Comparison of laparoscopic-guided versus ultrasound-guided TAP block in laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

INTRODUCTION: Transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block is a widely used anesthetic technique of the abdominal wall, where ultrasound guidance is considered the gold standard. In this study, we aimed to compare the effectiveness of laparoscopic-assisted TAP (LTAP) block with ultrasound-assisted TAP (UTAP) block for post-operative pain, nausea, vomiting, duration of the block, and bowel function. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study included 60 patients who were randomly assigned to two groups to undergo either the LTAP or UTAP block technique after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The time taken for administering the block, post-operative nausea and vomiting, post-operative pain, respiratory rate, bowel movements, and analgesia requirements were reported. RESULTS: The time taken for the LTAP block was shorter (p < 0.001). Post-operative mean tramadol consumption, paracetamol consumption, and analgesic requirement were comparable between the two groups (p = 0.76, p = 0.513, and p = 0.26, respectively). The visual analog scale at 6, 24, and 48 h was statistically not significant (p = 0.632, p = 0.802, and p = 0.173, respectively). Nausea with vomiting and the necessity of an antiemetic medication was lower in the UTAP group (p = 0.004 and p = 0.009, respectively). CONCLUSION: The LTAP block is an easy and fast technique to perform in patients as an alternative method where ultrasound guidance or an anesthesiologist is not available.

ANTECEDENTES: El bloqueo del plano transverso del abdomen (TAP) es una técnica anestésica de la pared abdominal ampliamente utilizada, en la cual la guía ecográfica se considera el método de referencia. OBJETIVO: Comparar la efectividad del bloqueo TAP asistido por laparoscopia (LTAP) con el bloqueo TAP asistido por ultrasonido (UTAP) para el dolor posoperatorio, las náuseas y los vómitos, y la función intestinal. MÉTODO: El estudio incluyó 60 pacientes que fueron asignados aleatoriamente a dos grupos para someterse a la técnica de bloqueo LTAP o UTAP después de una colecistectomía laparoscópica. Se informaron el tiempo de administración del bloqueo, las náuseas y los vómitos posoperatorios, el dolor posoperatorio, la frecuencia respiratoria, las evacuaciones y los requerimientos de analgesia. RESULTADOS: El tiempo de bloqueo LTAP fue menor (p < 0.001). El consumo medio de tramadol, el consumo de paracetamol y el requerimiento de analgésicos posoperatorios fueron comparables entre los dos grupos (p = 0.76, p = 0.513 y p = 0.26, respectivamente). El dolor en la escala analógica visual a las 6, 24 y 48 horas no fue estadísticamente significativo (p = 0.632, p = 0.802 y p = 0.173, respectivamente). CONCLUSIONES: El bloqueo PATL es una técnica fácil y rápida de realizar en pacientes como método alternativo cuando no se dispone de guía ecográfica o anestesióloga.

The use of erector spinae versus transversus abdominis blocks in ovarian surgery: A randomized, comparative study / Uso del bloqueo del plano erector de la espina versus el plano transverso abdominal en cirugía de ovario: un estudio aleatorizado comparativo

Abstract Introduction: Inadequate pain control after major surgery can lead to significant complications. Ultrasound (US) guided plane blocks account for significant progress in regional anesthesia. Objective: This study explored the analgesic superiority of ultrasound-guided erector spinae (ESPB) and transversus abdominis (TAPB) plane blocks in patients undergoing major ovarian cancer surgery under general anesthesia. There have been no previous studies comparing their efficacy under these circumstances. Methods: This double-blind randomized comparative study included 60 patients undergoing major ovarian cancer surgery under general anesthesia. The ESPB group (n=30), received preoperative ultrasound-guided ESPB and the TAPB group (n=30), received preoperative low TAPB. Opioid consumption, HR, MAP, visual analogue scale (VAS) and adverse events were documented over 24 hours after surgery. Results: There was a highly significant difference in tramadol consumption between the two groups, with (95% CI: 16.23 to 50.43) and (95% CI: 59.23 to 95.43) for ESPB and TAPB groups, respectively. A significant difference (P < 0.01) was shown in intraoperative fentanyl consumption with (95% CI: 113 to 135.6) and (95% CI: 141.8 to 167.6) for ESPB and TAPB groups, respectively. A highly significant longer time to first analgesic request was recorded in the ESPB group (95% CI: 5.5 -15.3) (P < 0.001). VAS had a median of 2 (1-3) and 4 (2-6) for ESPB and TAPB groups, respectively, with F(1)=18.15, P=0.001 between groups. Postoperative HR and MAP in the TAPB group were significantly higher with more incidence of PONV. Conclusions: ESPB provided a more reliable analgesia versus TAPB in patients undergoing ovarian cancer surgery.

Resumen Introducción: El control inadecuado del dolor posterior a cirugía mayor puede generar complicaciones importantes. El bloqueo de los planos guiado por ecografía representa un avance significativo en anestesia regional. Objetivo: En el presente estudio se explora la superioridad analgésica de los bloqueos guiados por ecografía del plano erector de la espina (BPEE) y del plano transverso abdominal (BPTA) en pacientes sometidas a cirugía de cáncer de ovario bajo anestesia general. No se han hecho estudios previamente que comparen su eficacia bajo tales circunstancias. Métodos: Este estudio doble ciego, aleatorizado, comparativo, incluyó a 60 pacientes sometidas a cirugía mayor por cáncer de ovario, bajo anestesia general. El grupo del BPEE (n=30), recibió un BPEE guiado por ecografía, mientras que el grupo de BPTA (n=30), recibió un BPTA preoperatorio bajo. El consumo de opioides, la FC, la PAM, la escala visual analógica (EVA) y los eventos adversos, se documentaron durante las 24 horas posteriores a la cirugía. Resultados: Hubo una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en el consumo de tramadol entre los dos grupos, con un IC del 95% de 16,23 a 50,43 y un IC del 95% de 59,23 a 95,43 para los grupos de BPEE y de BPTA respectivamente. Se demostró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa (P < 0,01) en el consumo de fentanilo con un IC del 95%: 113 a 135,6 y un IC de 95%: 141,8 a 167,6 para los grupos de BPEE y BPTA, respectivamente. El tiempo transcurrido hasta la primera solicitud de analgésico en el grupo de BPEE fue significativamente más prolongado (IC 95%: 5,5 -15,3) (P < 0,001). La escala visual analógica - EVA - tuvo una mediana de 2 (1-3) y 4 (2-6) para los grupos del BPEE y BPTA, respectivamente, con F(1)=18,15, P=0,001 entre grupos. La FC y la PAM postoperatorias en el grupo de BPTA fueron significativamente superiores, con una mayor incidencia de nausea y vómito postoperatorios. Conclusiones: El BPEE proporcionó una analgesia más confiable que BPTA, en pacientes sometidas a cirugía de cáncer de ovario.

[Ultrasound-guided multiple peripheral nerve blocks, a way out for anesthesia in morbidly obese patients for bone marrow aspiration]. / Múltiplos bloqueios de nervos periféricos guiados por ultrassom, uma saída para anestesia em pacientes com obesidade mórbida para aspiração de medula óssea.

Morbid obesity is associated with various pathophysiological changes which affect the outcome of anesthesia and surgery. So it's challenging to give anesthesia to such patients. We present a 59-year-old adult morbidly obese, hypertensive, diabetic female with hypothyroidism operated for proximal humerus fracture and now presented with non-union of fracture, requiring percutaneous injection of bone marrow aspirate from the iliac crest to the site of non-union. The patient was extremely anxious and refused to undergo the procedure under local anesthesia or sedation and demanded anesthesia. Given her comorbidities general anesthesia (GA) was avoided and the procedure was accomplished using Ultrasound (USG) guided Transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block and Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve (LFCN) block for the bone marrow aspirate from the iliac crest and Intercostobrachial nerve block (T2) was given to prevent pain while injecting the aspirate into the non-union site. Dexmedetomidine and ketamine were given for deep level sedation and analgesia. TAP block and LFCN block is generally used for post-op analgesia but can be also used for surgical anesthesia instead of General anesthesia in specific scenarios. Its perioperative application and its potential use instead of GA have been discussed.

Ultrasound-guided multiple peripheral nerve blocks, a way out for anesthesia in morbidly obese patients for bone marrow aspiration / Múltiplos bloqueios de nervos periféricos guiados por ultrassom, uma saída para anestesia em pacientes com obesidade mórbida para aspiração de medula óssea

Abstract Morbid obesity is associated with various pathophysiological changes which affect the outcome of anaesthesia and surgery. So it's challenging to give anaesthesia to such patients. We present a 59-year-old adult morbidly obese, hypertensive, diabetic female with hypothyroidism operated for proximal humerus fracture and now presented with non-union of fracture, requiring percutaneous injection of bone marrow aspirate from the iliac crest to the site of non-union. The patient was extremely anxious and refused to undergo the procedure under local anaesthesia or sedation and demanded anaesthesia. Given her comorbidities general anaesthesia (GA) was avoided and the procedure was accomplished using Ultrasound (USG) guided Transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block and Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve (LFCN) block for the bone marrow aspirate from the iliac crest and Intercostobrachial nerve block (T2) was given to prevent pain while injecting the aspirate into the non-union site. Dexmedetomidine and ketamine were given for deep level sedation and analgesia. TAP block and LFCN block is generally used for post-op analgesia but can be also used for surgical anaesthesia instead of General anaesthesia in specific scenarios. Its perioperative application and its potential use instead of GA have been discussed.

Resumo A obesidade mórbida se associa a várias alterações fisiopatológicas que afetam o desfecho da anestesia e cirurgia. É, portanto, um desafio anestesiar tais pacientes. Apresentamos uma mulher adulta de 59 anos, obesa mórbida, hipertensa, diabética, com hipotiroidismo, submetida a cirurgia devido a fratura proximal do úmero e que compareceu ao serviço com fratura não consolidada, e com indicação de injeção percutânea de aspirado de medula óssea da crista ilíaca na fratura não consolidada. A paciente estava extremamente ansiosa e recusou o procedimento sob anestesia local ou sedação e exigiu anestesia. Em função de suas comorbidades, Anestesia Geral (AG) foi evitada e o procedimento foi realizado usando bloqueio do Plano Transverso Abdominal (PTA) guiado por Ultrassonografia (USG) e bloqueio do Nervo Cutâneo Femoral Lateral (NCFL) para aspiração de medula óssea da crista ilíaca. O bloqueio do nervo Intercostobraqueal (T2) foi realizado para evitar dor durante a injeção do aspirado. Dexmedetomidina e ketamina foram dadas para sedação profunda e analgesia. O Bloqueio PTA e bloqueio NCFL geralmente são usados para analgesia pós-operatória, mas também podem ser usados para anestesia cirúrgica substituindo a anestesia geral em condições clínicas específicas. O emprego desses bloqueios no perioperatório e seu uso potencial no lugar de AG têm sido discutidos.

The effects of transversus abdominis plane block on analgesic and anesthetic consumption during total abdominal hysterectomy: a randomized controlled study / Efeitos do bloqueio do plano transverso abdominal sobre o consumo de analgésico e anestésico durante histerectomia abdominal total: um estudo randômico e controlado

Abstract Background and objectives: A transversus abdominis plane block is a peripheral block method that has been used successfully for pain relief after total abdominal hysterectomy. However, the effects of the combination of the transversus abdominis plane block and general anesthesia on analgesic and anesthetic requirements remain unclear. This randomized placebo-controlled study is aimed to evaluate the effects of transversus abdominis plane block on analgesic and anesthetic consumption during total abdominal hysterectomy under general anesthesia. Methods: Sixty-six women undergoing total abdominal hysterectomy were randomized into two groups to receive general anesthesia alone (control group) or with transversus abdominis plane block using 20 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine (transversus abdominis plane group). Intraoperative remifentanil and sevoflurane consumption were recorded. We also evaluated the postoperative pain, nausea, quality of recovery scores and rescue analgesic requirement during postoperative 24 hours. Results: The total remifentanil and sevoflurane consumption is significantly lower in transversus abdominis plane group; respectively mean (SD) 0.130 (0.25) vs. 0.094 (0.02) mcg.kg-1.min-1; p < 0.01 and 0.295 (0.05) vs. 0.243 (0.06) mL.min-1; p < 0.01. In the postoperative period, pain scores were significantly reduced in transversus abdominis plane group soon after surgery; median (range) 6 (2-10) vs. 3 (0-5); p < 0.001, at 2 h (5 [3-9] vs. 2.5 [0-6]; p < 0.001), at 6 h (4 [2-7] vs. 3[0-6], p < 0.001), at 12 h (3.5 [1-6] vs. 2 [1-5]; p = 0.003). The patients in the transversus abdominis plane group had significantly higher QoR-40 scores 190.5 (175-197) vs. 176.5 (141-187); p < 0.001). Conclusion: Combining transversus abdominis plane block with general anesthesia can provide reduced opioid and anesthetic consumption and can improve postoperative pain and quality of recovery scores in patients undergoing total abdominal hysterectomy.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivos: O bloqueio do plano transverso abdominal é um método de bloqueio periférico que tem sido usado com sucesso para alívio da dor após histerectomia abdominal total. No entanto, os efeitos da combinação do bloqueio do plano transverso abdominal e da anestesia geral sobre a necessidade de analgésico e anestésico ainda não estão claros. Este estudo randômico e controlado com placebo tem como objetivo avaliar os efeitos do bloqueio do plano transverso abdominal sobre o consumo de analgésico e anestésico durante histerectomia abdominal total sob anestesia geral. Métodos: Foram randomizadas em dois grupos 66 mulheres submetidas à histerectomia abdominal total para receber apenas anestesia geral (grupo controle) ou associada a bloqueio do plano transverso abdominal com 20 mL de bupivacaína a 0,25% (grupo plano transverso abdominal). O consumo de remifentanil e sevoflurano no período intraoperatório foi registrado. Também avaliamos a dor pós-cirurgia, náusea, qualidade dos escores de recuperação e necessidade de analgésico de resgate durante as 24 horas de pós-operatório. Resultados: O consumo total de remifentanil e sevoflurano foi significativamente menor no grupo plano transverso abdominal, respectivamente, média (DP): 0,130 (0,25) vs. 0,094 (0,02) mcg.kg-1.min-1; p < 0,01 e 0,295 (0,05) vs. 0,243 (0,06) mL.min-1; p < 0,01. No pós-operatório, os escores de dor foram significativamente reduzidos no grupo plano transverso abdominal logo após a cirurgia; mediana (intervalo): 6 (2-10) vs. 3 (0-5); p < 0,001, em 2 h (5 [3-9] vs. 2,5 [0-6]; p < 0,001), em 6 h (4 [2-7] vs. 3 [0-6], p < 0,001), em 12 h (3,5 [1-6] vs. 2 [1-5]; p = 0,003). As pacientes do grupo plano transverso abdominal apresentaram escores QoR-40 significativamente maiores: 190,5 (175-197) vs. 176,5 (141-187); p < 0,001). Conclusão: A combinação de bloqueio do plano transverso abdominal e anestesia geral pode proporcionar um consumo reduzido de opioides e anestésicos e melhorar a dor pós-cirúrgica e a qualidade dos escores de recuperação em pacientes submetidas à histerectomia abdominal total.

[The effects of transversus abdominis plane block on analgesic and anesthetic consumption during total abdominal hysterectomy: a randomized controlled study]. / Efeitos do bloqueio do plano transverso abdominal sobre o consumo de analgésico e anestésico durante histerectomia abdominal total: um estudo randômico e controlado.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: A transversus abdominis plane block is a peripheral block method that has been used successfully for pain relief after total abdominal hysterectomy. However, the effects of the combination of the transversus abdominis plane block and general anesthesia on analgesic and anesthetic requirements remain unclear. This randomized placebo-controlled study is aimed to evaluate the effects of transversus abdominis plane block on analgesic and anesthetic consumption during total abdominal hysterectomy under general anesthesia. METHODS: Sixty-six women undergoing total abdominal hysterectomy were randomized into two groups to receive general anesthesia alone (control group) or with transversus abdominis plane block using 20mL of 0.25% bupivacaine (transversus abdominis plane group). Intraoperative remifentanil and sevoflurane consumption were recorded. We also evaluated the postoperative pain, nausea, quality of recovery scores and rescue analgesic requirement during postoperative 24hours. RESULTS: The total remifentanil and sevoflurane consumption is significantly lower in transversus abdominis plane group; respectively mean (SD) 0.130 (0.25) vs. 0.094 (0.02) mcg.kg-1.min-1; p<0.01 and 0.295 (0.05) vs. 0.243 (0.06) mL.min-1; p<0.01. In the postoperative period, pain scores were significantly reduced in transversus abdominis plane group soon after surgery; median (range) 6 (2-10) vs. 3 (0-5); p<0.001, at 2h (5 [3-9] vs. 2.5 [0-6]; p<0.001), at 6h (4 [2-7] vs. 3[0-6], p<0.001), at 12h (3.5 [1-6] vs. 2 [1-5]; p=0.003). The patients in the transversus abdominis plane group had significantly higher QoR-40 scores 190.5 (175-197) vs. 176.5 (141-187); p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Combining transversus abdominis plane block with general anesthesia can provide reduced opioid and anesthetic consumption and can improve postoperative pain and quality of recovery scores in patients undergoing total abdominal hysterectomy.

Efficiency of bupivacaine and association with dexmedetomidine in transversus abdominis plane block ultrasound guided in postoperative pain of abdominal surgery / Eficácia de bupivacaína e associação com dexmedetomidina em bloqueio do plano transverso abdominal guiado por ultrassom na dor após cirurgia abdominal

Abstract Background and objectives We aimed to evaluate the effect of bupivacaine and dexmedetomidine added to bupivacaine used in tranversus abdominis plane (TAP) block on postoperative pain and patient satisfaction in patients undergoing lower abdominal surgery. Methods Patients submitted to lower abdominal surgery were enrolled in the study. After anesthesia induction, ultrasound guided TAP block was performed. TAP block was obtained with 21 mL 0.9% saline in Group C (n = 31), 20 mL 0.5% bupivacaine + 1 mL saline in Group B (n = 31), and 20 mL 0.5% bupivacaine + 1 mL dexmedetomidine (100 µg) in Group BD (n = 31). Results Visual analog scale scores were lower in Group BD compared to Group C, at all time points (p < 0.05); it was lower in group BD than in group B at 10-24 h. In Group B, it was lower than Group C at 2-8 h (p < 0.05). Total morphine consumption was lower in Group BD compared to other groups and lower in group B than in the controls (p < 0.001). Patient satisfaction was higher in Group BD than in other groups and was higher in both study groups than in the controls (p < 0.001). Nausea-vomiting scores, antiemetic requirement, or additional analgesic administration were not significant among groups (p > 0.05). Conclusions The addition of dexmedetomidine to bupivacaine on TAP block decreased postoperative pain scores and morphine consumption; it also increased patient satisfaction in patients undergoing lower abdominal surgery. Dexmedetomidine did not have any effect on nausea and vomiting score and antiemetic requirement.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivos O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito de bupivacaína e dexmedetomidina adicionada à bupivacaína para bloqueio do plano transverso abdominal (TAP) no controle da dor e satisfação do paciente após cirurgia abdominal inferior. Métodos Pacientes submetidos à cirurgia abdominal inferior foram incluídos no estudo. Após a indução da anestesia, o bloqueio TAP guiado por ultrassom foi feito com 21 mL de solução salina a 0,9% no Grupo C (n = 31), 20 mL de bupivacaína a 0,5% + 1 mL de solução salina no Grupo B (n = 31) e 20 mL de bupivacaína a 0,5% + 1 mL de dexmedetomidina (100 µg) no grupo BD (n = 31). Resultados Os escores da escala visual analógica foram menores no Grupo BD comparado com o Grupo C em todos os tempos mensurados (p < 0,05); foi menor no Grupo BD do que no Grupo B em 10-24 horas. No Grupo B, os escores VAS foram menores do que no Grupo C em 2-8 horas (p < 0,05). O consumo total de morfina foi menor no Grupo BD em comparação com outros grupos e menor no Grupo B do que nos controles (p < 0,001). A satisfação do paciente foi maior no Grupo BD do que nos outros grupos e maior em ambos os grupos de estudo do que nos controles (p < 0,001). Os escores de náusea e vômito, necessidade de antiemético ou de analgésicos adicionais não foram significativos entre os grupos (p > 0,05). Conclusões A adição de dexmedetomidina à bupivacaína em bloqueio TAP reduziu os escores de dor e o consumo de morfina no pós-operatório, além de aumentar a satisfação em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia abdominal inferior. Dexmedetomidina não apresentou efeito sobre os escores de náusea e vômito e a necessidade de antiemético.

[Efficiency of bupivacaine and association with dexmedetomidine in transversus abdominis plane block ultrasound guided in postoperative pain of abdominal surgery]. / Eficácia de bupivacaína e associação com dexmedetomidina em bloqueio do plano transverso abdominal guiado por ultrassom na dor após cirurgia abdominal.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: We aimed to evaluate the effect of bupivacaine and dexmedetomidine added to bupivacaine used in tranversus abdominis plane (TAP) block on postoperative pain and patient satisfaction in patients undergoing lower abdominal surgery. METHODS: Patients submitted to lower abdominal surgery were enrolled in the study. After anesthesia induction, ultrasound guided TAP block was performed. TAP block was obtained with 21mL 0.9% saline in Group C (n=31), 20mL 0.5% bupivacaine+1mL saline in Group B (n=31), and 20mL 0.5% bupivacaine+1mL dexmedetomidine (100µg) in Group BD (n=31). RESULTS: Visual analog scale scores were lower in Group BD compared to Group C, at all time points (p<0.05); it was lower in group BD than in group B at 10-24h. In Group B, it was lower than Group C at 2-8h (p<0.05). Total morphine consumption was lower in Group BD compared to other groups and lower in group B than in the controls (p<0.001). Patient satisfaction was higher in Group BD than in other groups and was higher in both study groups than in the controls (p<0.001). Nausea-vomiting scores, antiemetic requirement, or additional analgesic administration were not significant among groups (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The addition of dexmedetomidine to bupivacaine on TAP block decreased postoperative pain scores and morphine consumption; it also increased patient satisfaction in patients undergoing lower abdominal surgery. Dexmedetomidine did not have any effect on nausea and vomiting score and antiemetic requirement.

Anesthesia in anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis - is general anesthesia a requisite? A case report / Anestesia em encefalite antirreceptor de N-metil-D-aspartato - a anestesia geral é um requisito? Relato de caso

Abstract Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis is a recently described neurological disorder and an increasingly recognized cause of psychosis, movement disorders and autonomic dysfunction. We report 20-year-old Chinese female who presented with generalized tonic-clonic seizures, recent memory loss, visual hallucinations and abnormal behavior. Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis was diagnosed and a computed tomography scan of abdomen reviewed a left adnexal tumor. We describe the first such case report of a patient with anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis who was given a bilateral transversus abdominis plane block as the sole anesthetic for removal of ovarian tumor. We also discuss the anesthetic issues associated with anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis. As discovery of tumor and its removal is the focus of initial treatment in this group of patients, anesthetists will encounter more such cases in the near future.

Resumo A encefalite antirreceptor de N-metil-D-aspartato (NMDA) é um distúrbio neurológico recentemente descrito e uma causa cada vez mais reconhecida de psicose, distúrbios do movimento e disfunção autonômica. Relatamos o caso de uma paciente de origem chinesa, de 20 anos, que se apresentou com crises tônico-clônicas generalizadas, perda de memória recente, alucinações visuais e comportamento anormal. Encefalite antirreceptor de NMDA foi diagnosticada e uma tomografia computadorizada de abdome revelou um tumor anexial à esquerda. Descrevemos o primeiro relato de caso de paciente com encefalite antirreceptor de NMDA submetida ao bloqueio de plano transverso abdominal (PTA) bilateral como única anestesia para remoção de tumor ovariano. Também discutimos as questões anestésicas associadas à encefalite antirreceptor de NMDA. Como a descoberta e a remoção do tumor são o foco do tratamento inicial nesse grupo de pacientes, os anestesiologistas encontrarão mais desses casos no futuro próximo.

Ultrasound-guided versus surgical transversus abdominis plane block in obese patients following cesarean section: a prospective randomised study / Bloqueio cirúrgico do plano transverso abdominal versus guiado por ultrassom em pacientes obesas após cesárea: estudo prospectivo e randomizado

Abstract Background and objectives Ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane block demonstrated efficacy in providing post-operative analgesia by prolonging the time to first analgesic requirement and reducing the total analgesic consumption. The surgical transversus abdominis plane block, a novel technique, can be performed safely in obese patients in whom muscle layers cannot be sufficiently exposed. Here, we compared applicability, efficacy and complications of surgical transversus abdominis plane and ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane blocks in obese pregnant women following cesarean section under general anesthesia. Methods Seventy-five pregnant women with pre- and post-pregnancy body mass index > 30 were randomized and allocated into two groups: Ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane block (UT group; n = 38) and surgical TAP block (ST group; n = 37). Visual analogue scale scores at post-operative 0, 2, 6, 12 and 24 hours (h), time to first analgesic requirement, total analgesic consumption amount in 24 h, post-operative side effects, complications and patient satisfaction were recorded. Results and conclusions Age, American Society of Anesthesiologist score, operative duration, body mass index, mean time to first analgesic requirement and total analgesic consumption in 24 h were similar between groups, while significant differences in pre- and post-pregnancy body mass index were observed between groups. Block procedure durations were 7 and 10 minutes in ST and UT groups, respectively. No significant differences in visual analogue scale scores were observed between the groups at all times; itching and nausea was observed in one (UT group) and four (UT and ST groups) patients, respectively. Surgical transversus abdominis plane block was safe in obese pregnant patients and provided similar post-operative analgesia to ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane block.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivos O bloqueio do plano transverso abdominal (TAP) guiado por ultrassom (US) demonstrou eficácia no fornecimento de analgesia no pós-operatório ao prolongar o tempo até a primeira necessidade de analgésico e reduzir o consumo total de analgésico. O bloqueio TAP cirúrgico (uma nova técnica) pode ser realizado com segurança em pacientes obesas nas quais as camadas musculares não podem ser suficientemente expostas. Comparamos a aplicabilidade, a eficácia e as complicações do bloqueio TAP cirúrgico e do bloqueio TAP-US em gestantes obesas submetidas à cesárea sob anestesia geral. Método Setenta e cinco mulheres grávidas com índice de massa corporal (IMC) pré e pós-gravidez > 30 foram randomicamente alocadas em dois grupos: bloqueio TAP-US (Grupo TAP-US, n = 38) e bloqueio TAP cirúrgico (Grupo TAP-C, n = 37). Os escores da escala visual analógica (VAS) nos tempos 0, 2, 6, 12 e 24 horas de pós-operatório, o tempo até a primeira necessidade de analgésico, o consumo total de analgésico em 24 horas, os efeitos colaterais no pós-operatório, as complicações e a satisfação do paciente foram registrados. Resultados e conclusões Idade, estado físico ASA, tempo cirúrgico, IMC, média de tempo até a primeira necessidade de analgésico e consumo total de analgésico em 24 horas foram semelhantes entre os grupos, enquanto diferenças significativas foram observadas entre os grupos em relação ao IMC pré- e pós-gravidez. As durações dos procedimentos de bloqueio foram de 7 e 10 minutos nos grupos TAP-US e TAP-C, respectivamente. Não houve diferença significativa nos escores VAS entre os grupos em todos os momentos; prurido e náusea foram observados em um paciente (Grupo TAP-US) e em quatro (Grupo TAP-C), respectivamente. O bloqueio TAP cirúrgico foi seguro nas pacientes grávidas obesas e forneceu analgesia similar à do bloqueio TAP-US no pós-operatório.

Bloqueio cirúrgico do plano transverso abdominal versus guiado por ultrassom em pacientes obesas após cesárea: estudo prospectivo e randomizado.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane block demonstrated efficacy in providing post-operative analgesia by prolonging the time to first analgesic requirement and reducing the total analgesic consumption. The surgical transversus abdominis plane block, a novel technique, can be performed safely in obese patients in whom muscle layers cannot be sufficiently exposed. Here, we compared applicability, efficacy and complications of surgical transversus abdominis plane and ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane blocks in obese pregnant women following cesarean section under general anesthesia. METHODS: Seventy-five pregnant women with pre- and post-pregnancy body mass index>30 were randomized and allocated into two groups: Ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane block (UT group; n=38) and surgical TAP block (ST group; n=37). Visual analogue scale scores at post-operative 0, 2, 6, 12 and 24hours (h), time to first analgesic requirement, total analgesic consumption amount in 24h, post-operative side effects, complications and patient satisfaction were recorded. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Age, American Society of Anesthesiologist score, operative duration, body mass index, mean time to first analgesic requirement and total analgesic consumption in 24h were similar between groups, while significant differences in pre- and post-pregnancy body mass index were observed between groups. Block procedure durations were 7 and 10minutes in ST and UT groups, respectively. No significant differences in visual analogue scale scores were observed between the groups at all times; itching and nausea was observed in one (UT group) and four (UT and ST groups) patients, respectively. Surgical transversus abdominis plane block was safe in obese pregnant patients and provided similar post-operative analgesia to ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane block.

Efficacy of ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane block in laparoscopic hysterectomy. Clinical trial. / Ensayo clínico de eficacia del bloqueo bloqueo del plano transverso del abdomen ecoguiado en la histerectomía laparoscópica.

OBJECTIVES: Transversus abdominis plane block is a regional anaesthesia technique that has proven to be effective for postoperative pain reduction in different abdominal surgical procedures. This study evaluated its efficacy on post laparoscopic hysterectomy pain intensity and analgesic consumption. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Randomized controlled trial which included 40 patients scheduled for laparoscopic hysterectomy, enrolled in 2 groups: transversus abdominis plane block+systemic analgesia (Group 1; n=20), versus systemic analgesia (Group 2; n=20). Opioid consumption within the first 24 postoperative hours, pain intensity scores at 60min, 2, 8 and 24h after surgery, adverse events related to systemic analgesia and time to hospital discharge were evaluated and registered. RESULTS: We found no differences between both groups in opioid consumption (10mg vs. 7mg; P=.2) and pain scores (NVS) within the first 24 postoperative hours, at 60min (3 vs. 5; P=.65), 120min (0 vs. 2; P=.15), 8 and 24h (0 vs. 0; P>.50) for the last 2 points in time analysed. Adverse events related to medication and time to hospital discharge showed similar results. CONCLUSIONS: Adding a transversus abdominis plane block technique to opioid PCA does not seem to improve postoperative pain management in laparoscopic hysterectomy. Patient preparation time and costs could be incremented and complications (although rare) related to the technique could appear.

[Anesthesia in anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis - is general anesthesia a requisite? A case report]. / Anestesia em encefalite antirreceptor de N­metil­d­aspartato ­ a anestesia geral é um requisito? Relato de caso.

Anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis is a recently described neurological disorder and an increasingly recognized cause of psychosis, movement disorders and autonomic dysfunction. We report 20-year-old Chinese female who presented with generalized tonic-clonic seizures, recent memory loss, visual hallucinations and abnormal behavior. Anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis was diagnosed and a computed tomography scan of abdomen reviewed a left adnexal tumor. We describe the first such case report of a patient with anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis who was given a bilateral transversus abdominis plane block as the sole anesthetic for removal of ovarian tumor. We also discuss the anesthetic issues associated with anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis. As discovery of tumor and its removal is the focus of initial treatment in this group of patients, anesthetists will encounter more such cases in the near future.

Ultrasound-guided transversalis fascia plane block versus anterior transversus abdominis plane block in outpatient inguinal hernia repair. / Bloqueo de la fascia transversalis versus bloqueo plano transverso del abdomen anterior ecoguiados en cirugía ambulatoria de hernia inguinal.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of ultrasound-guided transversalis fascia plane block (TFP) compared to anterior transversus abdominis plane block (TAP-A) for post-operative analgesia in outpatient unilateral inguinal hernia repair. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective observational study conducted on ASA I-II patients. Two groups (TAP-A and TFP), which were given 30ml of 0.25% levobupivacaine prior to surgical incision. The primary endpoint was the post-operative pain evaluated by verbal numerical scale (VRN at rest and movement) at 10, 30, 60, 90min, coinciding with ambulation, and 24hours by telephone. An evaluation was also made of the sensory block level reached prior to surgery, the need for additional analgesia, side effects, ease of performing the technique, and the level of satisfaction of patients with the anaesthetic-analgesic technique. RESULTS: A total of 61 patients were included, 30 patients in the TAP-A group and 31 in the TFP group. The analgesic efficacy obtained in both groups was similar, although some higher values were found in the VNR on moving in the TAP-A group, reaching statistical difference at 10minutes (P=.014) and 30minutes (P=.013) post-operatively. A higher level of sensory block was achieved in the TFP group than in the TAP-A group (P<.01). There were no significant differences in additional analgesia requirements, and the cumulative dose of morphine was similar in both groups in the post-operative period. There were no differences in side effects or complications. The technical ease of the block was similar in both groups and the level of satisfaction of patients very high. CONCLUSIONS: Both blocks with a multimodal approach achieve good post-operative analgesia of inguinal hernia repair, are easy to perform and have few complications. TFP achieves the highest sensory level, but there are no differences in the requirements for additional analgesia.