, the number and total weight of fruits per plant were determined. The plants sown in April showed the best results, with acceleration in flowering, higher productivity and growth close to other producing regions, which is the best period for the cultivation of species. P. angulata is a more tolerant species and can be sown at different periods without compromising yield. High temperatures combined with scarcity of rainfall compromise the development of plants of both species of Physalis.(AU)

O gênero Physalis é composto por espécies de importância econômica e medicinal e seu cultivo está em expansão no Brasil, sendo necessárias pesquisas sobre o desempenho de espécies em diferentes regiões do país. Assim, o objetivo desse trabalho é caracterizar o crescimento, desenvolvimento e produtividade das espécies de Physalis angulata e Physalis ixocarpa cultivadas em três épocas de semeadura na região semiárida da Bahia. Os números de dias após a semeadura foram determinados para a ocorrência dos estágios vegetativo e reprodutivo, e o comprimento e o diâmetro do ramo principal foram avaliados semanalmente. Ao final do cultivo, foram determinados o número e o peso total de frutos por planta. As plantas semeadas em abril apresentaram os melhores resultados, com aceleração da floração, maior produtividade e crescimento próximo a outras regiões produtoras, sendo o melhor período para o cultivo das espécies. P. angulata é uma espécie mais tolerante e pode ser semeada em diferentes períodos sem comprometer o rendimento. Altas temperaturas combinadas com a escassez de chuvas comprometem o desenvolvimento das plantas de ambas as espécies de Physalis.(AU)

Physalis growth, development and yield at different sowing seasons in the Brazilian northeastern semiarid / Crescimento, desenvolvimento e produtividade de Physalis em diferentes épocas de semeadura no semiárido nordestino

The Physalis genus is composed of species with economic and medicinal importance, its cultivation is expanding in Brazil, and is needed research on the performance of species in different regions of the country. Thus, the objective was to characterize the growth, development and yield of Physalis angulata and Physalis ixocarpa species cultivated in three sowing seasons in Bahia's semiarid region. The days after sowing were determined for the occurrence of vegetative and reproductive stages, and the length and diameter of the main branch were evaluated weekly. At the end of cultivation, the number and total weight of fruits per plant were determined. The plants sown in April showed the best results, with acceleration in flowering, higher productivity and growth close to other producing regions, which is the best period for the cultivation of species. P. angulata is a more tolerant species and can be sown at different periods without compromising yield. High temperatures combined with scarcity of rainfall compromise the development of plants of both species of Physalis.

O gênero Physalis é composto por espécies de importância econômica e medicinal e seu cultivo está em expansão no Brasil, sendo necessárias pesquisas sobre o desempenho de espécies em diferentes regiões do país. Assim, o objetivo desse trabalho é caracterizar o crescimento, desenvolvimento e produtividade das espécies de Physalis angulata e Physalis ixocarpa cultivadas em três épocas de semeadura na região semiárida da Bahia. Os números de dias após a semeadura foram determinados para a ocorrência dos estágios vegetativo e reprodutivo, e o comprimento e o diâmetro do ramo principal foram avaliados semanalmente. Ao final do cultivo, foram determinados o número e o peso total de frutos por planta. As plantas semeadas em abril apresentaram os melhores resultados, com aceleração da floração, maior produtividade e crescimento próximo a outras regiões produtoras, sendo o melhor período para o cultivo das espécies. P. angulata é uma espécie mais tolerante e pode ser semeada em diferentes períodos sem comprometer o rendimento. Altas temperaturas combinadas com a escassez de chuvas comprometem o desenvolvimento das plantas de ambas as espécies de Physalis.

'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' Infection of Physalis ixocarpa Brot. (Solanales: Solanaceae) in Saltillo, Mexico.

The potato psyllid Bactericera cockerelli (Sulc) (Hemiptera: Triozidae) is a pest of solanaceous crops (order Solanales), including potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and tomato (S. lycopersicum L.). Feeding by high populations of nymphs causes psyllid yellows while adults and nymphs are vectors of the plant pathogen 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum'. Foliar symptoms that were consistent with either 'Ca. L. solanacearum' infection or psyllid yellows were observed in 2019 on tomatillo (Physalis ixocarpa Brot.; family Solanaceae) grown within an experimental plot located near Saltillo, Mexico. This study had three primary objectives: 9i) determine whether the foliar symptoms observed on tomatillo were associated with 'Ca. L. solanacearum' infection, (ii) identify the haplotypes of 'Ca. L. solanacearum' and potato psyllids present in the symptomatic plot, and (iii) use gut content analysis to infer the plant sources of 'Ca. L. solanacearum'-infected psyllids. Results confirmed that 71% of symptomatic plants and 71% of psyllids collected from the plants were infected with 'Ca. L. solanacearum'. The detection of 'Ca. L. solanacearum' in plants and psyllids and the lack of nymphal populations associated with psyllid yellows strongly suggests that the observed foliar symptoms were caused by 'Ca. L. solanacearum' infection. All infected plants and insects harbored the more virulent 'Ca. L. solanacearum' haplotype B but one psyllid was also coinfected with haplotype A. The potato psyllids were predominantly of the central haplotype but one psyllid was identified as the western haplotype. Molecular gut content analysis of psyllids confirmed the movement of psyllids between noncrop habitats and tomatillo and indicated that 'Ca. L. solanacearum' infection of psyllids was associated with increased plant diversity in their diet.

Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) Success on Common Solanaceous Species from California Tomato Production Areas.

Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) is a devastating pest of tomato that has invaded many regions of the world. To date, it has not been detected in North America, but the pest reached Costa Rica in 2014 and seriously threatens the southern, southwestern, and western United States including California. Although the primary host of T. absoluta is tomato, several other species of Solanaceae may serve as alternative hosts. In our study, we aimed to assess the potential risk that other solanaceous crops and wild species that are often present in and around California tomato fields could serve as hosts. To accomplish this, we conducted greenhouse and laboratory studies to determine whether two common cultivars of fresh market tomato, two common cultivars of tomatillo, and the wild plants, Solanum nigrum L., Solanum sarrachoides (Sendtner), and Datura stramonium L., are suitable hosts for reproduction and development of the pest. According to our results, D. stramonium and tomatillo were unable to sustain T. absoluta larval development in either greenhouse studies or laboratory studies, and therefore, they are not likely to contribute to T. absoluta establishment during an invasion. On the contrary, the two other solanaceous weeds, S. nigrum and S. sarrachoides, share a similar potential as tomato to be reproductive and developmental hosts of T. absoluta, and might play an important role in the establishment of the pest in California.

Yield analysis of Physalis ixocarpa Brot. ex Hornem varieties under greenhouse and field conditions / Análise de rendimento das variedades Physalis ixocarpa Brot. ex Hornem sob condições de estufa e de campo

Physalis ixocarpa (husk tomato) is traditionally cultivated in Mexico, and nowadays the yield is low. In this study, four cultivars of husk tomato were evaluated, under greenhouse and field conditions. It was carried out a split-plot experimental design in a 4x2 factorial arrangement. The large plot was the growth conditions and the small plot was the variety. The microclimate, soil and yield variables were recorded. In the field, the Integrated Photosynthetic Active Radiation (IPAR) was higher 12mol m-2 d-1 than in the greenhouse. The average temperature was slightly higher 1.18°C in the greenhouse and the average relative humidity was slightly higher 0.89% in the field. Plants grown in the greenhouse had lower negative values for the matric potential of the soil. Water consumption and water use efficiency were 10.31 and 53.43% higher in the greenhouse that in the field, respectively. The number of fruits and yield increased significantly in all varieties grown under greenhouse conditions.(AU)

A Physalis ixocarpa (Tomate de cáscara) é cultivada tradicionalmente no México. Entretanto, sua produtividade de frutos é considerada baixa. Neste estudo, avaliou-se quatro cultivares de Physalis ixocarpa cultivadas em ambiente protegido e a céu aberto. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso no esquema de parcelas subdivididas com arranjo fatorial 2x4. Foi alocado na parcela principal o fator ambiente de cultivo e na subparcela o fator cultivar. Foram analisadas variáveis climáticas de solo e a produtividade de frutos. A radiação fotossinteticamente ativa integrada (RFAI) no ambiente a céu aberto foi maior em 12mol m-2 dia-1, em relação ao ambiente protegido. A temperatura média foi ligeiramente maior em 1,18oC no ambiente protegido e a umidade relativa foi ligeiramente maior em 0,89% a céu aberto. Os valores negativos do potencial mátrico do solo foram mais baixos no ambiente protegido. O consumo e a eficiência do uso da água foram, respectivamente, 10,31 e 54,43% maiores no ambiente protegido, em relação ao ambiente a céu aberto. O número e a produtividade de frutos incrementaram, significativamente, em todas as variedades avaliadas nas condições de ambiente protegido.(AU)

Pectin from Husk Tomato (Physalis ixocarpa Brot.): Rheological behavior at different extraction conditions.

A rheological study was carried out to evaluate formulations of test dispersions and gels of high methoxyl pectins (HTHMP) obtained at different conditions from husk tomato waste (Physalis ixocarpa Brot.). The effect of extraction agent (hydrochloric acid or citric acid), blanching time (10 or 15min) and extraction time (15, 20 or 25min) on the rheology of the tested samples was evaluated. Flow behavior and activation energy were evaluated on the test dispersions, while (Ea) frequency sweeps, temperature sweep, creep-recovery test and penetration test were performed on the gels. HTHMP dispersions showed shear thinning flow behavior, while showing a good fit to Cross model. Extraction agent, blanching time and extraction time did not have effect on Cross parameters (ηz, η∞, C, and m). Ea decreased as blanching time and extraction time increased. Frequency sweeps revealed high dependence on frequency for both G' and G", while temperature sweeps (25- 95°C) showed thermostable husk tomato pectin gels. Hydrocloric acid (HCl) extracted pectin gels showed stronger structure than citric acid (CA) gels.

Germinação e crescimento inicial de mudas de espécies não convencionais de fisális em diferentes substratos e ambientes / Germination and initial growth of non-conventional species of physalis on different substrates and environments

A utilização de substratos e ambientes é importante fator a ser analisado na determinação da qualidade de germinação e crescimento de mudas de espécies de fisális. Diante do exposto, objetivou-se com o presente trabalho, avaliar a germinação e o crescimento inicial de duas espécies não convencionais de fisális, submetidas a diferentes ambientes e substratos. Conduziu-se dois experimentos simultâneos no período de março a maio/2014, na Unioeste, PR. O delineamento experimental utilizado no primeiro experimento foi blocos casualizados, fatorial 2x3 (2 espécies de fisális: Physalis minima, Physalis ixocarpax 3 ambientes: ambiente protegido com cobertura plástica de 150 µm; telado com 50% de sombreamento e pleno sol), contendo 3 repetições e 50 sementes por parcela experimental. O delineamento do segundo experimento foi blocos casualizados, fatorial 2x4 (2 espécies de fisális: Physalis minima, Physalis ixocarpax 4 substratos: vermiculita expandida de textura média + Latossolo; Húmus Fértil® + Latossolo; areia lavada de textura fina + Latossolo e Húmus Fértil® + vermiculita expandida de textura média, na proporção 1:1 v:v), contendo 3 repetições e 32 sementes por parcela experimental. Monitorou-se os experimentos por 22 dias, para obtenção do índice de velocidade de emergência. Aos 60 dias após a semeadura avaliou-se a altura das plântulas, diâmetro do caule, número de folhas, biomassa fresca e seca das plântulas. Estufa agrícola e telado propiciam índice de velocidade de emergência de sementes de Physalis ixocarpa e Physalis mínima, sem distinção entre esses ambientes. Mudas de P. ixocarpa devem ser produzidas em estufa, utilizando-se como mistura de substrato, Húmus Fértil® + vermiculita expandida de textura média, ou Latossolo + vermiculita. Mudas de P. minima devem ser produzidas em mistura de Húmus Fértil® + vermiculita, sob estufa ou telado.(AU)

The use of substrates and environments is an important factor to be considered in determining the quality of germination and seedling growing of species of physalis. Given the above, the objective with this study was to evaluate the germination and early crowing of two non-conventional species of physalis, subjected to different environments and substrates. Were conducted two simultaneous experiments in the periodfrom March to May / 2014 in Unioeste, PR. The experimental design used in the first experiment was a randomized, 2x3 factorial (2 physalis species: Physalis minima, Physalis ixocarpa x 3 environments: protect environment with plastic cover of 150 µm, greenhouse with 50% of shading and full sun) blocks containing 3 replicates and 50 seeds per experimental plot. The design of the second experiment was randomized, 2x4 factorial (2 physalis species: Physalis minima, Physalis ixocarpa x 4 substrates:expanded vermiculite of medium texture + latossol, Húmus Fértil® + latossol, washed sand of fine texture +latossol and Humus Fértil® + expanded vermiculite of medium texture, in proportion 1:1 v:v) blocks containing three replicates of 32 seeds per experimental plot. Was monitored by 22 days the experiments to obtain the emergence speed index. 60 days after the sowing was evaluated seedling height, stem diameter, number of leaves, fresh and dry biomass of seedlings. We conclude that, agricultural greenhouse and greenhouse of shade net providing emergence speed index of Physalis minima and Physalis Ixocarpa without distinction between these environments. Seedlings of P. ixocarpa should be produced in agricultural greenhouse, using as substrate mix of Humus fértil® commercial substrate + expanded vermiculite or latosol + vermiculite. Seedlings of P. minima must be produced in a mixture of Humus Fértil® + vermiculite under agricultural greenhouse with or under shade net.(AU)

Germinação e crescimento inicial de mudas de espécies não convencionais de fisális em diferentes substratos e ambientes / Germination and initial growth of non-conventional species of physalis on different substrates and environments

A utilização de substratos e ambientes é importante fator a ser analisado na determinação da qualidade de germinação e crescimento de mudas de espécies de fisális. Diante do exposto, objetivou-se com o presente trabalho, avaliar a germinação e o crescimento inicial de duas espécies não convencionais de fisális, submetidas a diferentes ambientes e substratos. Conduziu-se dois experimentos simultâneos no período de março a maio/2014, na Unioeste, PR. O delineamento experimental utilizado no primeiro experimento foi blocos casualizados, fatorial 2x3 (2 espécies de fisális: Physalis minima, Physalis ixocarpax 3 ambientes: ambiente protegido com cobertura plástica de 150 µm; telado com 50% de sombreamento e pleno sol), contendo 3 repetições e 50 sementes por parcela experimental. O delineamento do segundo experimento foi blocos casualizados, fatorial 2x4 (2 espécies de fisális: Physalis minima, Physalis ixocarpax 4 substratos: vermiculita expandida de textura média + Latossolo; Húmus Fértil® + Latossolo; areia lavada de textura fina + Latossolo e Húmus Fértil® + vermiculita expandida de textura média, na proporção 1:1 v:v), contendo 3 repetições e 32 sementes por parcela experimental. Monitorou-se os experimentos por 22 dias, para obtenção do índice de velocidade de emergência. Aos 60 dias após a semeadura avaliou-se a altura das plântulas, diâmetro do caule, número de folhas, biomassa fresca e seca das plântulas. Estufa agrícola e telado propiciam índice de velocidade de emergência de sementes de Physalis ixocarpa e Physalis mínima, sem distinção entre esses ambientes. Mudas de P. ixocarpa devem ser produzidas em estufa, utilizando-se como mistura de substrato, Húmus Fértil® + vermiculita expandida de textura média, ou Latossolo + vermiculita. Mudas de P. minima devem ser produzidas em mistura de Húmus Fértil® + vermiculita, sob estufa ou telado.

The use of substrates and environments is an important factor to be considered in determining the quality of germination and seedling growing of species of physalis. Given the above, the objective with this study was to evaluate the germination and early crowing of two non-conventional species of physalis, subjected to different environments and substrates. Were conducted two simultaneous experiments in the periodfrom March to May / 2014 in Unioeste, PR. The experimental design used in the first experiment was a randomized, 2x3 factorial (2 physalis species: Physalis minima, Physalis ixocarpa x 3 environments: protect environment with plastic cover of 150 µm, greenhouse with 50% of shading and full sun) blocks containing 3 replicates and 50 seeds per experimental plot. The design of the second experiment was randomized, 2x4 factorial (2 physalis species: Physalis minima, Physalis ixocarpa x 4 substrates:expanded vermiculite of medium texture + latossol, Húmus Fértil® + latossol, washed sand of fine texture +latossol and Humus Fértil® + expanded vermiculite of medium texture, in proportion 1:1 v:v) blocks containing three replicates of 32 seeds per experimental plot. Was monitored by 22 days the experiments to obtain the emergence speed index. 60 days after the sowing was evaluated seedling height, stem diameter, number of leaves, fresh and dry biomass of seedlings. We conclude that, agricultural greenhouse and greenhouse of shade net providing emergence speed index of Physalis minima and Physalis Ixocarpa without distinction between these environments. Seedlings of P. ixocarpa should be produced in agricultural greenhouse, using as substrate mix of Humus fértil® commercial substrate + expanded vermiculite or latosol + vermiculite. Seedlings of P. minima must be produced in a mixture of Humus Fértil® + vermiculite under agricultural greenhouse with or under shade net.

Yield analysis of Physalis ixocarpa Brot. ex Hornem varieties under greenhouse and field conditions / Análise de rendimento das variedades Physalis ixocarpa Brot. ex Hornem sob condições de estufa e de campo

ABSTRACT: Physalis ixocarpa (husk tomato) is traditionally cultivated in Mexico, and nowadays the yield is low. In this study, four cultivars of husk tomato were evaluated, under greenhouse and field conditions. It was carried out a split-plot experimental design in a 4x2 factorial arrangement. The large plot was the growth conditions and the small plot was the variety. The microclimate, soil and yield variables were recorded. In the field, the Integrated Photosynthetic Active Radiation (IPAR) was higher 12mol m-2 d-1 than in the greenhouse. The average temperature was slightly higher 1.18°C in the greenhouse and the average relative humidity was slightly higher 0.89% in the field. Plants grown in the greenhouse had lower negative values for the matric potential of the soil. Water consumption and water use efficiency were 10.31 and 53.43% higher in the greenhouse that in the field, respectively. The number of fruits and yield increased significantly in all varieties grown under greenhouse conditions.

RESUMO: A Physalis ixocarpa (Tomate de cáscara) é cultivada tradicionalmente no México. Entretanto, sua produtividade de frutos é considerada baixa. Neste estudo, avaliou-se quatro cultivares de Physalis ixocarpa cultivadas em ambiente protegido e a céu aberto. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso no esquema de parcelas subdivididas com arranjo fatorial 2x4. Foi alocado na parcela principal o fator ambiente de cultivo e na subparcela o fator cultivar. Foram analisadas variáveis climáticas de solo e a produtividade de frutos. A radiação fotossinteticamente ativa integrada (RFAI) no ambiente a céu aberto foi maior em 12mol m-2 dia-1, em relação ao ambiente protegido. A temperatura média foi ligeiramente maior em 1,18oC no ambiente protegido e a umidade relativa foi ligeiramente maior em 0,89% a céu aberto. Os valores negativos do potencial mátrico do solo foram mais baixos no ambiente protegido. O consumo e a eficiência do uso da água foram, respectivamente, 10,31 e 54,43% maiores no ambiente protegido, em relação ao ambiente a céu aberto. O número e a produtividade de frutos incrementaram, significativamente, em todas as variedades avaliadas nas condições de ambiente protegido.