Physical training improves physical activity levels but is associated with amplification of sedentary behavior in older women.

Physical activity level (PAL) and sedentary behavior (SB) are independent predictors of mortality. It is unclear how these predictors interact with each other and health variables. Investigate the bidirectional relationship between PAL and SB, and their impact and health variables of women aged 60 to 70 years. One hundred forty-two older adults women (66.3 ± 2.9 years) considered insufficiently active were submitted to 14 weeks of multicomponent training (MT), multicomponent training with flexibility (TMF), or the control group (CG). PAL variables were analyzed by accelerometry and QBMI questionnaire, physical activity (PA) light, moderate, vigorous and CS by accelerometry, 6 min walk (CAM), SBP, BMI, LDL, HDL, uric acid, triglycerides, glucose and cholesterol total. In linear regressions, CS was associated with glucose (B:12.80; CI:9.31/20.50; p < 0.001; R2:0.45), light PA (B:3.10; CI:2, 41/4.76; p < 0.001; R2:0.57), NAF by accelerometer (B:8.21; CI:6.74/10.02; p < 0.001; R2:0.62), vigorous PA (B:794.03; CI:682.11/908.2; p < 0.001; R2:0.70), LDL (B:13.28; CI:7.45/16.75; p < 0.002; R2:0.71) and 6 min walk (B:3.39; CI:2.96/8.75; p < 0.004; R2:0.73). NAF was associated with mild PA (B:0.246; CI:0.130/0.275; p < 0.001; R2:0.624), moderate PA (B:0.763; CI:0.567/0.924; p < 0.001; R2:0.745), glucose (B:-0.437; CI:-0.789/-0.124; p < 0.001; R2:0.782), CAM (B:2.223; CI:1.872/4.985; p < 0.002; R2:0.989) and CS (B:0.253; CI: 0.189/0.512; p < 0.001; R2:1.94). The NAF can enhance CS. Build a new look at how these variables are independent but dependent simultaneously, being able to influence the quality of health when this dependence is denied.

Students from a Public School in the South of Chile with Better Physical Fitness Markers Have Higher Performance in Executive Functions Tests-Cross-Sectional Study.

In the past few years, the level of physical fitness in children has decreased globally. According to the SIMCE test carried out in 2015, 45% of 8th year students in Chile were overweight. Moreover, international studies have shown that being overweight is associated with the development of chronic illnesses, negatively affecting cognitive mechanisms and processes. Nevertheless, there is little to no evidence that analyzes the relationship between physical fitness and executive functions in students, at a national level. The aim was to analyze the relationship between cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and motor fitness, and performance in an executive functions test, in students from a public school in the south of Chile. A qualitative, descriptive -correlational, non-experimental, and cross-sectional approach was used. In total, 100 students between 9 and 12 and 11 months of age from a public school in the south of Chile completed the physical fitness assessments through the ALPHA fitness test, and 81 students completed the executive function assessments through the ENFEN test. It was evidenced that students who achieved a longer duration of time and a later stage in the Course Navette test, more centimeters in the standing broad jump (SBJ) test, and a shorter duration in the 4 × 10 shuttle run obtained a better score in the gray trail test. Additionally, students who presented a stronger dominant handgrip scored higher in the colored trail tests. We conclude that students who show a higher level of physical fitness also present a better development of executive functions such as working memory and inhibitory control. In addition, these results suggest physical condition is a factor to consider for better cognitive and school performance.

Evaluation of the relationship between nutritional status, levels of physical activity and physical strength in adolescents.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The study aimed at evaluating the relationship among anthropometric measurements, levels of physical activity and physical fitness in schoolchildren. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in public schools, with 173 adolescents from 10 to 17 years of age. Socioeconomic data were obtained by a structured questionnaire. Anthropometric measures were assessed and classified according to Body Mass Index (BMI)/age and Waist Circumference (WC). The long version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was used to assess the level of physical activity, while the physical fitness level was assessed using the Projeto Esporte Brasil (PROESP) test protocol. RESULTS: 72,3% of the adolescents were eutrophic and 24.3% were overweight and 22.6% were at high risk for cardiovascular disease, with no statistical difference between the sexes (p > 0.05). 53.8% were physically inactive, regardless of sex and nutritional status. 86.1% of the adolescents showed low physical fitness, more significantly for sit-and-reach andsquare tests of females. BMI was directly correlated with physical fitness in the assessment ofupper limb power and agility (medicine ball throw and square test) and indirectly with aerobic capacity and lower limb power (abdominal resistance, horizontal jump and general resistance). The opposite was observed in the correlation of endurance (abdominal and general) and medicine ball throw with WC. Also, there was a likely visceral obesity and consequent cardiovascular risk in females more than in males. CONCLUSIONS: These findings reinforce the connection between physical activity and the presence of overweight and obesity in adolescents and also the need to effectively intervene in this groupin order to ensure the prevention of chronic non-communicable diseases in adulthood.

Pressão arterial elevada e fatores associados em adolescentes escolares / High blood pressure and associated factors in adolescent students

A literatura tem registrado um percentual crescente de adolescentes com hipertensão arterial. Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a prevalência de pressão arterial elevada (PAE) e identificar fatores associados entre adolescentes escolares. Trata-se de estudo transversal, com amostra representativa de adolescentes de escolas públicas no norte de Minas Gerais. Foram utilizados instrumentos validados abrangendo fatores demográficos, hábitos alimentares e atividade física. Além da Pressão Arterial, foram aferidos dados de aptidão cardiorrespiratória e medidas de gordura visceral, percentual de gordura geral e índice de massa corpórea - IMC. Após análise bivariada, as variáveis associadas até o nível de 20% (p ≤ 0,20) foram analisadas por meio de regressão logística, assumindo-se assumido para o modelo final o nível de significância de 5%. Participaram da pesquisa 880 adolescentes, com ligeiro predomínio do sexo feminino. A prevalência de PAE foi 16,9%. As variáveis que se mostram associadas com a PAE, após análise de regressão logística, foram: IMC elevado (OR=1,96; IC95%=1,32-2,89) e sexo masculino (OR=1,45; IC95%=1,01-2,07). Nenhuma variável comportamental ou relacionada à aptidão física se mostrou associada. A PAE tem grande prevalência entre adolescente escolares e está associada ao excesso de peso e ao sexo masculino.

The literature has registered a growing percentage of adolescents with arterial hypertension. This study aimed to analyze the prevalence of high blood pressure (HBP) and identify associated factors among adolescent students. This is a cross-sectional study, with a representative sample of adolescents from public schools in the north of Minas Gerais. Validated instruments covering demographic factors, eating habits and physical activity were used. In addition to blood pressure, data on cardiorespiratory fitness and measurements of visceral fat, overall fat percentage, and body mass index - BMI were collected. After bivariate analysis, the associated variables up to the level of 20% (p ≤ 0.20) were analyzed using logistic regression, assuming a significance level of 5% for the final model. 880 adolescents participated in the study, with a slight predominance of females. The prevalence of HBP was 16.9%. The variables shown to be associated with HBP, after logistic regression analysis, were: high BMI (OR=1.96; 95%CI=1.32-2.89) and male gender (OR=1.45; 95%CI =1.01-2.07). No behavioral or physical fitness-related variables were associated. HBP has a high prevalence among adolescent students and is associated with being overweight and being male.

Estado nutricional, condición funcional y nivel de autoestima de mujeres mayores de 60 años / Nutritional status, functional condition and self-esteem level of women over 60 years old

RESUMEN Introducción. El ejercicio físico moderado planificado adecuadamente mejora la condición física y la autoestima y podría prevenir una serie de enfermedades y complicaciones características de la edad avanzada. Objetivo. Evaluar el estado nutricional, la condición funcional y la autoestima de mujeres mayores de 60 años. Metodología. Estudio descriptivo transversal. El estado nutricional se evaluó mediante el peso, talla y circunferencia de cintura. Se aplicó una batería de test para la valoración de la capacidad física y funcional y se evaluó la autoestima aplicando la escala de Rosenberg. Resultados. Participaron 22 mujeres mayores de 60 años, con edad promedio de 66,5±7,8 años; 7 eran físicamente activas y 15 físicamente no activas. De la totalidad, 15 mujeres se encontraban con exceso de peso. El sobrepeso se presentó 2 veces más en las participantes físicamente no activas, y los casos de obesidad correspondieron solo a las físicamente no activas (p=0,170). Se observó que 16 mujeres presentaron de riesgo cardiovascular muy elevado, de estas, 13 eran físicamente no activas. Las mujeres físicamente activas presentaron mejor condición física mostrando diferencias significativas en los test de agilidad y de resistencia aeróbica (p=0,004; p=0,001 respectivamente). Según el nivel de autoestima, 19 de 22 mujeres presentaban autoestima elevada. Solo se observaron 3 casos de autoestima baja o media, correspondiente al grupo de mujeres físicamente no activas. Conclusión. La frecuencia de exceso de peso, el riesgo cardiovascular, deterioro de la condición funcional y autoestima baja o media fue mayor en las mujeres adultas inactivas.

ABSTRACT Introduction. Properly planned moderate physical exercise improves physical condition and self-esteem and could prevent a series of diseases and complications characteristic of old age. Objective. To assess the nutritional status, functional condition and self-esteem of women over 60 years old. Methodology. Cross-sectional descriptive study. Nutritional status was assessed by weight, height, and waist circumference. A battery of tests was applied to assess physical and functional capacity and self-esteem was assessed using the Rosenberg scale. Results. 22women over 60 years old participated, with a mean age of 66.5±7.8 years; 7 were physically active and 15 physically not active. Of the totality, 15 women were overweight. Overweight was present more than twice in the physically inactive participants, and the cases of obesity corresponded only to the physically inactive (p=0.170). It was observed that 16 women presented very high cardiovascular risk, 13 of them were physically inactive. Physically active women presented better physical condition, showing significant differences in the agility and aerobic resistance tests (p=0.004; p=0.001, respectively). According to the level of self-esteem, 19 of 22 women had high self-esteem. Only 3 cases of low or medium self-esteem were observed, corresponding to the group of physically inactive women. Conclusion. The frequency of excess weight, cardiovascular risk, impaired functional condition, and low or average self-esteem was higher in inactive adult women.

Relationship between the body mass index and the ponderal index with physical fitness in adolescent students.

BACKGROUND: The relationship between the Body Mass Index (BMI) with physical fitness in children and adolescent populations from diverse regions are consistent. However, the relationship between the Ponderal Index (PI) with physical fitness, based on what is known to date, has not been examined in depth. The objective was to evaluate the relationships between BMI and PI with three physical fitness tests of students living at moderate altitudes in Peru. METHODS: A descriptive correlational study was carried out with 385 adolescents, between the ages of 10.0 to 15.9 years old, from the province of Arequipa, Peru. Weight, height, and three physical fitness tests (horizontal jump, agility, and abdominal muscle resistance) were evaluated. BMI and PI were calculated, and they were, then, categorized into three strata (low, normal, and excessive weight). Specific regressions were calculated for sex, using a non-lineal quadratic model for each item adjusted for BMI and PI. RESULTS: The relationship between BMI and PI with the physical tests reflected parabolic curves that varied in both sexes. The regression values for BMI in males oscillated between R2 = 0.029 and 0.073 and for females between R2 = 0.008 and 0.091. For PI, for males, it varied from R2 = 0.044 to 0.82 and for females, from R2 = 0.011 to 0.103. No differences occurred between the three nutritional categories for BMI as well as for PI for both sexes (p range between 0.18 to 0.38), as well as for low weight (BMI vs PI), normal weight (BMI vs PI), and excessive weight (BMI vs PI) (p range between 0.35 to 0.64). CONCLUSIONS: BMI showed inferior quadratic regressions with respect to the PI. In addition, physical performance was slightly unfavorable when it was analyzed by BMI. PI could be a useful tool for analyzing and predicting physical fitness for adolescents living at a moderate altitude since it corrects for the notable differences for weight between adolescents.

Associação entre antropometria, atividade física e funcionalidade de adultas e idosas / Relationship between anthropometry, physical activity, and functionality of female adults and elderly women

Analisar a associação entre o desempenho físico, a idade, as variáveis antropométricas e a condição de atividade física em mulheres adultas e idosas fisicamente ativas. Estudo transversal, analítico com 152 mulheres, entre 49 e 84 anos, participantes do programa Universidade Aberta à Terceira Idade avaliadas por meio da idade, variáveis antropométricas, Mini Exame do Estado Mental, Força de Preensão Manual, Teste de Sentar e Levantar do Solo e Cadeira e Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física. As mulheres apresentaram idade média de 67,4 anos, foram classificadas em 44,4% eutróficas, 41,7% sobrepeso e 13,9% abaixo do peso, 65,1% ativas e 34,9% insuficientemente ativas. Houve correlação negativa fraca nos valores do Teste Sentar e Levantar do solo quando comparado a idade e ao Índice de Massa Corporal (p < 0001). Observou-se correlação fraca entre o Teste Sentar e Levantar do solo e a Força de Preensão Manual. A Força de Preensão Manual apresentou correlação com a altura (p < 0,001). Os testes de força indireta nas mulheres adultas e idosas fisicamente ativas foram fracamente associados, além disso, observou-se correlação fraca entre a força muscular global e capacidade físico-funcional, avaliados pelos testes supracitados, com a idade e o IMC, em que maior idade e maior IMC foram correlacionado a menor força e desempenho físico.

The aim of this study is to analyze the relationship between physical performance, age, anthropometric variables, and the condition of physical activity in female adults and physically active elderly women. This was a cross-sectional, analytical study with 152 women, between 49 and 84 years old, participants of the Open University for the Elderly program, evaluated through age, anthropometric variables, Mini Mental State Examination, Handgrip Strength, Sit-to-Stand Test from the Ground and Chair, and International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Participants' mean age was 67.4 years, were classified as 44.4% eutrophic, 41.7% overweight and 13.9% underweight, 65.1% active and 34.9% insufficiently active. There was a weak negative correlation between the values from the Sit-to-Stand Test from the Ground when compared to age and Body Mass Index (p < 0.001). A weak correlation was observed between the Sit-to-Stand Test from the Ground and the Handgrip Strength. Handgrip strength was correlated with height (p < 0.001). Indirect strength tests in female adults and physically active elderly women were weakly related. Moreover, there was a weak correlation between global muscle strength and physical-functional capability, evaluated by the aforementioned tests, with age and BMI, in which greater age and higher BMI were correlated with lower strength and physical performance.

Characteristics of Physical Exercise Programs for Older Adults in Latin America: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.

AIM: To characterize physical exercise programs for older adults in Latin America. METHODS: This review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA statement. A search for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published between the years 2015 and 2020 was performed in the Scopus, MedLine and SciELO databases. RESULTS: A total of 101 RCTs were included. A large percentage of the studies had an unclear risk of bias in the items: selection, performance, detection and attribution. Furthermore, a heterogeneous level of compliance was observed in the CERT items. A total sample of 5013 older adults (79% women) was included. 97% of the studies included older adults between 60-70 years, presenting an adherence to the interventions of 86%. The studies were mainly carried out in older adults with cardiometabolic diseases. Only 44% of the studies detailed information regarding the place of intervention; of these studies, 61% developed their interventions in university facilities. The interventions were mainly based on therapeutic physical exercise (89% of the articles), with a duration of 2-6 months (95% of the articles) and a frequency of 2-3 times a week (95% of the articles) with sessions of 30-60 min (94% of the articles) led by sports science professionals (51% of the articles). The components of physical fitness that were exercised the most were muscular strength (77% of the articles) and cardiorespiratory fitness (47% of the articles). Furthermore, only 48% of the studies included a warm-up stage and 34% of the studies included a cool-down stage. CONCLUSIONS: This systematic review characterized the physical exercise programs in older adults in Latin America, as well the most frequently used outcome measures and instruments, by summarizing available evidence derived from RCTs. The results will be useful for prescribing future physical exercise programs in older adults.

Relación entre el perfil antropométrico y aptitud física con el equilibrio postural dinámico en surfistas / Relationship between anthropometric profile and physical aptitude with dynamic postural balance in surfers

Introducción: El surf es una disciplina que ha aumentado considerablemente la cantidad de adeptos que practican estedeporte. Las investigaciones se han orientado en describir las principales variables asociadas al rendimiento, pero no lasrelaciones que pueden existir entre ellas. Objetivo: Establecer la relación del equilibrio postural dinámico con respecto al perfil antropométrico y aptitud física ensurfistas. Material y método: Esta investigación es un estudio de diseño observacional y transversal, de tipo descriptivo-correlacional. La muestra incluyo 30 surfistas (8 mujeres y 22 hombres). Las variables del perfil antropométrico estudiadas fueron: masacorporal, estatura bípeda, índice de masa corporal (IMC), suma de pliegues, composición corporal y somatotipo. Además, seevaluó la aptitud física mediante pruebas indirectas. Los datos del perfil antropométrico y aptitud física se correlacionaroncon los resultados de la prueba de equilibrio postural dinámico (Y balance test). Resultados: Para la dirección anterior del Y balance test, las variables que resultaron significativas fueron género, peso corporal,estatura bípeda, suma de pliegues, masa adiposa y altura del salto de Sargent (R2 = 0,55). La dirección posteromedial del Ybalance test arrojó un modelo significativo que indica que el género, suma de pliegues y masa adiposa son las variables quepredicen conjuntamente el equilibrio postural dinámico (R2 = 0,30). Para la dirección posterolateral el modelo señala que elIMC, suma de pliegues, masa adiposa, mesomorfismo, ectomorfismo y rendimiento en la prueba sit and reach son las variablesque influyen en rendimiento de la prueba Y balance test (R2 = 0,55). Conclusión: Se establecieron modelos predictivos para determinar variables antropométricas y de la aptitud física que seríandeterminantes para el desempeño del equilibrio postural de un surfista.(AU)

Introduction: Surfing is a discipline that has considerably increased the number of followers who practice this sport. Re-search has focused on describing the main variables associated with performance, but not the relationships that may existbetween them. Objective: To establish the relationship of dynamic postural balance with respect to the anthropometric profile and physicalaptitude in surfers. Material and method: This research is an observational and cross-sectional study of a descriptive-correlational type. Thesample included 30 surfers (8 women and 22 men). The variables of the anthropometric profile studied were body mass,bipedal height, body mass index (BMI), sum of folds, body composition and somatotype. Furthermore, physical aptitude wasassessed by indirect tests. The data of the anthropometric profile and physical aptitude were correlated with the results ofthe dynamic postural balance test (Y balance test). Results: For the anterior direction of the Y balance test, the variables that were significant were gender, body weight, bipedalheight, sum of folds, adipose mass and Sargent’s jump height (R2 = 0.55). The posteromedial direction of the Y balance testyielded a significant model that indicates that gender, sum of folds and adipose mass are the variables that jointly predictdynamic postural balance (R2 = 0.30). For the posterolateral direction, the model indicates that the BMI, sum of folds, adiposemass, mesomorphism, ectomorphism and performance in the sit and reach test are the variables that influence the perfor-mance of the Y balance test (R2 = 0.55). Conclusion: Predictive models were established to determine anthropometric and physical condition variables that wouldbe decisive for the performance of a surfer’s postural balance.(AU)

Association between physical activity practice and food consumption in school teenagers / Associação entre prática de atividade física e consumo alimentar em adolescentes escolares

ABSTRACT Adolescence is a period of transition, marked by habits that can influence the health of individuals in the long run. This study aimed to analyze the association between physical activity and food consumption in adolescents. This is a cross-sectional study with a probabilistic sample of 1.570 school adolescents from Montes Claros, MG, Brazil. The level of physical activity and consumption of fruits, vegetables, sweets, and soda/soft drinks was analyzed. Logistic regression was performed (significance level 5%). Among adolescents, 80.8% were classified as not active and practiced physical activity for at least 60 minutes in less than five days a week. In relation to food, 85.2% and 34.3% of adolescents reported consuming legumes and fruits less than three times a week, respectively. Consumption five times a week or more of treats was 64.1% and soft drinks 90.3%. Those who consumed fruit three times a week or less were 40% more likely to be less active. Those who consumed soda more than five times a week were twice as likely to be little active. Low levels of physical activity were associated with consumption of fruit less than or equal to three times a week and soft drinks greater than five times a week. There is a need to encourage the promotion of healthy lifestyle habits regarding the practice of physical activity and food consumption among adolescents, in school and family contexts.

RESUMO A adolescência é um período de transição, marcado por hábitos que podem influenciar a saúde dos indivíduos a longo prazo. Este estudo objetivou analisar a associação entre a prática de atividade física e o consumo alimentar em adolescentes. Trata-se de estudo transversal com amostra probabilística de 1.570 adolescentes escolares de Montes Claros, MG. Analisou-se nível de atividade física e consumo de frutas, leguminosas, guloseimas e refrigerante. Foi realizada regressão logística (nível de significância 5%). Entre os adolescentes 80,8% foram classificados como pouco ativos e praticavam atividade física por pelo menos 60 minutos em menos do que cinco dias por semana. Em relação à alimentação, 85,2% e 34,3% dos adolescentes relataram consumo de leguminosas e frutas com frequência menor que três vezes por semana, respectivamente. O consumo cinco vezes por semana ou mais de guloseimas foi de 64,1% e refrigerantes de 90,3%. Os que consumiam frutas três vezes por semana ou menos apresentaram chance 40% maior de serem pouco ativos. Os que consumiam refrigerante com frequência superior a cinco vezes por semana apresentaram chance duas vezes mais alta de serem pouco ativos. Baixos níveis de atividade física foram associados ao consumo de frutas menor ou igual a três vezes por semana e de refrigerantes superior a cinco vezes por semana. Há necessidade de incentivo à promoção de hábitos de vida saudáveis quanto à prática de atividade física e ao consumo alimentar entre os adolescentes nos contextos escolar e familiar.

Desempenho motor de escolares do 3. ano do ensino fundamental de uma escola do município de Boa Vista -RR determinado pela bateria de trestes do PROESP-BR / Motor performance of 3rd graders of one elementary school in the city of Boa Vista /RR determined by battery of test of PROESP-BR

Objetivo ­ Analisar os níveis de aptidão física relacionada ao desempenho motor de escolares do 3° ano do ensino fundamental de uma escola do Município de Boa Vista/RR através da bateria de testes do PROESP-BR, composta pelos testes de força explosiva de membros superiores, força explosiva de membros inferiores, agilidade, velocidade e a aptidão cardiorrespiratória. Métodos ­ A amostra contou com 40 escolares de ambos os sexos (19 meninos e 21 meninas), com idades entre 8 e 9 anos. Resultados ­ Após a análise quantitativa dos dados, foi possível observar que mais de 50% da amostra de ambos os sexos apresentou níveis satisfatórios de aptidão física relacionada ao desempenho motor, destacando-se os resultados dos testes de agilidade "100% meninas de 8 anos e dos meninos de 9 anos dentro dos padrões ideais estabelecidos pelo PROESP-BR" e velocidade "91% das meninas de 8 anos e 100% das meninas de 9 anos dentro dos padrões ideais estabelecidos pelo PROESP-BR". Entre os escolares de 8 anos, as meninas apresentaram superioridade estatística em quatro componentes, com exceção do componente aptidão cardiorrespiratória. Já entre os escolares com idade de 9 anos, observouse que as meninas apresentaram melhores resultados em três dos cinco componentes relacionados a ApFDM. Conclusão ­ Diante desses resultados, foi possível concluir que um número significativo de escolares de uma unidade de ensino do município de Boa Vista atende aos níveis de aptidão física relacionada ao desempenho motor

Objective ­ To analyse the physical aptitude levels related to the motor performance of 3rd graders of one elementary school in the city of Boa Vista/RR Through a battery of PROESP-BR test of the upper and lower members explosive strength, agility, velocity and cardiorespiratory aptitude. Methods ­ The sample was composed of 40 students, 19 male and 21 female and age 8 and 9. Results ­ After the data analysis it was possible to visualize that more than 50% of the sample for both lenders showed satisfactory levels of physical aptitude related to the motor performance in special evidence to those of agility "100% of year old girls and 9 year old boys within the ideal standarts of PROESP-BR" and velocity "91% of 8 year old girls and 100% 9 year old girls within the ideal standarts of PROESP-BR". Among the 8 year old students, girls have shown superior statistical in four components except cardiorespiratory aptitude. Among the 9 years olds better results were demonstrate from girls in 3 out of 5 results components of ApFDM. Conclusion ­ As a result, we wave founds that a significant number of students from this elementary school in Boa Vista meet the amplitude levels of physical aptitude related to motor performance

Las pruebas de desempeño físico en el pronóstico de desenlaces adversos en los ancianos / Physical performance tests in the prognosis of adverse outcomes in the elderly

Las pruebas de desempeño físico son mediciones objetivas del estado funcional de los ancianos, y se ha demostrado su eficacia para identificar cuáles de ellos son más susceptibles a la discapacidad. En este artículo se exponen las ventajas de implementar dichas pruebas en la práctica clínica geriátrica, las que son factibles en cualquier escenario, aún en condiciones de pocos recursos, debido a su sencillez, reproducibilidad y bajo costo; por lo que pueden ser más utilizadas para estratificar el riesgo de discapacidad en ancianos de cualquier comunidad

Physical performance tests are objective measurements of the functional state of the elderly, and their effectiveness has been demonstrated to identify who of them are more susceptible to disability. The advantages of implementing these tests in the geriatric clinical practice are exposed in this work, which are feasible in any scenario, even with few resources conditions, due to their simplicity, reproducibility and low cost; so that they can be more used to stratify the disability risk in aged patients of any community

Characterization of falls in adults with established rheumatoid arthritis and associated factors.

BACKGROUND: Rheumatoid arthritis patients may have an increased risk of falls due to changes caused by the disease such as muscle weakness, joint impairment, reduced mobility and postural instability. The aim of this study was to prospectively analyze the occurrence of falls in RA patients and its risk factors. METHODS: A cohort of 86 RA patients were assessed over 1 year for disease activity using the Disease Activity Score (DAS-28), for functionality using the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), for the characterization of falls and for the use of medications, and they were subjected to the Berg Balance Scale (Berg), Timed Up and Go (TUG), 6-Minute Walk (6MWT) and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) tests. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Spearman's correlation, Student's t, Mann-Whitney and chi-square tests were performed with a significance level of P ≤ 0.05. RESULTS: A total of 86 patients were evaluated, of which 48.8% had at least one fall and 75.6% reported having a fear of falling. No association of falls with age, disease duration, functional capacity, disease activity or physical performance was found. Patients with poorer performance in the physical tests had more functional impairment, higher disease activity and more advanced age. No differences in physical or functional performance, disease activity, gender or fear of falling were found between fallers and non-fallers; only a greater amount of medications used was found in the group of fallers. CONCLUSIONS: The occurrence of falls was high and associated with a previous history of falls and polypharmacy, with no association with disease activity or duration, functional capacity, physical performance, age or gender.

Estágios maturacionais: comparação de indicadores de crescimento e capacidade física em adolescentes / Maturational stages: comparison of growth and physical capacity indicators in adolescents

INTRODUCTION: The identification of physical capacity is an important marker related to healthy behavior during childhood and adolescence, in which some factors appear to contribute to motor performance such as maturation and hormonal levels. OBJECTIVE: To compare growth indicators, physical capacity and hormonal markers according to gender and maturational stage in adolescents. METHODS: Eighty-nine adolescents of both genders aged 10-13 years participated in the study. Sexual maturation was evaluated using the Tanner's self-evaluation method. Physical capacity (explosive strength of upper and lower limbs, upper limb velocity and agility) and hormonal markers (testosterone and estradiol) were evaluated through the chemiluminescence method. RESULTS: In the comparison by gender, girls had higher weight (p = 0.023), height (p = 0.018) and fat percentage values (p = 0.001), while boys presented better motor performance for the explosive strength of upper limbs (p = 0.005) and lower limbs (p = 0.011), agility (0.018) and upper limb velocity (p = 0.014). Regarding maturational stage, boys did not present differences in any variable analyzed; (Stage V versus I), height (stage III, IV and V versus I) and upper limb explosive strength (stage III and IV versus I). CONCLUSION: Growth, weight and height, as well as explosive strength of upper limbs were higher in girls at more advanced maturational stages and appear to be gender dependent.

INTRODUÇÃO: A identificação da capacidade física se apresenta como importante marcador relacionado ao comportamento saudável durante a infância e adolescência, no qual alguns fatores aparentam contribuir para o desempenho motor como a maturação e níveis hormonais. OBJETIVO: Comparar indicadores de crescimento, capacidades físicas e marcadores hormonais de acordo com o sexo e estágio maturacional em adolescentes. MÉTODO: Participaram do estudo 89 adolescentes de ambos os sexos de 10 a 13 anos. Foram avaliados a maturação sexual, obtida através do método de autoavaliação de Tanner, capacidades físicas (força explosiva de membros superiores e inferiores, velocidade de membros superiores e agilidade) e marcadores hormonais (testosterona e estradiol) através do método de quimiluminescência. RESULTADOS: Na comparação pelo sexo, as meninas obtiveram maiores valores para o peso (p=0,023), estatura (p=0,018) e percentual de gordura (p=0,001), enquanto que os meninos apresentaram melhor rendimento motor para a força explosiva de membros superiores (p=0,005) e inferiores (p=0,011), agilidade (0,018) e velocidade de membros superiores (p=0,014). Em relação ao estágio maturacional os meninos não apresentaram diferenças em nenhuma variável analisada; enquanto as meninas em estágio maturacional mais avançado apresentaram maiores valores para o peso (estágio V versus I), estatura (estágio III, IV e V versus I) e força explosiva de membros superiores (estágio III e IV versus I). CONCLUSÃO: Os indicadores de crescimento, peso e estatura, bem como a força explosiva de membros superiores foram mais elevados nas meninas em estágios maturacionais mais avançados e parecem ser dependentes do sexo.

Força muscular e funcionalidade do joelho de idosas praticantes de hidroginástica / Muscle strength and knee functionality of elderly women practicing water aerobics / Fuerza muscular y funcionalidad de la rodilla de ancianas practicantes de aquagym

Este estudo teve como objetivo relacionar a força muscular de membros inferiores com a funcionalidade do joelho de idosas praticantes de hidroginástica. Trata-se se de um estudo transversal realizado entre junho e setembro de 2016 na cidade de Maringá no Paraná. A amostra foi composta por 147 idosas praticantes de hidroginástica. Foi utilizado o teste de levantar e sentar da cadeira por 30 segundos e o questionário Cincinnati. Observou-se que as idosas apresentaram nível fraco de força muscular de membro inferior [Md = 13 (Q1 = 11; Q3 = 16)]. Verificou-se correlação significativa (p = 0,001) e moderada (r = 0,68) entre a força muscular de membros inferiores e a funcionalidade do joelho. A correlação moderada entre a força muscular de membros inferiores e a funcionalidade do joelho das idosas sugere uma importante associação entre essas variáveis (AU).

The objective in this study was to relate the lower limb muscle strength with the knee functionality of elderly women practicing water aerobics. A cross-sectional study was developed between June and September 2016 in the city of Maringá, state of Paraná, Brazil. The sample consisted of 147 elderly women practicing water aerobics. The 30-second chair stand test and the Cincinnati questionnaire were used. It was observed that the elderly women presented low levels of lower limb muscle strength [Md = 13 (Q1 = 11; Q3 = 16)]. A significant (p = 0.001) and moderate (r = 0.68) correlation was found between lower limb muscle strength and knee functionality. The moderate correlation between the lower limb muscle strength and knee functionality of the elderly women suggests an important association between these variables (AU).

El objetivo de este estudio fue relacionar la fuerza muscular de miembros inferiores con la funcionalidad de la rodilla de ancianas practicantes de aquagym. Se trata de un estudio trasversal desarrollado entre junio y septiembre de 2016 en la ciudad de Maringá, estado de Paraná, Brasil. La muestra incluyó a 147 ancianas practicantes de aquagym. Fue utilizado la prueba 30-second chair stand y el cuestionario Cincinnati. Se observó que las ancianas presentaron nivel débil de fuerza muscular de miembro inferior [Md = 13 (Q1 = 11; Q3 = 16)]. Fue verificada correlación significativa (p = 0,001) y moderada (r = 0,68) entre la fuerza muscular de miembros inferiores y la funcionalidad de la rodilla. La correlación moderada entre la fuerza muscular de miembros inferiores y la funcionalidad de la rodilla de las ancianas sugiere una asociación importante entre esas variables (AU).

Relação da idade óssea e marcadores hormonais com a capacidade física de adolescentes / Relationship between skeletal age, hormonal markers and physical capacity in adolescents

INTRODUCTION: Physical capabilities are an important parameter of the functional development of adolescents, not only by chronological age but also by their maturational state, as individuals with the same chronological age can have different performance to their less mature counterparts. OBJECTIVE: To compare and relate the physical capabilities and hormonal markers according to sex and maturity of adolescents. METHODS: The sample consisted of adolescents of both sexes, aged 10 to 14 years. We evaluated the maturity achieved by a predictive equation of skeletal age, physical capabilities (explosive power of upper and lower limbs, velocity of upper limbs and agility) and hormonal markers (testosterone and oestradiol) via chemiluminescence. RESULTS: Females showed more advanced maturational status, higher weight, body height and oestradiol levels; males performed better in the explosive force of upper and lower limbs, upper limb speed, agility and testosterone levels. In the normal maturational state males showed greater skeletal age, body weight, body height, explosive strength of upper and lower limbs, and testosterone levels; the females in the normal maturational state had higher skeletal age, body weight, body height, explosive upper limb strength and oestradiol levels. In the male correlation analysis, skeletal age was related to the explosive strength of upper and lower limbs and testosterone; while skeletal age in females was related to explosive upper limb strength and oestradiol. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that maturation, testosterone and oestradiol levels play an important role in the physical aspects and performance of motor skills of adolescents, especially in upper limb force which was more related to the maturation obtained by skeletal age of males and females.

INTRODUÇÃO: A capacidade física é um importante parâmetro do desenvolvimento funcional a ser investigado em crianças e adolescentes, não apenas pela idade cronológica e sim pelo seu estado maturacional, já que sujeitos com mesma idade cronológica podem apresentar desempenho diferente ao seu par menos maturado. OBJETIVO: Comparar e relacionar as capacidades físicas e marcadores hormonais de acordo com o sexo e maturação de crianças e adolescentes. MÉTODO: A amostra foi composta por 89 crianças e adolescentes de ambos os sexos de 10 a 13 anos. Foram avaliados a maturação obtida através de uma equação preditora da idade óssea, capacidades físicas (força explosiva de membros superiores e inferiores, velocidade de membros superiores e agilidade) e marcadores hormonais (testosterona e estradiol) através do método de quimioluminescência RESULTADOS: Na comparação entre os sexos as meninas obtiveram estado maturacional mais avançado, maior peso, estatura corporal e níveis de estradiol; já os meninos apresentaram melhor desempenho na força explosiva de membros superior e inferior, velocidade de membro superior, agilidade e níveis de testosterona. Relativo à maturação, os meninos em estado maturacional normal apresentaram maior idade óssea, peso e estatura corporal, força explosiva de membros superior e inferior, e níveis de testosterona; já as meninas no estado maturacional normal obtiveram maior idade óssea, peso, estatura corporal, força explosiva de membro superior e níveis de estradiol. Na análise de correlação dos meninos a idade óssea se relacionou com a força explosiva de membros superior e inferior e testosterona; já a idade óssea das meninas se relacionou com a força explosiva de membro superior e estradiol. CONCLUSÃO: Desta forma, se conclui que maturação e os níveis de testosterona e estradiol exercem um importante papel nos aspectos físicos e no desempenho das habilidades motoras das crianças e dos adolescentes, principalmente na força de membro superior a qual se mostrou mais relacionada com a maturação obtida pela idade óssea de meninos e meninas.

Cualidades físicas del adulto mayor activode la ciudad de Tunja / Physical qualities of elderly assets of Tunja city

Introducción. La actividad física es un determinante de la calidad de vida del adulto mayor, razón por la cual, es necesario mantener la funcionalidad y la independencia mediante la potenciación de las cualidades físicas dado que el cuerpo envejece y sufre modificaciones de manera progresiva. Objetivo. Caracterizar las cualidades físicas del adulto mayor activo de la ciudad de Tunja. Materiales y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo y transversal, en una muestra de 237 participantes, obtenida por muestreo probabilístico estratificado por afijación proporcional. Para la medición de las cualidades físicas, se empleó el Senior Fitness Test. Resultados. La muestra incluyó 88,2 % de mujeres y 11,8 % de hombres, con una edad promedio de 68,73 años (desviación estándard, DE=6,65), la mayoría (48,1 %) del estrato socioeconómico 2. El promedio del índice de masa corporal fue de 27,67 kg/m2 (DE=3,94), la flexibilidad del tren inferior y el superior, de 4,2 % y 17,7 % presentaron desempeño excelente. Se reportaron asociaciones signi-ficativas entre el estrato socioeconómico y la fuerza muscular del tren superior (p=0,042) y, además, de la flexibilidad del tren inferior, la agilidad y el equilibrio dinámico, con el sexo (p=0,013 y p=0,042, respectivamente). Conclusiones. Se obtuvo una clasificación buena en fuerza, equilibrio y capacidad aeróbica, y una mala en flexibilidad, lo que se corresponde con lo reportado en la literatura científica que ratifica que con mejores condiciones de vida, se favorecen las prácticas de autocuidado, entre ellas, la realización de actividad física.

Physical activity is a determinative factor in the quality of life of the older adult; therefore it is neces-sary to maintain the functionality and independence through the potentiation of physical qualities, because the body ages and this process undergoes changes gradually. Objective: To characterize the physical qualities of the active older adult in the city of Tunja. Materials and Methods: quantitative, cross-sectional-descriptive study with correlation phase and a sample of 237 participants, proportional allocation of stratified sampling was used. For the measure-ment of the physical qualities the Senior Fitness Test was applied. Results: 88.2% were female, 11.8% male, the mean age was 68.73 years DS 6.65, the predominant socioeconomic stratum was two with 48.1%. The average BMI 27.67 kg / m2 DS 3.94 kg / m2, upper and lower body flexibility: 4.2% and 17.7% of them showed an excellent performance.In the same classification 10.1% in aerobic capacity, as well as, agility and dynamic balance: 6.8%. Significant associations are reported between socioeconomic stratum and muscle strength of upper body (p = 0.042), another association was found between lower body flexibility, agility, and dynamic balance with gender (p = 0.013- p = 0.042) respectively. Conclusions: A good ranking was obtained in strength, balance, and aerobic capacity, while poor in flexibility. This findings are consistent with the scientific literature asserting that better living condi-tions favor self-care practices, including performing physical activity

Relação entre fragilidade física e fatores sociodemográficos e clínicos dos idosos que realizam teste para habilitação veicular / Relationship between physical fragility and socio-demographical and clinical factors of elderly performing driving license testing

Objetivo: Investigar a associação entre a condição da fragilidade física e características sociodemográficas e clínicas de idosos que se submetem ao teste de habilitação veicular. Métodos: Estudo quantitativo transversal, realizado nas clínicas de medicina de tráfego. Critérios de inclusão do idoso: ter idade igual ou superior a 60 anos; estar agendado para os testes de habilitação e apresentar capacidade cognitiva e física para a realização dos testes. A amostra foi constituída por 172 idosos no período amostral de janeiro a julho de 2015. Foram aplicados testes para avaliação da fragilidade física e questionário sociodemográfico e clínico. Resultados: 56,4% dos candidatos são pré-frágeis e houve associação significativa entre fragilidade física e estado civil (p = 0,0327) e uso de bebidas alcóolicas (p = 0,0417). Conclusão: A prevalência de pré-fragilidade evidencia a necessidade de sua gestão, com o objetivo de atenuar o declínio funcional e consequentemente contribuir para uma direção veicular mais segura.

Objetivo: Investigar la asociación entre la fragilidad física y las características sociodemográficas y clínicas de ancianos sometidos a la prueba para obtención de la licencia vehicular. Métodos: Estudio cuantitativo transversal, realizado en clínicas de medicina de tránsito. Criterios de inclusión del anciano: tener edad igual o superior a 60 años; estar programado para los exámenes y presentar capacidad cognitiva y física para la realización de las pruebas. Participaron 172 ancianos entre enero y julio de 2015. Fueron aplicadas pruebas para evaluación de la fragilidad física y cuestionario sociodemográfico y clínico. Resultados: El 56,4% de los candidatos son pre-frágiles y hubo asociación significativa entre fragilidad física y estado civil (p = 0,0327) y uso de bebidas alcohólicas (p = 0,0417). Conclusión: La prevalencia de pre-fragilidad evidencia la necesidad de una gestión, con el objetivo de atenuar el déficit funcional y, consecuentemente, contribuir para una conducción más segura del auto.

Objective: To investigate the association between the condition of the physical fragility and the socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of elders performing driving license testing. Methods: This is a transversal quantitative study, performed in traffic medicine clinics. Criteria of inclusion of elders: age equal or higher to 60 years old; scheduled to driving license testing, and suitable cognitive and physical capacity to perform the tests. The sample was composed by 172 seniors from January to July 2015. Tests were used to evaluate the physical fragility, together with a socio-demographic and clinical questionnaire. Results: 56.4% of the candidates are considered pre-fragile, and there was a significant association between fragility and marital status (p = 0.0327) and use of alcohol (p = 0.0417). Conclusion: The prevalence of pre-fragility demonstrates a necessity to manage this public, aiming to attenuate functional decay, and as a consequence, to contribute to safer driving conditions.

Parâmetros bioquímicos e cinética de lactato sanguíneo de sujeitos HIV+ submetidos ao treinamento físico combinado / Biochemical parameters and blood lactate kinetics of HIV+ individuals subject to combined physical training

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a cinética de lactato sanguíneo (CLS) e a sua resposta ao treinamento físico combinado (TFC) bem como avaliar os efeitos sobre os aspectos bioquímicos, imunológicos, cardiorrespiratório e composição corporal de pessoas vivendo com HIV/AIDS. Doze voluntários HIV+ realizaram o TFC, por um período de 16 semanas, e foram submetidos às avaliações nos momentos pré, oito e 16 semanas de TFC. Ao final, houve um aumento das células TCD4+ e manutenção da carga viral, aumento do consumo máximo de oxigênio e da força muscular e, ainda, aumento do HDL-c e diminuição dos triglicerídeos e glicemia de jejum. Ainda, ocorreu aumento da CLS após o período de treinamento. Concluímos que o TFC influenciou positivamente os parâmetros imunológicos, bioquímicos, cardiorrespiratório e muscular, no entanto, a questão relacionada à CLS necessita de estudos futuros para maiores esclarecimentos.

Abstract The aim of the study was to verify the blood lactate kinetics (BLK) and the response to combined physical training (CPT) as well as to evaluate the effects on markers related to biochemical, immunological, cardiorespiratory and body composition in HIV + people. Twelve HIV+ volunteers performed CPT during 16 weeks, and were subjected to evaluations in 3 moments: pre, 8 and 16 weeks of CPT. At the end, there was improvement in immune and cardiorespiratory parameters, muscular strength and of glycemic and lipid profiles. Concerning BLK, the concentrations were increased after the CPT. We conclude that CPT improved the measured variables, nevertheless, the issue related to the BLK requires further studies in order to clarify this occurrence.

Aptidão física relacionada à saúde de escolares das séries iniciais: um estudo entre turmas assistidas e não assistidas pelo profissional de Educação Física / Physical aptitude related to the health of initial graders: a study between groups assisted and non assisted by a Physical Education professional

Este estudo objetiva verificar possíveis diferenças nos níveis de aptidão física relacionados à saúde, entre escolares das séries iniciais, que participam de aulas de Educação Física ministradas por profissional habilitado (escolas municipais e particulares) e alunos em que as aulas são ministradas pelo professor unidocente (escolas estaduais). São sujeitos deste estudo 626 escolares dos anos inicias, do município de Santa Cruz do Sul (RS). Foram avaliados o Índice de Massa Corporal, Percentual de Gordura, Flexibilidade, Resistência Abdominal e Resistência Cardiorrespiratória. Os resultados demonstram que as escolas estaduais, sem a assistência do profissional de Educação Física, apresentaram maiores percentuais de resultados insatisfatórios nas valências avaliadas, com exceção apenas da Resistência Muscular Abdominal. Diferenças entre as médias por rede de ensino foram observadas para a Flexibilidade, com médias significativamente inferiores das escolas estaduais, sem o profissional de Educação Física; e Resistência Cardiorrespiratória, também com a rede estadual apresentando médias significativamente inferiores às demais redes de ensino. Em geral, em nosso estudo, foi possível observar que os alunos com aulas ministradas pelo profissional de Educação Física apresentaram melhores índices de aptidão física para a flexibilidade e resistência cardiorrespiratória quando comparados aos escolares que possuem aulas com o professor unidocente.

The aim of this study consists in checking possible differences in aptitude levels related to health, among students in the first school years, who participate in Physical Education lessons given by a qualified professional instructor (municipal and private schools) and students who attend lessons given by regular schoolmasters (state schools). The subjects of this study are 626 students of the initial school years, in the municipality of Santa Cruz do Sul (RD). Evaluations included Body Index Mass, Body Fat Percentage, Resilience, Abdominal Resistance and Cardiorespiratory Resistance. The results attest that the state schools, without the assistance of a professional Physical Education Teacher, presented a bigger percentage of unsatisfactory results in the evaluated variables, with the only exception of Abdominal Muscle Resistance. Differences between averages by school network were detected with regard to Resilience, with averages significantly lower in state schools, without a professional Physical Education instructor; and Cardiorespiratory Resistance, with state schools again showing significantly lower averages compared to other school networks. In general, in our study, it was possible to observe that students attending lessons given by professional Physical Education instructors presented better physical aptitude indices for resilience and cardiorespiratory resistance if compared to students whose lessons are given by regular schoolmasters.