Cost-effectiveness analysis of CTZ/TAZ for the treatment of ventilated hospital-acquired bacterial pneumonia and ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia in Japan.

BACKGROUND: Resistant bacterial infections, particularly those caused by gram-negative pathogens, are associated with high mortality and economic burdens. Ceftolozane/tazobactam demonstrated efficacy comparable to meropenem in patients with ventilated hospital-acquired bacterial pneumonia in the ASPECT-NP study. One cost-effectiveness analysis in the United States revealed that ceftolozane/tazobactam was cost effective, but no Japanese studies have been conducted. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the cost-effectiveness of ceftolozane/tazobactam compared to meropenem for patients with ventilated hospital-acquired bacterial pneumonia/ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia from a health care payer perspective. METHODS: A hybrid decision-tree Markov decision-analytic model with a 5-year time horizon were developed to estimate costs and quality-adjusted life-years and to calculate the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio associated with ceftolozane/tazobactam and meropenem in the treatment of patients with ventilated hospital-acquired bacterial pneumonia/ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia. Clinical outcomes were based on the ASPECT-NP study, costs were based on the national fee schedule of 2022, and utilities were based on published data. One-way sensitivity analysis and probabilistic sensitivity analysis were also conducted to assess the robustness of our modeled estimates. RESULTS: According to our base-case analysis, compared with meropenem, ceftolozane/tazobactam increased the total costs by 424,731.22 yen (£2,626.96) and increased the quality-adjusted life-years by 0.17, resulting in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of 2,548,738 yen (£15,763.94) per quality-adjusted life-year gained for ceftolozane/tazobactam compared with meropenem. One-way sensitivity analysis showed that although the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio remained below 5,000,000 yen (£30,925) for most of the parameters, the incremental net monetary benefit may have been less than 0 depending on the treatment efficacy outcome, especially the cure rate and mortality rate for MEPM and mortality rate for CTZ/TAZ. 53.4% of the PSA simulations demonstrated that CTZ/TAZ was more cost-effective than MEPM was. CONCLUSION: Although incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was below ï¿¥5,000,000 in base-case analysis, whether ceftolozane/tazobactam is a cost-effective alternative to meropenem for ventilated hospital-acquired bacterial pneumonia/ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia in Japan remains uncertain. Future research should examine the unobserved heterogeneity across patient subgroups and decision-making settings, to characterise decision uncertainty and its consequences so as to assess whether additional research is required.

Data quality review of the Brazilian nosocomial infections surveillance system.

BACKGROUND: Surveillance of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) is an essential component of hospital infection prevention and control systems. We aimed to assess the quality of the data compiled by the Brazilian HAI Surveillance System from pediatric (PICUs) and neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), between 2012 and 2021. METHODS: Data Quality Review, including adherence, completeness, internal consistency, consistency over time, and consistency of population trend, were computed at both national and state levels based on quality metrics from World Health Organization Toolkit. Incidence rates (or incidence density) of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) were obtained from the Brazilian National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) system. Data on sepsis-related mortality, spanning the period from 2012 to 2021, were extracted from the Brazilian National Health Service database (DATASUS). Additionally, correlations between sepsis-related mortality and incidence rates of VAP or CLABSI were calculated. RESULTS: Throughout the majority of the study period, adherence to VAP reporting remained below 75%, exhibiting a positive trend post-2016. Widespread outliers, as well as inconsistencies over time and in population trends, were evident across all 27 states. Only four states maintained consistent adherence levels above 75% for more than 8 years regarding HAI incidence rates. Notably, CLABSI in NICUs boasted the highest reporting adherence among all HAIs, with 148 periods out of 270 (54.8%) exhibiting reporting adherence surpassing 75%. Three states achieved commendable metrics for CLABSI in PICUs, while five states demonstrated favorable results for CLABSI in NICUs. CONCLUSIONS: While adherence to HAI report is improving among Brazilian states, an important room for improvement in the Brazilian NNIS exists. Additional efforts should be made by the Brazilian government to improve the reliability of HAI data, which could serve as valuable guidance for hospital infection prevention and control policies.

Empiric Anti-Pseudomonal ß-Lactam Monotherapy Versus Fluoroquinolone Combination Therapy in Patients With Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia: A Multicenter Cohort Study With Propensity Score Matching.

BACKGROUND: There is insufficient data on the benefits of empiric antibiotic combinations for hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP). We aimed to investigate whether empiric anti-pseudomonal combination therapy with fluoroquinolones decreases mortality in patients with HAP. METHODS: This multicenter, retrospective cohort study included adult patients admitted to 16 tertiary and general hospitals in Korea between January 1 and December 31, 2019. Patients with risk factors for combination therapy were divided into anti-pseudomonal non-carbapenem ß-lactam monotherapy and fluoroquinolone combination therapy groups. Primary outcome was 30-day mortality. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to reduce selection bias. RESULTS: In total, 631 patients with HAP were enrolled. Monotherapy was prescribed in 54.7% (n = 345) of the patients, and combination therapy was prescribed in 45.3% (n = 286). There was no significant difference in 30-day mortality between the two groups (16.8% vs. 18.2%, P = 0.729) or even after the PSM (17.5% vs. 18.2%, P = 0.913). After the PSM, adjusted hazard ratio for 30-day mortality from the combination therapy was 1.646 (95% confidence interval, 0.782-3.461; P = 0.189) in the Cox proportional hazards model. Moreover, there was no significant difference in the appropriateness of initial empiric antibiotics between the two groups (55.0% vs. 56.8%, P = 0.898). The proportion of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens was high in both groups. CONCLUSION: Empiric anti-pseudomonal fluoroquinolone combination therapy showed no survival benefit compared to ß-lactam monotherapy in patients with HAP. Caution is needed regarding the routine combination of fluoroquinolones in the empiric treatment of HAP patients with a high risk of MDR.

Descripción de la micobiota de los tubos endotraqueales de pacientes de unidades de cuidados intensivos en Bogotá, Colombia / Description of the colonizing mycobiota of endotracheal tubes from patients admitted to two intensive care units in Bogotá, Colombia

Introducción. La colonización por microorganismos patógenos de los dispositivos médicos usados en las unidades de cuidados intensivos es un factor de riesgo para el aumento de infecciones asociadas con la atención en salud y, por lo tanto, al de la morbilidad y la mortalidad de los pacientes intubados. En Colombia, no se ha descrito la colonización por hongos de los tubos endotraqueales, con lo cual se podrían considerar nuevas opciones terapéuticas para el beneficio de los pacientes. Objetivo. Describir los hongos que colonizan los tubos endotraqueales de los pacientes en unidades de cuidados intensivos, junto con su perfil de sensibilidad a los antifúngicos. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, en dos centros hospitalarios durante 12 meses. Se recolectaron tubos endotraqueales de pacientes de las unidades de cuidados intensivos. Estos fueron procesados para cultivar e identificar hongos, y para establecer su perfil de sensibilidad a los antifúngicos. Resultados. Se analizaron 121 tubos endotraqueales obtenidos de 113 pacientes. De estos, el 41,32 % se encontró colonizado por los hongos Candida albicans (64,61 %), C. no-albicans (30,77 %), Cryptococcus spp. (3,08 %) o mohos (1,54 %). Todos los hongos evaluados presentaron una gran sensibilidad a los antifúngicos, con un promedio del 91 %. Conclusión. Se encontró colonización fúngica en los tubos endotraqueales de pacientes con asistencia respiratoria mecánica. El perfil de sensibilidad en estos pacientes fue favorable. Se requiere un estudio clínico para correlacionar los microorganismos colonizadores y su capacidad de generar infección.

Introduction. Medical device colonization by pathogenic microorganisms is a risk factor for increasing infections associated with health care and, consequently, the morbidity and mortality of intubated patients. In Colombia, fungal colonization of endotracheal tubes has not been described, and this information could lead to new therapeutic options for the benefit of patients. Objective. To describe the colonizing fungi of the endotracheal tubes from patients in the intensive care unit, along with its antifungal sensitivity profile. Materials and methods. We conducted a descriptive, observational study in two health centers for 12 months. Endotracheal tubes were collected from patients in intensive care units. Samples were processed for culture, fungi identification, and antifungal sensitivity profile assessment. Results. A total of 121 endotracheal tubes, obtained from 113 patients, were analyzed: 41.32 % of the tubes were colonized by Candida albicans (64.62%), C. non-albicans (30.77%), Cryptococcus spp. (3.08%) or molds (1.54%). All fungi evaluated showed a high sensitivity to antifungals, with a mean of 91%. Conclusion. Fungal colonization was found in the endotracheal tubes of patients under invasive mechanical ventilation. The antifungal sensitivity profile in these patients was favorable. A clinical study is required to find possible correlations between the colonizing microorganisms and infectivity.

Cuidados de higiene bucal al paciente intubado orotraqueal: Factores influyentes. Revisión sistemática de la literatura / Oral hygiene care to the orotracheally Intubated patient: Influencing Factors. Systematic Review

Objetivos: Identificar evidencias científicas primarias sobre los principales factores que interfieren en la prestación de cuidados de higiene bucal, desarrollados por enfermeros, a usuarios intubados orotraquealmente en unidades de cuidados intensivos. Método: Estudio de revisión sistemática de la literatura, desarrollado según el protocolo del Instituto Joanna Briggs. Para la obtención de los artículos se utilizaron los motores de búsqueda B-On y PubMed. Los términos utilizados en la búsqueda tuvieron en cuenta el vocabulario indexado a la base de datos Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), habiéndose estructurado según operadores booleanos, con la siguiente combinación, en inglés: “Oral Hygiene” AND “Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated” OR “Pneumonia, Ventilator Associated” Y “Critical Care Nursing”. Se definieron como limitantes artículos publicados entre diciembre de 2017 y diciembre de 2020, en inglés, portugués y español, disponibles en su totalidad, publicados en revistas científicas revisadas por pares (peer review) y que se ajustan a la pregunta PICO desarrollada para el estudio. Resultados: Después de aplicar los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, se incluyeron en la revisión ocho artículos de carácter primario y cualitativo que abordan los factores que influyen en la prestación de cuidados de higiene bucal por parte de los enfermeros a pacientes sometidos a intubación orotraqueal. Conclusión: Las prácticas de cuidado de la higiene bucal brindadas a los usuarios en intubación orotraqueal, por parte de los enfermeros, son influenciadas por sus conocimientos, actitudes, recursos disponibles, capacitación y políticas institucionales, así como por factores relacionados al usuario que se relacionan principalmente con las dificultades de acceso a la cavidad oral. (AU)

Aims: Identify factors that interfere in the provision of oral hygiene care, developed by nurses, to orotracheally intubated patients in intensive care units, on primary scientific evidence. Methods: A systematic literature review study, developed according to the Joanna Briggs Institute protocol. To obtain the articles, a search on B-On and PubMed was made. The terms used in the search took into account the vocabulary indexed to the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) database, having been structured according to Boolean operators, with the following combination in English: “Oral Hygiene” AND “Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated” OR “Pneumonia, Ventilator Associated” AND “Critical Care Nursing”. Articles published between December 2017 and December 2020, in English, Portuguese and Spanish, available in full, published in peer-reviewed scientific journals (peer review) and which fit the PICO question developed for the study, were defined as limiting. Results: After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, eight articles of a primary and qualitative nature were included in the review that address the factors that influence the provision of oral hygiene care by nurses to patients undergoing orotracheal intubation. Conclusions: The oral hygiene care practices provided to users under orotracheal intubation, by nurses, are influenced by their knowledge, attitudes, available resources, training and institutional policies, as well as by factors related to the user that are mainly related to difficulties in access to the oral cavity. (AU)

Protocolos de higiene oral e a prevenção à pneumonia aspirativa por ventilação mecânica / Oral hygiene protocols and prevention of aspiration pneumonia by mechanical ventilation / Protocolos de higiene bucal y prevención de la neumonía por aspiración mediante ventilación mecánica

Objetivo: Este trabalho teve como objetivo revisar a literatura sobre a eficiência dos protocolos de higienização oral que utilizaram digluconato de clorexidina como agente antimicrobiano de escolha em pacientes internados em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva. Métodos: Para o levantamento dos protocolos, foram analisadas as plataformas de dados científicos Scientific Electronic Library Online e National Library of Medicine, utilizando descritores específicos em português e em inglês, respectivamente. Resultados: Dos 59 trabalhos inicialmente analisados, 27 artigos foram lidos na íntegra e seis destes foram selecionados para o estudo. Os estudos utilizaram digluconato de clorexidina em concentrações variando de 0,05% a 2%. Os dispositivos utilizados para higiene oral variaram entre escovas de dentes, cotonete e gaze. A frequência de higienização apresentou variação, sendo realizada duas ou três vezes ao dia. Conclusão: Devido à heterogeneidade dos protocolos de higiene oral utilizando digluconato de clorexidina em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva, apresentados na literatura, não foi possível compará-los em relação à sua eficiência na redução da pneumonia aspirativa por ventilação mecânica. (AU)

Objective: This study aimed to review the literature on the efficiency of oral hygiene protocols that used chlorhexidine digluconate as an antimicrobial agent in patients admitted to Intensive Care Units. Methods: To research the protocols, the scientific data platforms Scientific Electronic Library Online and National Library of Medicine were analyzed, using specific descriptors in Portuguese and in English, respectively. Results: Of the 59 studies initially analyzed, 27 articles were read in full and six of these were selected for the study. The studies used chlorhexidine digluconate in different concentrations, 0.05% to 2%. The devices used for oral hygiene varied between toothbrushes, cotton swabs, and gauze. The frequency varied, being performed two or three times a day. Conclusion: Due to the heterogeneity of oral hygiene protocols using chlorhexidine digluconate in Intesive Care Units, presented in the literature, it was not possible to compare them in relation to their efficiency in ventilator-associated pneumonia reduction. (AU)

Objetivo: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo revisar la literatura sobre la eficacia de los protocolos de higiene bucal que utilizan digluconato de clorhexidina como agente antimicrobiano en pacientes ingresados en unidades de cuidados intensivos. Métodos: Para investigar los protocolos, se analizaron las plataformas de datos científicos Scientific Electronic Library Online y National Library of Medicine, utilizando descriptores específicos en portugués y en inglés, respectivamente. Resultados: De los 59 estudios inicialmente analizados, se leyeron 27 artículos en su totalidad y seis de estos fueron seleccionados para el estudio. Los estudios utilizaron digluconato de clorhexidina en concentraciones que van desde 0.05% a 2%. Los dispositivos utilizados para la higiene bucal variaron entre cepillos de dientes, hisopos de algodón y gasas. La frecuencia de la limpieza varió, realizándose dos o tres veces al día. Conclusión: Debido a la heterogeneidad de los protocolos de higiene oral que utilizan el digluconato de clorhexidina en las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos, presentados en la literatura, no fue posible compararlos en relación con su eficiência en la reducción de la neumonía asociada al ventilador. (AU)

Pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica: conhecimento da equipe de enfermagem de unidades pediátricas / Pneumonia associated with mechanical ventilation: knowledge of the nursing team of pediatric units / Neumonía asociada a ventilación mecánica: conocimiento del equipo de enfermería de unidades pediátricas

Objetivo: Identificar o conhecimento da equipe de enfermagem antes e após a implementação do protocolo de prevenção de pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica. Métodos: Estudo quantitativo descritivo do tipo quase experimental realizado nas unidades pediátricas de um hospital universitário público na região norte do estado do Paraná, em setembro de 2018. A população foi composta por enfermeiros e auxiliares/técnicos de enfermagem. Foi utilizado um instrumento com questões objetivas, para que os profissionais assinalassem individualmente antes (pré-teste) e após (pós-teste) a intervenção. Para implementação do protocolo utilizouse a abordagem por meio de oficina educativa. Para análise dos dados utilizou-se teste de qui-quadrado após teste de normalidade considerando p<0,05. Resultados: Participaram das oficinas 6 (16,7%) enfermeiros e 30 (83,3%) auxiliar/técnico de enfermagem, 72,2% trabalham na área ≥10 anos. Após as oficinas houve aumento do conhecimento quanto as informações gerais sobre pneumonia associada à ventilação, proliferação bacteriana na cavidade oral e formação do biofilme na cavidade oral. Conclusão: Não houve significância estatística em quase todos os blocos, porém ressalta-se que a compreensão dos profissionais aumentou com o método de ensino, foram encontrados números expressivos e efetivos de adesão ao conhecimento após a intervenção. (AU)

bjective: To identify the knowledge of the nursing team before and after the implementation of the pneumonia prevention protocol associated with mechanical ventilation. Methods: Quantitative descriptive study of the quasi-experimental type carried out in the pediatric units of a public university hospital in the northern region of the state of Paraná, in September 2018. The population consisted of nurses and nursing assistants/technicians. An instrument with objective questions was used, so that professionals individually marked before (pre-test) and after (post-test) the intervention. For the implementation of the protocol, the approach was used through an educational workshop. For data analysis, a chi-square test was used after a normality test considering p<0.05. Results: Six (16.7%) nurses and 30 (83.3%) nursing assistants/technicians participated in the workshops, 72.2% work in the area ≥10 years. After the workshops, there was an increase in knowledge regarding general information about pneumonia associated with ventilation, bacterial proliferation in the oral cavity and biofilm formation in the oral cavity. Conclusión: There was no statistical significance in almost all blocks, however it is noteworthy that the professionals' understanding increased with the teaching method, expressive and effective numbers of adherence to knowledge were found after the intervention. (AU)

Objetivo: Identificar los conocimientos del equipo de enfermería antes y después de la implementación del protocolo de prevención de neumonías asociadas a la ventilación mecánica. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo cuantitativo de tipo cuasiexperimental realizado en las unidades de pediatría de un hospital universitario público de la región norte del estado de Paraná, en septiembre de 2018. La población estuvo conformada por enfermeros y auxiliares/técnicos de enfermería. Se utilizó un instrumento con preguntas objetivas, para que los profesionales puntuaran individualmente antes (pre-test) y después (post-test) de la intervención. Para implementar el protocolo, se utilizó el enfoque a través de un taller educativo. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizó una prueba de chicuadrado luego de una prueba de normalidad considerando p<0.05. Resultados: En los talleres participaron 6 (16,7%) enfermeras y 30 (83,3%) auxiliares/técnicos de enfermería, 72,2% laboran en el área ≥10 años. Después de los talleres, se incrementó el conocimiento sobre la información general sobre neumonía asociada a la ventilación, proliferación bacteriana en la cavidad bucal y formación de biofilm en la cavidad bucal. Conclusión: No hubo significación estadística en casi todos los bloques, sin embargo se destaca que la comprensión de los profesionales aumentó con el método de enseñanza, se encontraron números expresivos y efectivos de adherencia al conocimiento después de la intervención. (AU)

Early-Onset Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Pediatric Severe Traumatic Brain Injury.

BACKGROUND: Early-onset ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is associated with poor outcomes in patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). The primary aim of this study was to describe VAP, including the microbiology of VAP and differences in frequency of VAP when various definitions are applied. The secondary aim was to determine the clinical variables associated with the development of VAP in children with severe TBI. METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study at a quaternary referral children's hospital with a level I trauma center designation. Inclusion criteria were patients aged 0-18 years admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit between 2015 and 2020 with severe TBI requiring at least 2 days of invasive ventilation. VAP was defined by using Center of Disease Control (CDC) definition or clinical VAP, based on physician diagnosis. We compared general demographics, reviewed trauma and injury data, and outcomes to assess any differences between patients with VAP and non-VAP patients. Associations were tested with regression models. RESULTS: After applying all inclusion and exclusion criteria, 90 patients were included in the analysis. Patients with VAP were older (8.5 vs. 5.6 years, P = 0.03). Patients with VAP were less likely to have suffered from abusive head trauma (P = 0.01). Patients who received continuous neuromuscular blockade or targeted temperature management did not have different frequencies of VAP. CDC-defined VAP was diagnosed in 27% of patients. Number of patients with VAP increased to 41% for physician-diagnosed or clinical VAP. Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus was the most common isolate grown, followed by Hemophilus influenza, with most VAP occurring on days 2-5 of intubation. VAP was not associated with mortality but was associated with worse functional status scale in patients who survived to discharge (8 vs. 7.5, P = 0.048). Over a cumulative period of days, nebulized 3% and albuterol were associated with decreased incidence of VAP. CONCLUSIONS: Ventilator-associated pneumonia occurs commonly in children with severe TBI, with rates of 27-41%, depending on CDC-defined VAP or clinical VAP. The discrepancy between clinical VAP and CDC-defined VAP further illustrates the need for a standardized definition for VAP. Although most interventions were not associated with VAP, nebulized 3% saline and albuterol were associated with reduced incidence of VAP; future investigation is needed to determine whether mucolytic agents can decrease the rate of VAP in children with severe TBI.

Prevalence, outcomes, and predictors of multidrug-resistant nosocomial lower respiratory tract infections among patients in an ICU / Prevalência, desfechos e preditores de infecções nosocomiais do trato respiratório inferior multirresistentes em pacientes em uma UTI

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the prevalence, outcomes, and predictors of multidrug-resistant nosocomial lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) in patients in an ICU. Methods: This was an observational cohort study involving patients with nosocomial LRTI (health care-associated pneumonia, hospital-acquired pneumonia, or ventilator-associated pneumonia). Data were prospectively collected between 2015 and 2019. The multidrug-resistant pathogens (MDRPs) identified in the isolates studied included resistant to extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant and carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at microbiological diagnosis. Results: During the study period, 267 patients in the ICU were diagnosed with LRTI, microbiological confirmation of LRTI having been obtained in 237. Of these, 146 (62%) had at least one MDRP isolate. Patients infected with MDRP were found to have poorer outcomes than patients infected with susceptible strains, such as prolonged mechanical ventilation (18.0 days vs. 12.0 days; p < 0.001), prolonged ICU length of stay (23.0 days vs.16.0 days; p < 0.001), and higher mortality (73% vs. 53%; p < 0.001) when compared with patients infected with susceptible strains. Hospital length of stay ≥ 5 days (OR = 3.20; 95% CI: 1.39-7.39; p = 0.005) and prolonged use vasoactive drugs (OR = 3.15; 95% CI: 1.42-7.01; p = 0.004) were independent predictors of LRTI caused by MDRPs (LRTI-MDRP). The presence of LRTI-MDRP was found to be an independent predictor of death (OR = 2.311; 95% CI: 1.091-4.894; p = 0.028). Conclusions: Prolonged use of vasoactive drugs and prolonged hospital length of stay were independent predictors of LRTI-MDRP in this population of critically ill patients with very poor outcomes.

RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência, os desfechos e os preditores de infecções do trato respiratório inferior (ITRI) nosocomiais em pacientes em uma UTI. Métodos: Estudo observacional de coorte com pacientes com ITRI nosocomiais (pneumonia associada à assistência à saúde, pneumonia adquirida no hospital ou pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica). Os dados foram coletados prospectivamente entre 2015 e 2019. Os patógenos multirresistentes (PMR) identificados nos isolados estudados incluíram Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae e Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistentes a cefalosporinas de espectro estendido e carbapenêmicos, enterobactérias resistentes a carbapenêmicos e Staphylococcus aureus resistente à meticilina no diagnóstico microbiológico. Resultados: Durante o período do estudo, 267 pacientes internados na UTI foram diagnosticados com ITRI, 237 dos quais tiveram confirmação microbiológica de ITRI. Destes, 146 (62%) apresentaram pelo menos um isolado de PMR. Os pacientes infectados por PMR tiveram piores desfechos do que os infectados por cepas sensíveis, como ventilação mecânica prolongada (18,0 dias vs. 12,0 dias; p < 0,001), tempo prolongado de internação na UTI (23,0 dias vs. 16,0 dias; p < 0,001) e maior mortalidade (73% vs. 53%; p < 0,001). Tempo de internação hospitalar ≥ 5 dias (OR = 3,20; IC95%: 1,39-7,39; p = 0,005) e uso prolongado de drogas vasoativas (OR = 3,15; IC95%: 1,42-7,01; p = 0,004) foram preditores independentes de ITRI por PMR (ITRI-PMR). A presença de ITRI-PMR foi um preditor independente de óbito (OR = 2,311; IC95%: 1,091-4,894; p = 0,028). Conclusões: O uso prolongado de drogas vasoativas e o tempo prolongado de internação hospitalar foram preditores independentes de ITRI-PMR nesta população de pacientes críticos com desfechos muito ruins.

Bacterial pneumonia associated with multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens: Understanding epidemiology, resistance patterns, and implications with COVID-19.

The ongoing spread of antimicrobial resistance has complicated the treatment of bacterial hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). Gram-negative pathogens, especially those with multidrug-resistant profiles, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter spp., are an important culprit in this type of infections. Understanding the determinants of resistance in pathogens causing pneumonia is ultimately stressing, especially in the shadows of the COVID-19 pandemic, when bacterial lung infections are considered a top priority that has become urgent to revise. Globally, the increasing prevalence of these pathogens in respiratory samples represents a significant infection challenge, with major limitations of treatment options and poor clinical outcomes. This review will focus on the epidemiology of HAP and VAP and will present the roles and the antimicrobial resistance patterns of implicated multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative pathogens like carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB), carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA), carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE), as well as colistin-resistant Gram-negative pathogens and extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacterales. While emerging from the COVID-19 pandemic, perspectives and conclusions are drawn from findings of HAP and VAP caused by MDR Gram-negative bacteria in patients with COVID-19.

Application machine learning in constructing an early warning model of ventilator associated pneumonia in the elderly / 中华老年医学杂志

Objective:To develop and verify machine learning(ML)models for the early warning of ventilator-associated pneumonia(VAP)within 24 hours after invasive mechanical ventilation, so as to provide more evidence and ideas for the clinical management of VAP in elderly patients.Methods:In this study, clinical data of elderly patients with acute respiratory failure and invasive mechanical ventilation in intensive care unit were extracted from MIMIC Ⅳ 2.2 database.Using VAP as the outcome index, patients were divided into training set and testing set in a ratio of 7∶3.Four ML algorithms were used to build a model in the training set, and the performance of the model was verified by the test set.The model was compared with SOFA, systemic inflammatory response syndrome(SIRS) and acute physiology score(APS)Ⅲ scores in the same dataset.Results:A total of 1 859 elderly patients were included, 336 of whom were diagnosed with VAP.The area under the curve(AUC)of the receiver operator characteristic curve of ML models were higher than the clinical risk scores(SOFA score: 0.44, SIRS score: 0.49, APS Ⅲ score: 0.46), and the LightGBM model and XGBoost model had better predictive performance, with AUC of 0.85(95% CI: 0.82, 0.88)and 0.84(95% CI: 0.81, 0.87). SHAP was used to further explain the model.The results showed that SOFA neurological score, maximum white blood cell count, maximum respiratory rate, maximum alkali residual and age were important factors for early prediction of elderly VAP. Conclusions:In this study, ML algorithms were used to build an early warning model of VAP in elderly patients, which has important guiding significance for clinical timely initiation and adjustment of treatment plan.In the future, external verification of the model should be further carried out.

Oropharyngeal Decontamination for Prevention of VAP in Patients Admitted to Intensive Care Units: A Systematic Review.

Introduction: Oropharyngeal colonization with pathogenic organisms contributes to the development of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in intensive care units (ICUs). Oral hygiene care (OHC) is a very effective method for reducing the risk of VAP in these patients. This study aimed to evaluate recent OHC strategies to decrease VAP. Methods: Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) published in the PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases from inception to September 10, 2020 were reviewed to compare the effects of selective oropharyngeal decontamination (SOD) on the incidence of VAP in adult patients requiring mechanical ventilation. Results: Out of a total of 1098 articles reviewed, 17 eligible studies were included for final analysis. The results showed that the use of chlorhexidine for oropharyngeal decontamination reduces the incidence of VAP. However, it had a small effect on gram-negative resistant bacteria. Also, it was observed that the combined use of colistin and chlorhexidine was more effective than chlorhexidine alone in preventing VAP. The results of studies on the use of toothbrushes to reduce the incidence of pneumonia are unclear since they used chlorhexidine at the same time. However, tooth brushing is one of the best ways to maintain oral hygiene. Using povidoneiodine, Nanosil, and non-absorbable topical antibiotics reduced the incidence of VAP, while Iseganan did not show a significant effect in this regard. Conclusion: The prophylactic use of topical bactericidal agents in critically-ill patients is effective in reducing the incidence of VAP. However, the use of non-absorbable topical antibiotics is more effective than other methods in oropharyngeal decontamination.

O volume mínimo de oclusão é um método seguro e eficaz para o ajuste da pressão do cuff em pacientes ventilados mecanicamente / El volumen de oclusión mínimo es una técnica segura y eficaz para ajustar la presión del manguito en pacientes con ventilación mecánica / Minimal occlusive volume is a safe and effective method for adjusting cuff pressure in mechanically ventilated patients

RESUMO A pressão do cuff (Pcuff) ideal deve ser capaz de prevenir a microaspiração de secreções orofaríngeas por escapes aéreos e evitar lesão da mucosa traqueal. Normalmente, realiza-se a monitorização por meio de manômetro, buscando manter a Pcuff entre 20 e 30cmH2O. O método do volume mínimo de oclusão (VMO) consiste em insuflar minimamente o balonete, utilizando uma seringa, para que não ocorram vazamentos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a capacidade do método do VMO de individualizar o ajuste da Pcuff em pacientes ventilados mecanicamente. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, prospectivo, com 25 pacientes adultos, com tempo de ventilação mecânica (VM) superior a 48 horas. A Pcuff foi medida em dois momentos: inicial e por VMO. A prevalência de Pcuff fora dos limites de normalidade foi de 76%. Ocorreu vazamento na medida inicial em nove pacientes, sendo que, para quatro, a medida estava dentro dos valores de referência. Os outros cinco apresentaram Pcuff<20cmH2O. No ajuste pelo método VMO, todos os pacientes apresentaram Pcuff no limite de normalidade. Os pacientes sem vazamento com Pcuff>30cmH2O tiveram redução quando ajustados pelo VMO (45,4±9,6 vs 28,5±1,6cmH2O; p<0,001). Podemos concluir que o método do VMO foi capaz de individualizar a Pcuff dentro dos valores de referência em todos os pacientes.

RESUMEN La presión del manguito (Pmanguito) ideal debería ser capaz de prevenir la microaspiración de secreciones orofaríngeas por el escape de aire y evitar daños en la mucosa traqueal. En general, la monitorización se da a través de un manómetro al buscar mantener la Pmanguito entre 20 y 30 cmH2O. La técnica de volumen de oclusión mínimo (VOM) consiste en inflar al mínimo el manguito, utilizando una jeringa, para que no escape el aire. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la capacidad de la técnica de VOM para individualizar el ajuste de la Pmanguito en pacientes con ventilación mecánica. Se trata de un estudio transversal, prospectivo, realizado con 25 pacientes adultos, con tiempo de ventilación mecánica (VM) superior a 48 horas. La Pmanguito se dio en dos momentos: inicial y por VMO. La prevalencia de la Pmanguito fuera de los límites normales fue del 76%. Se detectó el escape de aire en la medida inicial de nueve pacientes, entre los cuales cuatro tuvieron una medición dentro de los valores de referencia. Los otros cinco tenían una Pmanguito<20cmH2O. En el ajuste por la técnica de VMO, todos los pacientes tuvieron Pmanguito al límite de los valores normales. Los pacientes que no habían presentado escape de aire con Pmanguito>30cmH2O tuvieron una reducción cuando hubo un ajuste del VMO (45,4±9,6 vs 28,5±1,6cmH2O; p<0,001). Se concluye que la técnica de VMO fue capaz de individualizar la Pmanguito dentro de los valores de referencia en todos los pacientes.

ABSTRACT The ideal cuff pressure (Pcuff) must prevent microaspiration of oropharyngeal secretions due to air leakage and avoid injury to the tracheal mucosa. Usually, monitoring consists of a manometer to keep the Pcuff between 20 and 30cmH2O. The minimal occlusive volume (MOV) method minimally inflates the cuff using a syringe so that no leakage occurs. This study aims to evaluate the ability of the minimal occlusive method to individualize the Pcuff adjustment in mechanically ventilated patients. Cross-sectional prospective study with 25 adult patients with more than 48 hours of mechanical ventilation. Cuff pressure was measured at two moments: initial and by MOV. The prevalence of Pcuff outside the normal range was 76%. Leakage in the initial measurement occurred in 9 patients, 4 of whom were within the reference values. The other 5 patients presented Pcuff<20cmH2O. In the adjustment by the MOV method, all patients presented Pcuff at the limit of normality. Patients without leakage with Pcuff>30cmH2O had a reduction when adjusted for MOV (45.4±9.6 against 28.5±1.6cmH2O; p<0.001). We can conclude that the minimal occlusive volume method was able to individualize the Pcuff within the reference values in all patients.

Prevalencia y factores asociados a neumonía nosocomial en la unidad de cuidado intensivo / Prevalence and Associated Factors of Nosocomial Pneumonia in the Intensive Care Unit / Prevalência e fatores associados à pneumonia nosocomial na unidade de terapia intensiva

Introducción. La neumonía nosocomial o neumonía adquirida en el hospital, es una causa importante de infección intrahospitalaria que conlleva una alta morbimortalidad. Ocurre a una tasa de 5 a 10 por cada 1,000 ingresos hospitalarios y se considera la causa más común de infección intrahospitalaria en Europa y Estados Unidos. Más del 90% de los episodios de neumonía que se desarrollan en las unidades de cuidados intensivos (UCI) ocurren en pacientes ventilados. El objetivo del presente estudio es describir la prevalencia y los factores asociados como estancia hospitalaria en UCI, enfermedades concomitantes y situaciones en pacientes mayores de 18 años con neumonía nosocomial con estancia en unidad de cuidados intensivos en una clínica de tercer nivel de la ciudad de Cali, en el periodo enero 2015 y enero 2016. Metodología. Estudio observacional de corte transversal con componente analítico. Se revisaron 353 historias clínicas enfocadas en los factores asociados de neumonía nosocomial en la UCI, con una estancia mayor o igual a 48 horas. El análisis estadístico se realizó con Epi Info versión 7. Resultados. La edad promedio de los casos estudiados fue de 55.17 años. La prevalencia estimada para neumonía nosocomial fue de 26%, con un promedio de estancia en UCI de 9.94 días, una desviación estándar de 8.30 días y días de ventilación mecánica invasiva de 4.27, con una desviación estándar de 7.38 días, en la cual el 26.35% (IC 95%: 22.0-31.1) adquirió neumonía nosocomial en UCI, el 43.06%: (IC 95%: 38.0-48.2) fueron mujeres, requiriendo de ventilación mecánica invasiva el 37.68% (IC 95%: 32.7-42.8). Como antecedentes patológicos de importancia se observó una asociación entre las variables con respecto a la neumonía nosocomial evidenciándose una relación significativa con diabetes mellitus (OR: 25.6; IC: 95% 13.4-48.7), enfermedad renal crónica (OR: 8.4; IC 95%: 4.49-16.0), enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (OR: 22.2; IC 95% 11.7-42.1), antecedente patológico de sinusitis (OR: 30.9; IC 95%: 7-46.2), utilización de sonda nasogástrica (OR: 13; IC 95%: 5-32) y, finalmente, al correlacionar la mortalidad con este tipo de infección pulmonar (OR: 26.1; IC 95%: 13 -49.1), evidenciando una relación entre las variables. Discusión. Los hallazgos muestran alta frecuencia de esta patología, lo que conlleva múltiples implicaciones en los pacientes como estancia prolongada y mortalidad, las cuales son condiciones que han sido identificadas por diferentes autores. Conclusiones. La neumonía nosocomial es un proceso infeccioso frecuente en la UCI, que tiene una alta morbimortalidad, relacionándose con los días de estancia y ventilación mecánica invasiva.

Introduction. Nosocomial pneumonia, or hospital-acquired pneumonia, is a significant cause of in-hospital infection that leads to high morbimortality. It occurs at a rate of 5 to 10 for every 1,000 hospital admissions and is considered the most common cause of in-hospital infection in Europe and the United States. Over 90% of episodes of pneumonia developed in intensive care units (ICUs) occur in ventilated patients. The objective of this study is to describe the prevalence and associated factors, such as hospitalization in the ICU, concomitant illnesses, and situations in patients older than 18 years of age with nosocomial pneumonia and hospital stay in an intensive care unit in a third-level clinic in the city of Cali, during the period between January 2015 and January 2016. Methodology. A cross-sectional, observational study with an analytical component. 353 medical records were reviewed, focusing on the factors associated with nosocomial pneumonia in the ICU, with hospital stay greater than or equal to 48 hours. The statistical analysis was performed with Epi Info version 7. Results. The average age of the studied cases was 55.17 years. The estimated prevalence for nosocomial pneumonia was 26%, with an average ICU hospital stay of 9.94 days and standard deviation of 8.30 days, and 4.27 days of invasive mechanical ventilation, with a standard deviation of 7.38 days, in which 26.35% (CI 95%: 22.0-31.1) acquired nosocomial pneumonia in the ICU. 43.06%: (CI 95%: 38.0-48.2) were women, of which 37.68% required invasive mechanical ventilation (CI 95%: 32.7-42.8). As an important pathological background, an association was observed between the variables with respect to nosocomial pneumonia, showing a significant relationship with diabetes mellitus (OR: 25.6; CI: 95% 13.4-48.7), chronic kidney disease (OR: 8.4; CI 95%: 4.49-16.0), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR: 22.2; CI 95% 11.7-42.1), pathological backgrounds of sinusitis (OR: 30.9; CI 95%: 7-46.2), the use of nasogastric tube (OR: 13; CI 95%: 5-32) and, finally, correlating mortality with this type of pulmonary infection (OR: 26.1; CI 95%: 13-49.1), showing a relationship between the variables. Discussion. The findings show a high frequency of this pathology, which leads to multiple implications in patients, such as prolonged hospital stay and mortality, which are conditions that have been identified by different authors. Conclusions. Nosocomial pneumonia is a frequent infectious process in the ICU, which has a high morbimortality and is related to hospital stay and invasive mechanical ventilation.

Introdução. A pneumonia nosocomial, ou pneumonia adquirida no hospital, é uma importante causa de infecção hospitalar com alta morbidade e mortalidade. Ocorre a uma taxa de 5 a 10 por 1,000 internações hospitalares e é considerada a causa mais comum de infecção hospitalar na Europa e nos Estados Unidos. Mais de 90% dos episódios de pneumonia que se desenvolvem em unidades de terapia intensiva (UTIs) ocorrem em pacientes ventilados. O objetivo deste estudo é descrever a prevalência e fatores associados, como permanência hospitalar na UTI, doenças concomitantes e situações em pacientes maiores de 18 anos com pneumonia nosocomial internados em unidade de terapia intensiva de uma clínica de nível terciário da cidade de Cali, no período de janeiro de 2015 e janeiro de 2016. Metodologia. Estudo observacional transversal com componente analítico. Foram revisados 353 prontuários com foco em fatores associados de pneumonia nosocomial na UTI, com permanência maior ou igual a 48 horas. A análise estatística foi realizada com o Epi Info versão 7. Resultados. A média de idade dos casos estudados foi de 55.17 anos. A prevalência estimada para pneumonia nosocomial foi de 26%, com média de permanência na UTI de 9.94 dias, desvio padrão de 8.30 dias, e dias de ventilação mecânica invasiva de 4.27, com desvio padrão de 7.38 dias, em que 26.35% (IC 95%: 22.0-31.1) adquiriram pneumonia nosocomial na UTI; 43.06%: (IC 95%: 38.0-48.2) eram mulheres, necesitando de ventilação mecânica invasiva 37.68% (IC 95%: 32.7-42.8). Como antecedentes patológicos importantes, observou-se associação entre as variáveis referentes à pneumonia nosocomial, mostrando relação significativa com diabetes mellitus (OR: 25.6; IC: 95% 13.4-48.7), doença renal crônica (OR: 8.4; IC 95%: 4.49-16.0), doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (OR: 22.2; IC 95% 11.7-42.1), história patológica de sinusite (OR: 30.9; IC 95%: 7-46.2), uso de sonda nasogástrica (OR: 13; IC 95%: 5-32) e, por fim, correlação da mortalidade com este tipo de infecção pulmonar (OR: 26.1; IC 95%: 13-49.1), mostrando relação entre as variáveis. Discussão. Os resultados mostram uma alta frequência dessa patologia, que tem múltiplas implicações para os pacientes, como permanência prolongada e mortalidade, que são condições identificadas por diferentes autores. Conclusões. A pneumonia nosocomial é um processo infeccioso frequente na UTI, que apresenta alta morbimortalidade, relacionada aos dias de internação e ventilação mecânica invasiva.

Validation of standard operating procedure for oral hygienization of intubated and tracheostomized patients / Validação de um procedimento operacional padrão para higienização oral de pacientes intubados e traqueostomizados

INTRODUÇÃO: In Intensive Care Units, oral hygiene is a care action directly related to the safety and well-being of the patient, being one of the main ways of preventing Pneumonia Associated with Mechanical Ventilation. Although relevant, the recommendations and standardization on oral hygiene among critically ill patients are diffuse. OBJECTIVE: To construct and validate a standard operating procedure (SOP) for oral hygiene performed by the nursing team for intubated and tracheostomized patients in an Intensive Care Unit (ICU). METHODS: Methodological study developed in five stages: technical-scientific support; construction of SOP; recruitment and selection of experts; validation and presentation of the final version. The SOP was subjected to validation by judges with academic and/or clinical expertise (n=13) from all regions of Brazil, who assessed the validity criteria for each SOP item: Scope, Clarity, Coherence, Criticism, Objectivity, Scientific writing; Relevance, Sequence, and Uniqueness. The Content Validity Indices (CVI) of each validity criterion, SOP item, and the general CVI were calculated. RESULTS: The experts were nurses (38.5%), dentists (38.5%), doctors (15.4%) and physiotherapists (7.7%). None of the SOP items had a CVI lower than 0.80. The general CVI was 0.95 and the experts' suggestions were mostly accepted (78.6%). The final version is available as an infographic, which illustrates the stages of the oral hygiene process of the intubated and tracheostomized patient. CONCLUSION: The constructed SOP has a satisfactory face and content validity, making a final total of 43 items to be used for oral hygiene of intubated and tracheostomy patients.

INTRODUÇÃO: Em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva, a higienização bucal é ação de cuidado diretamente relacionada à segurança do paciente e qualidade do cuidado, sendo uma das principais formas de prevenção da Pneumonia Associada à Ventilação Mecânica. Apesar disso, as recomendações e a padronização sobre a higienização bucal entre pacientes críticos são difusas. OBJETIVO: Construir e validar um procedimento operacional padrão (POP) para higiene bucal realizada pela enfermagem a pacientes intubados e traqueostomizados em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI). MÉTODOS: Estudo metodológico desenvolvido em cinco etapas: subsídio técnico-científico; construção do POP; recrutamento e seleção de experts; validação de face e conteúdo do POP e apresentação da versão final. O POP foi submetido à validação por juízes com expertise acadêmica e/ou clínica (n=13) de todas as regiões do Brasil, os quais apreciaram os critérios de validade: Abrangência, Clareza, Coerência, Criticidade, Objetividade, Redação científica; Relevância, Sequência e Unicidade. Foram calculados os Índices de Validade de Conteúdo (IVC) de cada critério, item do POP e o IVC geral. RESULTADOS: Os experts eram enfermeiros(as) (38,5%), cirurgiãs-dentistas (38,5%), médicos(as) (15,4%) e fisioterapeuta (7,7%). Nenhum item do POP obteve IVC inferior a 0,80. O IVC geral foi de 0,95 e sugestões dos experts foram majoritariamente acatadas (78,6%). A versão final, disponível como infográfico, contempla ilustrativamente as etapas do processo de higienização bucal do paciente intubado e traqueostomizado. CONCLUSÃO: O POP alcançou validade de face e conteúdo satisfatória. A versão validada possui 43 itens processuais para higiene bucal de pacientes intubados e traqueoestomizados.

A importância da instalação de um protocolo de higiene oral em pacientes entubados: revisão de literatura / The importance of implementing an oral hygiene protocol for intubated patients: a literature review

A instalação de ventilação mecânica permite a manutenção da vida no processo de recuperação de pacientes hospitalizados que necessitam de auxílio respiratório. No entanto, a presença do ventilador no meio bucal propicia o acúmulo de debris e a retenção de placa. A cavidade oral é um meio rico em microrganismos e, em casos de pacientes entubados, o biofilme bucal pode abrigar patógenos respiratórios que levam ao desenvolvimento da Pneumonia Associada a Ventiladores (PAV). Essa infecção é a mais comum das infecções secundárias desenvolvidas em pacientes entubados e aumenta as chances de morbidade e mortalidade, bem como prolonga a hospitalização e seus custos. O objetivo desta revisão da literatura foi avaliar o impacto da higiene bucal na prevenção de PAV em pacientes entubados. Utilizando os descritores "Oral care", "Intubated Patients" e "Cross Infection" na base de dados PubMed, foram encontrados 143 artigos. Destes, foram selecionados os estudos gratuitos publicados entre 2015 e 2020, que envolviam pesquisa em humanos adultos e jovens adultos. Foram descartados aqueles em que os pacientes em CTI e UTI não estavam entubados, restando 12 artigos para serem lidos integralmente. Segundo a literatura, a higienização da cavidade oral se mostra eficaz na redução de incidência da PAV, sendo o método mais utilizado a limpeza química com Clorexidina em concentrações variando de 0,12% a 2%, podendo ser complementada com a higienização mecânica. Assim, a implementação de um protocolo de higiene bucal para pacientes entubados é de fundamental importância para diminuir as chances de desenvolvimento de PAV.

The use of mechanical ventilation allows the maintenance of life in the recovery process of hospitalized patients who need respiratory assistance. However, the presence of the ventilator in the oral cavity environment promotes the accumulation of debris and plaque retention. The oral cavity is a medium rich in microorganisms and, in the context of intubated patients, the oral biofilm can harbor respiratory pathogens that may lead to the development of Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP). This condition is one of the main secondary infections associated with the intubated patients, and its ocurrence increases the morbimortality, the lenght of hospitalization and its costs. The aim of this literature review is to assess the impact of oral hygiene on the prevention on VAP in intubated patients. Using the descriptors "Oral care", "Intubated Patients" and "Cross Infection" in the PubMed database, 143 articles were found. Of these, we selected free studies published between 2015 and 2020, which involved research in human adults and young adults. We descarted the ones in which the patients in the ITU or ICU were not intubated, leaving 12 articles to be read in full. According to the literature review, cleaning the oral cavity is effective in reducing the incidence of VAP, the most used method being chemical cleaning with chlorhexidine at concentrations ranging from 0.12% to 2%, which can be complemented with mechanical cleaning. Thus, the implementation of an oral hygiene protocol for intubated patients is fundamental to reduce the chances of developing VAP.

Effects of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing on ICU memory and post-traumatic stress disorder among patients with ventilator associated pneumonia / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To investigate eye movement desensitization and reprocessing on ICU memory and post-traumatic stress disorder among patients with ventilator associated pneumonia.Methods:Totally, 66 cases of ICU patients with ventilator associated pneumonia enrolled at Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital from August 2017 to August 2020 were collected as research object, they were randomly divided into intervention group and control group, with 33 cases in each groups. The control group received routine nursing care and cognitive training, in the intervention group, patients implemented EMDR therapy for 8 times. Before and after intervention, the effect was assessed by ICU memory scale and PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version, respectively.Results:After intervention, the scores of factual memories, emotional memories, delusional memories dimension and total ICUMS were (19.48±5.14), (10.45±2.62), (7.06±2.62) and (37.00±6.12) in the intervention group, those scores in the control group were (24.58±7.38), (13.58±4.07), (9.48±3.57) and (47.64±9.99), the difference was statically significant (t values were 3.14-5.22, all P<0.05). The re-experiencing, avoidance, hyperarousal dimensions scores and total PCL-C scores were (8.09±2.13), (10.42±2.62), (7.24±2.69) and (25.76±4.25) in the intervention group, and in the control group those scores were (9.30±2.35), (12.73±2.11), (9.24±2.51) and (31.27±4.97), the difference was statically significant (t values were 2.20-4.85, all P<0.05). Conclusions:Eeye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy can effectively alleviate ICU memory and improve PTSD symptoms of patients with ventilator associated pneumonia.

Application of modified clinical pneumonia infection score in ventilator-associated pneumonia / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective:To study the application of modified clinical pneumonia infection score (CPIS-LUS) in the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP).Methods:The clinical data of 208 VAP patients admitted to Shaoxing Second Hospital from January 2018 to January 2020 were analyzed. The patients were divided into low-risk group (69 cases), medium-risk group (81 cases) and high-risk group (58 cases) according to acute physiological and chronic health evaluation scoreⅡ.Meanwhile the patients were divided into improvement group (141 cases) and the deterioration group (67 cases) according to the treatment outcome. One hundred and sixty-five patients who received mechanical ventilation treatment but without VAP was as non-VAP group. The scores of CPIS-LUS among the groups were compared.Results:At the initial mechanical ventilation, the CPIS-LUS scores of the VAP group and the non-VAP group had no statistical significant ( P>0.05). At the time of diagnosis, the CPIS-LUS scores in VAP group was higher than that at the initial ventilation with: (6.09 ± 0.81) scores vs. (3.79 ± 0.48) scores, and was higher than that in the non-VAP group with: (6.09 ± 0.81) scores vs. (3.71 ± 0.43) scores, the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05). The CPIS-LUS scores in the high-risk group was higher than that in the medium-risk group and the low-risk group: (7.85 ± 1.08) scores vs. (5.85 ± 0.76) , (4.89 ± 0.64) scores, the CPIS-LUS scores in the medium-risk group was also higher than that in the low-risk group with: (5.85 ± 0.76)scores vs. (4.89 ± 0.64) scores, the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05). At the initial mechanical ventilation, the CPIS-LUS scores of the improvement group and the deterioration group were (3.76 ± 0.47), (3.85 ± 0.50) scores, there was no statistical difference ( P>0.05). At the time of diagnosis, the CPIS-LUS scores of the improvement group and the deterioration group were higher than those of the initial mechanical ventilation, and the CPIS-LUS scores of the improvement group was lower than that of the deterioration group: (5.43 ± 0.67)scores vs. (7.48 ± 1.10) scores, the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05). At anti-infection treatment for 7 d, the improvement group CPIS-LUS score was lower than that at the time of diagnosis: (3.69 ± 0.41) scores vs. (5.43 ± 0.67) scores, P<0.05, but the CPIS-LUS scores in the deterioration group was not decreased. Conclusions:The CPIS-LUS score can assist early diagnosis of VAP, and can be used as an effective predictor of disease severity and prognosis, and provide reference for antibiotic treatment.

Pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica em pacientes graves de uma unidade de terapia intensiva / Pneumonia associated with mechanical ventilation in critically ill patients in an intensive care unit / Neumonía asociada a la ventilación mecánica en pacientes críticos en una unidad de cuidados intensivos

Objetivo: Descrever o perfil clínico-epidemiológico e os fatores associados à mortalidade em pacientes com pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica em uma unidade de terapia intensiva de um hospital de ensino. Método: Estudo retrospectivo, documental e de abordagem quantitativa, desenvolvido em um hospital-escola, localizado em João Pessoa - Paraíba. A coleta de dados foi realizada no período de setembro a novembro de 2020, utilizando-se questionário sistematizado com amostra aleatória simples de 59 prontuários. Resultados: A maioria era do sexo feminino (57,6%), com faixa etária de 60 anos ou mais (55,9%), apresentava doenças infecciosas (50,8%) como diagnóstico médico de internação, e possuíam comorbidades (74,6%). O microrganismo causador foi a pseudomonas aeruginosa (30,5%). O tempo de internação era menor ou igual a 30 dias (57,6%), o tempo de ventilação mecânica acima de 15 dias (74,6%) e havia uma associação estatisticamente significativa entre a idade e o desfecho clínico, bem como o tempo de internação e o desfecho. Conclusão: O perfil identificado tanto se assemelha como se destaca em alguns aspectos quando se compara à literatura consultada. (AU)

Objective: To describe the clinical-epidemiological profile and factors associated with mortality in patients with pneumonia associated with mechanical ventilation in an intensive care unit of a teaching hospital. Methods: Retrospective, documentary and quantitative study, developed in a teaching hospital, located in João Pessoa - Paraíba. Data collection was carried out from September to November 2020, using a systematic questionnaire with a simple random sample of 59 records. Results: Most were female (57.6%), aged 60 years or older (55.9%), had infectious diseases (50.8%) as a medical diagnosis of hospitalization, and had comorbidities (74,6%). The causative microorganism was pseudomonas aeruginosa (30.5%). The length of hospital stay was less than or equal to 30 days (57.6%), the time of mechanical ventilation above 15 days (74.6%) and there was a statistically significant association between age and clinical outcome, as well as length of stay and the outcome. Conclusion: The profile identified both resembles and stands out in some aspects when compared to the consulted literature. (AU)

Objetivo: Describir el perfil clínico-epidemiológico y los factores asociados a la mortalidad en pacientes con neumonía asociada a ventilación mecánica en una unidad de cuidados intensivos de un hospital universitario. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, documental y cuantitativo, desarrollado en un hospital universitario, ubicado en João Pessoa - Paraíba. La recolección de datos se realizó de septiembre a noviembre de 2020, mediante un cuestionario sistemático con una muestra aleatoria simple de 59 registros. Resultados: La mayoría eran mujeres (57,6%), de 60 años o más (55,9%), tenían enfermedades infecciosas (50,8%) como diagnóstico médico de hospitalización y comorbilidades (74,6%). El microorganismo causante fue pseudomonas aeruginosa (30,5%). La estancia hospitalaria fue menor o igual a 30 días (57,6%), el tiempo de ventilación mecánica superior a 15 días (74,6%) y hubo asociación estadísticamente significativa entre la edad y el resultado clínico, así como la duración de la estancia y el resultado. Conclusión: El perfil identificado se asemeja y destaca en algunos aspectos al compararlo con la literatura consultada. (AU)

Contribuição da pesquisa convergente assistencial para prevenção de pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica / Contribution of convergent care research to preventing pneumonia associated with mechanical ventilation / Contribución de la investigación convergente-asistencial para prevenir la neumonía asociada con la ventilación mecánica

Objetivo: elaborar um protocolo para prevenção de pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica com a participação dos profissionais que o utilizarão, por meio do referencial da pesquisa convergente assistencial. Método: foi realizada uma entrevista individual e três encontros grupais com os profissionais. Para a análise dos dados foi utilizado o referencial de Morse e Field. O estudo foi aprovado por um Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa. Resultados: os cuidados citados nas entrevistas individuais foram organizados de acordo com o nível de evidência sugerido no Guideline da American Thoracic Society. Nos encontros grupais os cuidados foram discutidos de acordo com a relevância na prevenção da pneumonia. Os cuidados elencados como relevantes compuseram a versão final do protocolo. Conclusão: o referencial da pesquisa convergente assistencial possibilitou a elaboração de um protocolo para prevenção de pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica, com o envolvimento dos profissionais atuantes na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva.

Objective: to develop a protocol for the prevention of pneumonia associated with mechanical ventilation, with the participation of the health personnel who will use it and applying the framework of convergent care research. Method: data were collected by individual interview and three group meetings with the health personnel, and analyzed using the Morse and Field framework. The study was approved by a research ethics committee. Results: the care cited in the individual interviews was organized by level of evidence, as suggested in the Guidelines of the American Thoracic Society. In the group meetings, care was discussed according to its relevance in preventing pneumonia. The care mentioned as relevant made up the final version of the protocol. Conclusion: convergent care research framework made it possible to develop a protocol for the prevention of pneumonia associated with mechanical ventilation, with the involvement of health personnel working in the Intensive Care Unit.

Objetivo: elaborar un protocolo para la prevención de la neumonía asociada a la ventilación mecánica con la participación de los profesionales que lo utilizarán, a través del marco de la investigación convergente-asistencial. Método: se realizó une entrevista individual y tres encuentros en grupo con los profesionales. Para el análisis de los datos, se utilizó el marco Morse y Field. El estudio fue aprobado por un Comité de Ética en Investigación. Resultados: la atención mencionada en las entrevistas individuales se organizó de acuerdo con el nivel de evidencia sugerido en la Guía de la American Thoracic Society. En las reuniones de grupo, se discutió la atención según su relevancia en la prevención de la neumonía. Los cuidados enumerados como relevantes constituyeron la versión final del protocolo. Conclusión: el marco de la investigación convergente-asistencial permitió desarrollar un protocolo para la prevención de neumonías asociadas a la ventilación mecánica, con la participación de los profesionales que trabajan en la Unidad de Cuidados intensivos.