Biogenic Ag2O nanoparticles with "Hoja Santa" (Piper auritum) extract: characterization and biological capabilities.

The 'sacred leaf' or "Hoja Santa" (Piper auritum Kunth) has a great value for Mexican culture and has gained popularity worldwide for its excellent properties from culinary to remedies. To contribute to its heritage, in this project we proposed the green synthesis of silver oxide nanoparticles (Ag2O NPs) using an extract of "Hoja Santa" (Piper auritum) as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The synthesized Ag2O NPs were characterized by UV-Visible spectroscopy (plasmon located at 405 nm), X-ray diffraction (XRD) (particle size diameter of 10 nm), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (particle size diameter of 13.62 ± 4.61 nm), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) (functional groups from "Hoja Santa" attached to nanoparticles). Antioxidant capacity was evaluated using DPPH, ABTS and FRAP methods. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activity of NPs against a panel of clinically relevant bacterial strains, including both Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Salmonella Enteritidis and Escherichia coli O157:H7), was over 90% at concentrations of 200 µg/mL. Additionally, we assessed the antibiofilm activity of the NPs against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (reaching 98% of biofilm destruction at 800 µg/mL), as biofilm formation plays a crucial role in bacterial resistance and chronic infections. Moreover, we investigated the impact of Ag2O NPs on immune cell viability, respiratory burst, and phagocytic activity to understand their effects on the immune system.

Phytobiotic Activity of Piper Auritum and Ocimum Basilicum on Avian E. Coli

Natural antimicrobials, known as phytobiotics, are used in bacterial infections. The objective of this study was to evaluatethe phytobiotic activity, in vitro and in vivo, of an extract and an essential oil of Piper auritum and Ocimum basilicum on avian Eschericia coli serotype O2 in broiler chickens experimentally infected. For the in vitro test, extracts at 4, 8, 12 and 16% in water-based solvent or alcohol at 70% were prepared from leaves of both plants. In the essential oils, solvents at 10% were used. A concentration of 1×108 CFU mL-1 of bacteria was seeded and on each sense disc, 25 µL of the extract or essential oil were poured, except on the positive or negative control. The diameter of the inhibition zone (DIZ) of bacterial growth was measured. In the in vivo test, 40 chickens were inoculated, by intratracheal route, with a bacterial suspension of 1 × 108 CFU mL-1. E. col was identified and isolated from the organs; mortality, morbidity and relative weight of the organs were measured, and postmortem lesions and histopathologic findings were observed. A completely randomized design and the Kruskal-Wallis test for data analysis was used. By increasing the concentration of the extract, DIZ was greater; at the time of slaughter, differences in body weight (p 0.05) were found and the majority of lesions were observed in lungs. It is concluded that leave extracts of P. auritum and O. basilicum had phytobiotic activity on E. col serotype O2.(AU)

Phytobiotic Activity of Piper Auritum and Ocimum Basilicum on Avian E. Coli

Natural antimicrobials, known as phytobiotics, are used in bacterial infections. The objective of this study was to evaluatethe phytobiotic activity, in vitro and in vivo, of an extract and an essential oil of Piper auritum and Ocimum basilicum on avian Eschericia coli serotype O2 in broiler chickens experimentally infected. For the in vitro test, extracts at 4, 8, 12 and 16% in water-based solvent or alcohol at 70% were prepared from leaves of both plants. In the essential oils, solvents at 10% were used. A concentration of 1×108 CFU mL-1 of bacteria was seeded and on each sense disc, 25 µL of the extract or essential oil were poured, except on the positive or negative control. The diameter of the inhibition zone (DIZ) of bacterial growth was measured. In the in vivo test, 40 chickens were inoculated, by intratracheal route, with a bacterial suspension of 1 × 108 CFU mL-1. E. col was identified and isolated from the organs; mortality, morbidity and relative weight of the organs were measured, and postmortem lesions and histopathologic findings were observed. A completely randomized design and the Kruskal-Wallis test for data analysis was used. By increasing the concentration of the extract, DIZ was greater; at the time of slaughter, differences in body weight (p 0.05) were found and the majority of lesions were observed in lungs. It is concluded that leave extracts of P. auritum and O. basilicum had phytobiotic activity on E. col serotype O2.

Edematic and coagulant effects caused by the venom of Bothrops rhombeatus neutralized by the ethanolic extract of Piper auritum.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: In Colombia, the only authorized treatment to cure snakebite envenomation is with the use of antivenom. The antivenom neutralizes the systemic effects properly, but is not very effective at neutralizing local effects, thus several cases have lead to complications. On the other hand, rural communities turn to the use of plants that are easily accessible and available for basic health care. One of these plants is named Piper auritum (PA), which is traditionally highlighted in some indigenous communities of Antioquia and Chocó. AIM OF THE STUDY: The main objective of this work was to characterize the venom's toxicity by determining the Minimum Edema Dose (MED), the Minimum Coagulant Dose-Plasma (MCD-P), the Minimum Hemorrhagic Dose (MHD) and to determine the neutralizing power of the Total Ethanolic Extract (TEE) from leaves of PA on the localized and systemic effects caused by the Bothrops rhombeatus venom. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To begin, the minimum dose that causes edema-forming, coagulant and hemorrhagic activities was determined. The protocols investigated include coagulant and edematic activities caused by the venom of Bothrops rhombeatus which were neutralized by the TEE of PA. RESULTS: The MCD-P was found to be 0.206 ±â€¯0.026 µg, the MED is the same at 0.768 ±â€¯0.065 µg, and the MHD is 3.553 ±â€¯0.292 µg, which are different from the reports for Bothrops asper and Bothrops ayerbei. Next, a phytochemical screening was done to the TEE where mainly triterpenes, steroids, coumarins, saponins, and lignans were identified. Also present were 43,733 ±â€¯2106 mg AG/g ES of phenols, which are secondary metabolites that are probably responsible for the neutralization of coagulant and edematic activities at rates of 2363.870 µL and 1787.708 µL of extract/mg of venom, respectively. As a comparative parameter, the National Institute Health's (NHI) effective dose of the antivenom was used as a comparative parameter. In addition, we determined the toxicity of the TEE of PA on to Artemia salina, being moderately toxic at 6 and 24 h, while the essential oil of PA at the same observation hours is in the extremely toxic range. CONCLUSIONS: The results reflect that the extract of P. auritum has an anti-inflammatory effect similar to that of the NIH serum. It could be used as a complement of NIH antivenom, using them together so it contributes to effectively reduce inflammation and the socio-economic impact generated by the permanence of a patient victim of snakebite in health centers. CLASSIFICATIONS: Immunological products and vaccines.

Actividad in vitro anti-Leishmania (Trypanosomatidae) del epóxido trans-Z-&-bisaboleno y del Safrol, en frutos de Piper auritum (Piperaceae) / Anti-Leishmania (Trypanosomatidae) activity of trans-Z-&-bisabolene epoxide and isolation of safrole, in fruits of Piper auritum (Piperaceae)

Resumen La leishmaniasis es una enfermedad con una alta incidencia en el ser humano, que puede ser controlada, pero como los tratamientos tienen efectos secundarios importantes se han realizado estudios de diversas plantas con el fin de encontrar compuestos con actividad antileishmaniásica que presenten pocos efectos nocivos para el ser humano. El presente estudio consistió en realizar un tamizaje fitoquímico de la planta, para identificar la presencia de cumarinas, terpenos, triterpenos y azúcares reductores. El objetivo fue encontrar componentes químicos puros con actividad contra el parásito Leishmania sp. Por tal razón se purificaron los compuestos: trans-Z-alfabisaboleno y el Safrol, a los que se les realizaron pruebas del efecto anti parasitario que presentaron un CI50 de 50.0 µg/mL y 0.0 µg/mL, respectivamente. Además, se discute la importancia de estos nuevos hallazgos. El compuesto mayoritario presente en los aceites esenciales (Safrol) no es el componente que presentó la actividad. Es importante realizar estudios sobre su proyección en el tratamiento de la leishmaniasis.

Abstract The leishmaniosis disease incidence is high in tropical regions, and its current treatment has shown severe secondary effects. Considering this problem, many studies have focused on plants, looking for chemical components that have anti-leishmanial activity, and are free of adverse effects for human beings. The purpose of this work was to find a chemical component with this kind of activity in Piper auritum. In a phytochemical screening of this plant, we found some cumarins, terpens, triterpens and reducing sugars; and later, we identified the components trans-Z-α-bisabolene epoxide and Safrol. The first component presented a CI50 of 50.0 µg/mL of anti-Leishmania activity. The Safrol, which is the major component of the essential oils of this plant, did not show antiparasitic activity. These results are discussed considering treatment of leishmaniasis. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(2): 826-835. Epub 2018 June 01.

Toxicidad aguda tópica e irritabilidad dérmica de la decocción de hojas de Piper auritum Kunth (caisimón de anís) / Acute topical toxicity and dermal irritability of decoction of Piper auritum Kunth (caisimón de anís)

Introducción: el Piper auritum Kunth comúnmente conocido como caisimón de anís, o anisón en algunas regiones del país, es una planta ampliamente utilizada como antiinflamatorio tópico. Tanto la hoja calentada como la decocción aplicada sobre la zona dañada son empleadas por la población con este fin. Objetivo: determinar la toxicidad aguda tópica y la irritabilidad dérmica primaria de la decocción al 50 por ciento de hojas frescas de Piper auritum. Métodos: se emplearon hojas frescas colectadas el mismo día del ensayo y se utilizaron las técnicas descritas en las guías de la Organización para la Cooperación Económica y el Desarrollo (OECD), la 434 para la toxicidad dérmica utilizando ratas Wistar, manteniendo la decocción por 24 horas en contacto con la piel previamente afeitada; el peso de los animales fue controlado antes, durante y al concluir el experimento. Y la OECD 404 para la irritabilidad tópica empleando conejos Nueva Zelanda aplicando el extracto por 4 horas a la zona rasurada. Resultados: no se apreciaron signos ni síntomas de toxicidad por la absorción dérmica en las ratas ni se observó evidencia de edema ni eritema en los conejos empleados. Conclusiones: la decocción al 50 por ciento de Piper auritum Kunth posee un índice de irritabilidad y una toxicidad dérmica bajas en nuestras condiciones de ensayo(AU)

Introduction: Piper auritum Kunth, commonly known as caisimón de anís or anisón in some regions of the country, is a plant widely used as topical anti-inflammatory. To this end, leaves may be warmed up and applied to the damaged area or a decoction prepared and drunk. Objective: determine the acute topical toxicity and primary dermal irritability of a 50 percent decoction of Piper auritum fresh leaves. Methods: fresh leaves collected on the same day of the assay were used to prepare a decoction, following the techniques described in Guideline 434 of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD 434) about dermal toxicity in Wistar rats. Decoction was kept in contact with previously shaved skin for 24 hours. The weight of animals was controlled before, during and upon completion of the experiment. OECD Guideline 404 was used for topical irritability in New Zealand rabbits, applying the extract to a previously shaved area for 4 hours. Results: no sign or symptom of toxicity due to dermal absorption was observed in the rats. Rabbits did not show any evidence of edema or erythema. Conclusions: Piper auritum Kunth 50 percent decoction has a low irritability and dermal toxicity rate in our test conditions(AU)

Toxicidad aguda tópica e irritabilidad dérmica de la decocción de hojas de Piper auritum Kunth (caisimón de anís) / Acute topical toxicity and dermal irritability of decoction of Piper auritum Kunth (caisimón de anís)

INTRODUCCIÓN: el Piper auritum Kunth comúnmente conocido como caisimón de anís, o anisón en algunas regiones del país, es una planta ampliamente utilizada como antiinflamatorio tópico. Tanto la hoja calentada como la decocción aplicada sobre la zona dañada son empleadas por la población con este fin. OBJETIVO: determinar la toxicidad aguda tópica y la irritabilidad dérmica primaria de la decocción al 50 % de hojas frescas de Piper auritum. MÉTODOS: se emplearon hojas frescas colectadas el mismo día del ensayo y se utilizaron las técnicas descritas en las guías de la Organización para la Cooperación Económica y el Desarrollo (OECD), la 434 para la toxicidad dérmica utilizando ratas Wistar, manteniendo la decocción por 24 horas en contacto con la piel previamente afeitada; el peso de los animales fue controlado antes, durante y al concluir el experimento. Y la OECD 404 para la irritabilidad tópica empleando conejos Nueva Zelanda aplicando el extracto por 4 horas a la zona rasurada. RESULTADOS: no se apreciaron signos ni síntomas de toxicidad por la absorción dérmica en las ratas ni se observó evidencia de edema ni eritema en los conejos empleados. CONCLUSIONES: la decocción al 50 % de Piper auritum Kunth posee un índice de irritabilidad y una toxicidad dérmica bajas en nuestras condiciones de ensayo.

INTRODUCTION: Piper auritum Kunth, commonly known as caisimón de anís or anisón in some regions of the country, is a plant widely used as topical anti-inflammatory. To this end, leaves may be warmed up and applied to the damaged area or a decoction prepared and drunk. OBJECTIVE: determine the acute topical toxicity and primary dermal irritability of a 50 % decoction of Piper auritum fresh LEAVES. METHODS: fresh leaves collected on the same day of the assay were used to prepare a decoction, following the techniques described in Guideline 434 of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD 434) about dermal toxicity in Wistar rats. Decoction was kept in contact with previously shaved skin for 24 hours. The weight of animals was controlled before, during and upon completion of the experiment. OECD Guideline 404 was used for topical irritability in New Zealand rabbits, applying the extract to a previously shaved area for 4 hours. RESULTS: no sign or symptom of toxicity due to dermal absorption was observed in the rats. Rabbits did not show any evidence of edema or erythema. CONCLUSIONS: Piper auritum Kunth 50 % decoction has a low irritability and dermal toxicity rate in our test conditions.

Total phenolics and antioxidant activity of Piper auritum and Porophyllum ruderale.

Extracts from fresh and dried samples of Mexican pepperleaf (Piper auritum Kunth) and "papalo" (Porophyllum ruderale) were obtained using a stirring or an ultrasound extraction system with five types of solvents (water, 50:50% v/v ethanol:water, 70:30% v/v ethanol:water, 85:15% v/v ethanol:1.5N HCl, and ethanol). Total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity were evaluated with the phenol Folin Ciocalteu reagent and the ABTS method, respectively. Total phenolic compounds (PC), trolox (T), and ascorbic acid (AA), in the two herbs, were in the range of 6.79-68.03mg of galic acid (GA)/g dry solids (d.s.), 4.88-64.99mg of T/gd.s., and 5.31-49.84mgAA/gd.s., respectively. Extracts from fresh "papalo", using ultrasound as the extraction system, had the highest amount of total phenolic compounds. The fresh pepperleaf extract, obtained using ultrasound as the extraction method contained the highest amount of antioxidant activity.

Necrosis cutánea profunda por la aplicación local de hojas de Piper auritum Kunth (caisimón de anís) / Deep cutaneous necrosis caused by the local application of Piper aurifum Kunth (caisimón de anis) leaves

Introducción: Piper auritum Kunth (caisimón de anís) es una de las plantas más utilizadas tradicionalmente en Cuba por sus propiedades antiinflamatorias, analgésicas y cicatrizantes. Objetivos: reportar un caso clínico que sufrió una reacción adversa por automedicación de hojas de Piper auritum. Métodos: se revisó la literatura y la historia clínica de una paciente femenina atendida en el servicio del Hospital Universitario Dr Miguel Enríquez, Servicio de Cirugía Plástica y Caumatología. Resultados: se presentó el caso de una paciente que sufrió lesiones por quemaduras hipodérmicas y sus consecuencias al aplicar hojas de P auritum de forma incorrecta sobre la piel de las mamas, que necesitaron autoinjertos de piel laminar de espesor parcial medio con resultados satisfactorios. Conclusiones: es importante la orientación por personal especializado para el uso de las plantas medicinales(AU)

Introduction: Piper aurifum Kunth (caisimón de anis) is one of the most used plants traditionally in Cuba because of its anti-inflammatory, analgesic and healing properties. Objectives: to report a clinical case suffering from an adverse reaction caused by self-medication with Piper aurifum leaves. Methods: the medical literature and the medical history of a female patient, who was seen at Dr Miguel Enríquez university hospital plastic surgery and burn treatment service, were reviewed. Results: the case of a patient who suffered lesions from hypodermic burns caused by the wrong application of P aurifum leaves on the breast skin was presented. It was necessary to use laminar skin autografts of average partial thickness to cure the lesions, with satisfactory results. Conclusions: it is important that specialists provide appropriate instructions about the use of medicinal plants(AU)

Necrosis cutánea profunda por la aplicación local de hojas de Piper auritum Kunth (caisimón de anís) / Deep cutaneous necrosis caused by the local application of Piper aurifum Kunth (caisimón de anis) leaves

Introducción: Piper auritum Kunth (caisimón de anís) es una de las plantas más utilizadas tradicionalmente en Cuba por sus propiedades antiinflamatorias, analgésicas y cicatrizantes. Objetivos: reportar un caso clínico que sufrió una reacción adversa por automedicación de hojas de Piper auritum. Métodos: se revisó la literatura y la historia clínica de una paciente femenina atendida en el servicio del Hospital Universitario Dr Miguel Enríquez, Servicio de Cirugía Plástica y Caumatología. Resultados: se presentó el caso de una paciente que sufrió lesiones por quemaduras hipodérmicas y sus consecuencias al aplicar hojas de P auritum de forma incorrecta sobre la piel de las mamas, que necesitaron autoinjertos de piel laminar de espesor parcial medio con resultados satisfactorios. Conclusiones: es importante la orientación por personal especializado para el uso de las plantas medicinales

Introduction: Piper aurifum Kunth (caisimón de anis) is one of the most used plants traditionally in Cuba because of its anti-inflammatory, analgesic and healing properties. Objectives: to report a clinical case suffering from an adverse reaction caused by self-medication with Piper aurifum leaves. Methods: the medical literature and the medical history of a female patient, who was seen at Dr Miguel Enríquez university hospital plastic surgery and burn treatment service, were reviewed. Results: the case of a patient who suffered lesions from hypodermic burns caused by the wrong application of P aurifum leaves on the breast skin was presented. It was necessary to use laminar skin autografts of average partial thickness to cure the lesions, with satisfactory results. Conclusions: it is important that specialists provide appropriate instructions about the use of medicinal plants

Chemistry, cytotoxicity and antileishmanial activity of the essential oil from Piper auritum

Leishmaniasis is one of the most important parasitic infections, but current treatments are unsatisfactory due to their toxicity, cost and resistance. Therefore, the development of new antileishmanial compounds is imperative. Many people who live in endemic areas use plants as an alternative to treat the disease. In this paper, we characterised the essential oil from Piper auritum, evaluated its cytotoxicity and determined its antileishmanial activity. The chromatogram obtained by gas chromatography revealed 60 peaks and we found that safrole was the most abundant compound, composing 87 percent of the oil. The oil was active against the promastigotes of Leishmania major, Leishmania mexicana, Leishmania braziliensis and Leishmania donovani with a favourable selectivity index against peritoneal macrophages from BALB/c mice. The Piper-oil inhibited the growing of intracellular amastigotes of L. donovani with an IC50 value of 22.3 ± 1.8 ìg/mL. This study demonstrates the usefulness of the essential oils as a promising alternative to treat leishmaniasis.

Chemistry, cytotoxicity and antileishmanial activity of the essential oil from Piper auritum

Leishmaniasis is one of the most important parasitic infections, but current treatments are unsatisfactory due to their toxicity, cost and resistance. Therefore, the development of new antileishmanial compounds is imperative. Many people who live in endemic areas use plants as an alternative to treat the disease. In this paper, we characterised the essential oil from Piper auritum, evaluated its cytotoxicity and determined its antileishmanial activity. The chromatogram obtained by gas chromatography revealed 60 peaks and we found that safrole was the most abundant compound, composing 87 por ciento of the oil. The oil was active against the promastigotes of Leishmania major, Leishmania mexicana, Leishmania braziliensis and Leishmania donovani with a favourable selectivity index against peritoneal macrophages from BALB/c mice. The Piper-oil inhibited the growing of intracellular amastigotes of L. donovani with an IC50 value of 22,3 ± 1,8 ìg/mL. This study demonstrates the usefulness of the essential oils as a promising alternative to treat leishmaniasis(AU)

Evaluación tóxica y genotóxica del extracto fluido de Piper auritum H.B.K. / Toxic and genotoxic assessment of fluid extract from Piper auritum H.B.K.

Se evaluó la toxicidad aguda del extracto fluido de Piper auritum H.B.K. así como su actividad genotóxica a través de dos sistemas de ensayo a corto plazo, uno in vitro empleando la cepa D-30 de Aspergillus nidulans y otro in vivo, el ensayo de micronúcleos en médula ósea de ratón. Los resultados permiten concluir que el extracto fluido de P. auritum H.B.K. mostró muy baja toxicidad aguda y resultó genotóxico in vitro pero no in vivo .

The acute toxicity of fluid extract from Piper auritum H.B.K. as well as its genotoxic activity were evaluated through two short term assay systems, one in vitro using the D-30 strain of Aspergillus nidulans and, another in vivo, the micronuclei assay in mouse bone marrow. The results allow to conclude that the fluid extract from P.auritum H.B.K. showed a very low acute toxicity and that it proved to be genotoxic in vitro but not in vivo .