Pcr-rflp for identification of the pearl oyster Pinctada imbricate from Brazil and Venezuela / Pcr-rflp para identificação de ostras perlíferas (Pinctada imbricate) do Brasil e Venezuela

Oysters of the genus Pinctada are of great economic importance due to their extensive use in human feeding and pearl cultivation. It includes four species: Pinctada radiata (Europe), P. imbricata (Western Atlantic)and the P. fucata-martensi complex (Pacific), the latter being a species complex of difficult morphological differentiation. Although this species complex has several molecular studies corroborating each species as valid, there are still doubts about the validity of P. imbricata in the South of Western Atlantic (ie Brazilian Coast). Here we carried out a RFLP study with populations from Ceará, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and Venezuela coast. We analyzed mitochondrial (16S) and nuclear genes (partial IGS). This study confirms the Brazilian and Venezuelan stocks as genetically close to the P. imbricata stocks from Caribbean than the P. martensi-fucata complex. This result is important for pearl-oyster farmers, demonstrating that the Brazilian and Venezuelan stocks are not alien species or hybrids of Indo-Pacific species.(AU)

As ostras do género Pinctada são de grande importância económica devido ao seu uso extensivo na alimentação humana e cultivo de pérolas. Inclui quatro espécies: Pinctada radiata (Europa), P. imbricata (Atlântico Ocidental) e P. fucatamartensi (Pacífico), sendo esta última uma espécie complexa de difícil diferenciação morfológica. Embora este complexo de espécies tenha vários estudos moleculares corroborando cada espécie como válida, ainda há dúvidas sobre a validade de P. imbricata no Sul do Atlântico Ocidental. Neste trabalho realializou-se um estudo de RFLP com populações do Ceará, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo e costa da Venezuela. Foram analisados genes mitocondriais (16S) e nucleares (IGS parcial). Este estudo confirma que os espécimes brasileiros e venezuelanos são geneticamente mais próximos às populações de P. imbricata do Caribe do que o complexo P. martensi-fucata. Esse resultado é importante para os produtores de ostras perlíferas, demonstrando que os estoques brasileiro e venezuelano não são espécies exóticas ou híbridas de espécies indo-pacíficas.(AU)

Pcr-rflp for identification of the pearl oyster Pinctada imbricate from Brazil and Venezuela / Pcr-rflp para identificação de ostras perlíferas (Pinctada imbricate) do Brasil e Venezuela

Oysters of the genus Pinctada are of great economic importance due to their extensive use in human feeding and pearl cultivation. It includes four species: Pinctada radiata (Europe), P. imbricata (Western Atlantic)and the P. fucata-martensi complex (Pacific), the latter being a species complex of difficult morphological differentiation. Although this species complex has several molecular studies corroborating each species as valid, there are still doubts about the validity of P. imbricata in the South of Western Atlantic (ie Brazilian Coast). Here we carried out a RFLP study with populations from Ceará, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and Venezuela coast. We analyzed mitochondrial (16S) and nuclear genes (partial IGS). This study confirms the Brazilian and Venezuelan stocks as genetically close to the P. imbricata stocks from Caribbean than the P. martensi-fucata complex. This result is important for pearl-oyster farmers, demonstrating that the Brazilian and Venezuelan stocks are not alien species or hybrids of Indo-Pacific species.

As ostras do género Pinctada são de grande importância económica devido ao seu uso extensivo na alimentação humana e cultivo de pérolas. Inclui quatro espécies: Pinctada radiata (Europa), P. imbricata (Atlântico Ocidental) e P. fucatamartensi (Pacífico), sendo esta última uma espécie complexa de difícil diferenciação morfológica. Embora este complexo de espécies tenha vários estudos moleculares corroborando cada espécie como válida, ainda há dúvidas sobre a validade de P. imbricata no Sul do Atlântico Ocidental. Neste trabalho realializou-se um estudo de RFLP com populações do Ceará, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo e costa da Venezuela. Foram analisados genes mitocondriais (16S) e nucleares (IGS parcial). Este estudo confirma que os espécimes brasileiros e venezuelanos são geneticamente mais próximos às populações de P. imbricata do Caribe do que o complexo P. martensi-fucata. Esse resultado é importante para os produtores de ostras perlíferas, demonstrando que os estoques brasileiro e venezuelano não são espécies exóticas ou híbridas de espécies indo-pacíficas.

Histoquímica de la glándula digestiva en la ostra perla Pinctada imbricata (Pterioida: Pteriidae) durante su ciclo gametogénico, Venezuela / Histochemistry of the digestive gland of the pearl oyster Pinctada imbricata (Pterioida: Pteriidae) during the gametogenic cycle, Venezuela

ResumenLas técnicas histoquímicas hoy en día permiten seleccionar áreas de tejido y generar información confiable sobre la distribución de reservas energéticas en los moluscos bivalvos durante su ciclo de vida. Mensualmente se examinaron las gónadas y la glándula digestiva (GD) de 15 individuos recolectados entre abril 2012 y febrero 2013 por técnicas histológicas e histoquímicas de microscopia de luz, para relacionar el ciclo gametogénico y la disponibilidad de reservas energéticas con los parámetros ambientales. En el ciclo gametogénico, la proporción mensual de organismos maduros fue mayor en los machos entre agosto (40 %) y noviembre (53 %), mientras que las hembras tienden a presentar un ciclo más corto y sincronizado de liberación de gametos (septiembre 67 % y octubre 60 %). Los períodos intensos de desoves coinciden en ambos sexos (octubre-enero). Entre abril-agosto 2012 y enero-febrero 2013, se observan los valores más altos del IGl (índice de glúcido), mientras que en septiembre disminuyen y alcanzaron valores mínimos entre octubre y diciembre. El IL (índice de lípidos) presentó valores máximos en abril-2012 y febrero-2013, con un valor intermedio en agosto. Los resultados indican que las reservas de la GD presentan un patrón de movilización en relación inversa con la proliferación de los gametos de ambos sexos, vinculado directamente con la disponibilidad de nutrientes como la clorofila a y el seston orgánico.

AbstractHistochemical techniques today allow you to select areas of tissue and generate reliable information on the distribution of energy reserves in bivalve molluscs during their life cycle. The main objective of this study was to describe and relate the gametogenic cycle with the availability of energy reserves and the environmental parameters. For this, we sampled and examined the gonads and digestive glands (DG) of 15 individuals collected monthly during April 2012 and February 2013. We processed and analyzed the samples by standard histological and histochemical light microscopy techniques. Our results showed that for the gametogenic cycle, the monthly proportion of mature organisms was higher for males, between August (40 %) and November (53 %), while the females tend to have a shorter synchronized cycle and release of gametes in September (67 %) and October (60 %). The intense spawning periods in both sexes was the same (October to January). Between the periods April-August 2012 and January-February 2013, we observed the highest values of IGl and glucide index (instead, a decrease was observed in September, reaching minimum values during the period October-December). Besides, the maximum values of IL, lipid index, were observed in April-2012 and February-2013, with an intermediate value in August-2013. The results indicated that the reserves of the GD have a pattern of mobilization inversely related to the proliferation of gametes in both sexes; this was directly linked to the availability of nutrients such as chlorophyll a and the organic seston. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (2): 849-858. Epub 2016 June 01.

Composición y estructura de la macrofauna asociada con agregaciones de dos especies de bivalvos en Isla de Cubagua, Venezuela / Composition and structure of the macrofauna associated with beds of two bivalve species in Cubagua Island, Venezuela

Bivalve aggregations constitute a microhabitat for a wide variety of organisms in intertidal, subtidal and deep-water marine benthic habitats. Increase in density of bivalve beds could offer more crevices and substratum for the associated fauna, affecting community composition. Beds of the Atlantic Pearl Oyster (Pinctada imbricata) and the Turkey Wing (Arca zebra) of contrasting population densities were evaluated to determine the composition and structure of the associated macrofauna of three taxa (Crustacea Decapoda, Mollusca and Echinodermata). We evaluated plots of three levels of bed density in both species, the associated fauna were identified and counted. Other species were collected by qualitative samples. Univariate and multivariate descriptors were tested comparing the associated fauna between the beds of two species at three levels of density. In these beds a total of 104 species belonging to 58 families were recorded. Mithraculus forceps (Majidae), Crucibulum auricula (Calyptraeidae) and Ophiotrix angulata (Ophiothrichidae) were the most common species found in these assemblages. The medium and high-density bivalve beds exhibited greater species number, abundance, Shannon diversity, evenness, taxonomic diversity, and taxonomic distinctness of associated fauna, than low-density bivalve beds. Moreover, multivariate analysis detected different assemblages of associated fauna between beds with different densities. Additionally, similarities were found in the communities of macrofauna in both beds of P. imbricata and Arca zebra. Our results suggest that bivalve aggregations at Cubagua Island provide additional habitat for macrofauna living in other shallow habitats such as Thalassia beds, corals and rocky environments. Bed density, associated with topographic complexity, represents an important factor for the composition and complexity of the associated fauna.

Las agregaciones de bivalvos constituyen un microhábitat para una gran variedad de organismos en el ambiente intermareal, submareal y en aguas profundas. Agregaciones de la ostra perla (Pinctada imbricata) y pepitona (Arca zebra) a diferentes densidades poblacionales se evaluaron para determinar la composición y estructura comunitaria de la macrofauna asociada en tres taxa (Crustacea Decapoda, Mollusca y Echinodermata). La hipótesis nula de no diferencias en descriptores univariados y multivariados fue probada comparando la fauna asociada entre las agregaciones de las dos especies a tres niveles de densidad. En estas agregaciones se identificaron 102 especies de 55 familias. Mithraculus forceps (Majidae), Crucibulum auricula (Calyptraeidae) y Ophiotrix angulata (Ophiothrichidae) fueron las especies más comunes encontradas en estas asociaciones. Las densidades medias y altas de las agregaciones de bivalvos presentaron mayor número de especies, abundancia, diversidad de Shannon, equidad, diversidad taxonómica y distinción taxonómica de la fauna asociada que las agregaciones de baja densidad poblacional. Análisis multivariados detectaron diferentes estructuras de los ensambles de la fauna asociada en agregaciones de bivalvos con densidad baja en comparación con los de densidad media y alta. Adicionalmente no se detectaron diferencias en la fauna asociada entre las especies. La densidad de las agregaciones de bivalvos, asociada a la complejidad topográfica, es un factor importante para la composición de la fauna asociada.