Ponte osteotomies for treatment of spinal deformities: they are not all made equal.

PURPOSE: To compare surgical outcomes of Ponte's osteotomies for treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), Scheuermann's kyphosis (SK), and adult scoliosis (AdS). METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of patients with AIS, SK, and AdIS who underwent posterior spinal instrumented fusion (PSIF) at our Institution from January 2019 to December 2022. Demographics, imaging, and intraoperative data (including number of osteotomies performed, blood losses, surgical timing, and complications) were extracted from patient charts. RESULTS: A total of 80 patients (62 AIS, 7 SK, and 11 AdS) were enrolled in the study. All patients were treated with a PSIF and a total of 506 Ponte osteotomies were performed (5.8 ± 4.1, 9.3 ± 2.4, and 7.5 ± 2.5 average osteotomies per patient in the AIS, SK, and AdS group, respectively; p = 0.045). Average time per osteotomy was 6.3 ± 1.5 min in the AIS group, and 5.8 ± 2.1 and 8.7 ± 4.0 in the SK and AdS group, respectively (p = 0.002). Blood loss was significantly smaller in the SK group (8.6 ± 9.6 ml per osteotomy) compared to AIS group (34.9 ± 23.7 ml) and AdS group (34.9 ± 32.7 ml) (p = 0.001). A total of 4 complications were observed in the AIS group (1.1%) and 2 complications in the AdS group (2.4%), but this was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that Ponte's osteotomies are safe and effective in surgical treatment of AIS, SK, and AdS. Blood loss and execution time per osteotomy are significantly smaller in the SK group compared to AIS and AdS. No significant differences were noted in terms of complications between the three groups.

Osmotic demyelination as a complication of hyponatremia correction: a systematic review / Desmielinização osmótica como complicação da correção de hiponatremia: uma revisão sistemática

ABSTRACT Background: Rapid correction of hyponatremia, especially when severe and chronic, can result in osmotic demyelination. The latest guideline for diagnosis and treatment of hyponatremia (2014) recommends a correction limit of 10 mEq/L/day. Our aim was to summarize published cases of osmotic demyelination to assess the adequacy of this recommendation. Method: Systematic review of case reports of osmotic demyelination. We included cases confirmed by imaging or pathology exam, in people over 18 years of age, published between 1997 and 2019, in English or Portuguese. Results: We evaluated 96 cases of osmotic demyelination, 58.3% female, with a mean age of 48.2 ± 12.9 years. Median admission serum sodium was 105 mEq/L and > 90% of patients had severe hyponatremia (<120 mEq/L). Reports of gastrointestinal tract disorders (38.5%), alcoholism (31.3%) and use of diuretics (27%) were common. Correction of hyponatremia was performed mainly with isotonic (46.9%) or hypertonic (33.7%) saline solution. Correction of associated hypokalemia occurred in 18.8%. In 66.6% of cases there was correction of natremia above 10 mEq/L on the first day of hospitalization; the rate was not reported in 22.9% and in only 10.4% was it less than 10 mEq/L/day. Conclusion: The development of osmotic demyelination was predominant in women under 50 years of age, with severe hyponatremia and rapid correction. In 10.4% of cases, there was demyelination even with correction <10 mEq/L/day. These data reinforce the need for conservative targets for high-risk patients, such as 4-6 mEq/L/day, not exceeding the limit of 8 mEq/L/day.

RESUMO Antecedentes: A correção rápida da hiponatremia, principalmente quando grave e crônica, pode resultar em desmielinização osmótica. A última diretriz para diagnóstico e tratamento da hiponatremia (2014) recomenda um limite de correção de 10 mEq/L/dia. Nosso objetivo foi sumarizar os casos publicados de desmielinização osmótica para avaliar a adequação dessa recomendação. Método: Revisão sistemática de relatos de caso de desmielinização osmótica. Incluímos casos confirmados por imagem ou anatomia patológica, em maiores de 18 anos, publicados entre 1997 e 2019, nas línguas inglesa ou portuguesa. Resultados: Avaliamos 96 casos de desmielinização osmótica, sendo 58,3% do sexo feminino e com média de idade de 48,2 ± 12,9 anos. A mediana de sódio sérico admissional foi 105 mEq/L e > 90% dos pacientes apresentavam hiponatremia grave (<120 mEq/L). Foram comuns os relatos de distúrbios do trato gastrointestinal (38,5%), etilismo (31,3%) e uso de diuréticos (27%). A correção da hiponatremia foi feita principalmente com solução salina isotônica (46,9%) ou hipertônica (33,7%). Correção de hipocalemia associada ocorreu em 18,8%. Em 66,6% dos casos houve correção da natremia acima de 10 mEq/L no primeiro dia de internamento; a velocidade não foi relatada em 22,9% e em apenas 10,4% foi menor que 10 mEq/L/dia. Conclusão: O desenvolvimento da desmielinização osmótica foi predominante em mulheres, abaixo de 50 anos, com hiponatremia grave e correção rápida. Em 10,4% dos casos, houve desmielinização mesmo com correção <10 mEq/L/dia. Esses dados reforçam a necessidade de alvos conservadores para pacientes de alto risco, como 4-6 mEq/L/dia, não ultrapassando o limite de 8 mEq/L/dia.

Ponte Osteotomies in the Surgical Treatment of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Systematic Review of the Literature and Meta-Analysis of Comparative Studies.

The purpose of the present paper is to assess if Ponte osteotomies (POs) allow for a better correction in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) surgery and to investigate their safety profile. A systematic search of electronic databases was conducted. Inclusion criteria: comparative studies that reported the outcomes of AIS patients who underwent surgical correction through posterior-only approach with and without POs. Clinical and radiographic outcomes were extracted and summarized. Meta-analyses were performed to estimate the differences between patients treated with and without POs. p < 0.05 was considered significant. In total, 9 studies were included. No significant difference in thoracic kyphosis (TK) change between patients treated with and without POs was found (+3.8°; p = 0.06). Considering only hypokyphotic patients, a significant difference in TK change resulted in POs patients (+6.6°; p < 0.01), while a non-significant TK change resulted in normokyphotic patients (+0.2°; p = 0.96). No significant difference in coronal correction (2.5°; p = 0.10) was recorded. Significant estimated blood loss (EBL) (142.5 mL; p = 0.04) and surgical time (21.5 min; p = 0.04) differences were found with POs. Regarding complications rate, the meta-analysis showed a non-significant log odds ratio of 1.1 (p = 0.08) with POs. In conclusion, POs allow for the restoration of TK in hypokyphotic AIS, without a significantly greater TK change in normokyphotic patients, nor a significantly better coronal correction. Considering the significantly greater EBL and the trend toward a higher complications rate, the correct indication for POs is crucial.

Long-term outcome evaluation in ankylosing spondylitis with high-angle thoracolumbar kyphotic deformity corrected by one-stage single-level pedicle subtraction osteotomy augmented with Ponte osteotomy: A case series.

INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE: A high-angle thoracolumbar kyphotic deformity (TLKD) may complicate surgical rectification of AS patients since one-stage two-level pedicle subtraction osteotomy (PSO), which provides high-angular correction, leads to excessive blood loss, neurological deficits and fixation failures. This case series presents the long-term results of one-stage single level PSO with Ponte osteotomy (PO) in the treatment of AS patients with high-angle TLKD. CASE PRESENTATION: This case series presents two AS patients with high kyphotic angles (KAs) of 86.1o. We collected data retrospectively from our institution's database between 2019 and 2023. A sagittal axis imbalance was the only complaint initially, no neurological deficits or other problems. A PSO augmented by PO was performed with a decompression laminectomy. Intraoperative monitoring (IOM) during reduction was used to observe neurological deficits. Blood loss at the highest rate was 1000 cc. It corrected 57.8o of KA postoperatively without neurological deficits. We found consistent results over 36 months. CLINICAL DISCUSSION: A thorough analytical approach may help diagnose AS. One-stage single-level PSO may correct high-angle TLKD in AS patients effectively. To achieve greater angular correction, PO, a less risky osteotomy, must be added. Decompression laminectomy is vital before osteotomy and IOM is crucial during reduction to prevent nerve injury. Even with two osteotomies, there was less blood loss than previously reported. These impressive long-term results call for further research. CONCLUSION: Combined PSO and PO with IOM efficiently magnifies the angular correction without postoperative neurological deficits or excessive blood loss in AS patients with high-angle TLKD.

Moderate sagittal plane deformity patients have similar radiographic and functional outcomes with either anterior or posterior surgery.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to compare the functional and radiographic outcomes of two surgical interventions for adult spinal deformity (ASD): anterior lumbar interbody fusion with anterior column realignment (ALIF-ACR) and posterior approach using Smith-Peterson osteotomy with transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion and pedicle screw fixation (TLIF-Schwab2). METHODS: A retrospective cohort study included 61 ASD patients treated surgically between 2019 and 2020 at a single tertiary orthopedic specialty hospital. Patients were divided into two groups: Group 1 (ALIF-ACR, 29 patients) and Group 2 (TLIF-Schwab2, 32 patients). Spinopelvic radiographic parameters and functional outcomes were evaluated at 3, 6, and 12 months postsurgery. RESULTS: Perioperative outcomes favored the ALIF-ACR group, with significantly smaller blood loss, shorter hospital stay, and operative time. Radiographic and functional outcomes were similar for both groups; however, the ALIF-ACR group did have a greater degree of correction in lumbar lordosis at 12 months. Complication profiles varied, with the ALIF-ACR group experiencing mostly hardware-related complications, while the TLIF-Schwab2 group faced dural tears, wound dehiscence, and proximal junctional kyphosis. Both groups had similar revision rates. CONCLUSION: Both ALIF-ACR and TLIF-Schwab2 achieved similar radiographic and functional outcomes in ASD patients with moderate sagittal plane deformity at 1-year follow-up. However, the safety profiles of the two techniques differed. Further research is required to optimize patient selection for each surgical approach, aiming to minimize perioperative complications and reoperation rates in this challenging patient population.

Fenómeno de Milking secundario a puente intramiocárdico en paciente con bloqueo trifascicular

Introducción: los puentes intramiocárdicos son una modificación anatómica de la circulación coronaria que consisten en secciones anormales en el espesor del miocardio que al formar segmentos tunelizados e incorporarse al epicardio, provocan un ordeñamiento vascular llamado fenómeno de Milking durante la compresión sistólica extrínseca, el cual es responsable de las manifestaciones clínicas y las alteraciones electrocardiográficas. Se describe un caso clínico con el objetivo de comunicar a la comunidad científica las características clínicas, eléctricas y coronariográficas de una paciente con síndrome coronario agudo con bloqueo trifascicular y fenómeno de Milking por puente intramiocárdico. Caso clínico: mujer de56 años, con antecedentes de hipertensión arterial, obesidad e historia de ingresos frecuentes por episodios de angina inestables; fue admitida por angina inestable aguda más bloqueo trifascicular y se confirmó puente intramiocárdico en el segmento medio distal de la arteria descendente anterior izquierda. La optimización de la terapia antiisquémica se basó en Carvedilol, previa implantación de marcapaso permanente. Discusión: los puentes intramiocárdicos causan reducción dinámica de la luz del vaso epicárdico coronario y cuando resulta mayor del 50% condiciona el fenómeno de Milking, el cual es más frecuente en los segmentos medio y distal de la arteria descendente anterior izquierda, su evolución es favorable y responden a la terapéutica con ß bloqueadores de forma adecuada. Conclusiones: la correlación diagnóstica facilitó la aplicación de una conducta invasiva con estimulación transvenosa permanente que permitió iniciar tratamiento betabloqueante lo cual no hubiera sido posible por el trastorno de la conducción intraventricular.

Introduction: Intramyocardial bridges are an anatomical modification of the coronary circulation consisting of abnormal sections in the thickness of the myocardium that, when forming tunnel segments and incorporating into the epicardium, cause vascular milking, the so-called milking phenomenon, during extrinsic systolic compression, which is responsible for the clinical manifestations and electrocardiographic alterations. A clinical case is described with the aim of providing the scientific community with the clinical, electrical and coronary angiographic characteristics of a patient with acute coronary syndrome with trifascicular block and milking phenomenon due to intramyocardial bridging. Case Report: A 56-year-old woman with a history of hypertension, obesity, and frequent admissions for episodes of unstable angina was admitted for acute unstable angina plus trifascicular block and intramyocardial bridging was confirmed in the distal middle segment of the left anterior descending artery. Optimization of anti-ischemic therapy was based on carvedilol after implantation of a permanent pacemaker. Discussion: Intramyocardial bridges cause a dynamic reduction of the coronary epicardial vessel lumen and when it is greater than 50% it causes a milking phenomenon, which is more frequent in the middle and distal segments of the left anterior descending artery, its evolution is favorable and responds adequately to ß-blocker therapy. Conclusions: The diagnostic correlation facilitated the application of an invasive approach with permanent transvenous stimulation, allowing the initiation of beta-blocker treatment, which would not have been possible due to the intraventricular conduction disorder.

Introdução: As pontes intramiocárdicas são uma modificação anatómica da circulação coronária constituída por secções anómalas na espessura do miocárdio que, ao formarem segmentos em túnel e ao incorporarem-se no epicárdio, provocam a ordenha vascular, o chamado fenómeno de ordenha, durante a compressão sistólica extrínseca, responsável pelas manifestações clínicas e alterações electrocardiográficas. Descreve-se um caso clínico como objetivo de dar a conhecer à comunidade científica as características clínicas, eléctricas e coronariográficas de um doente com síndrome coronário agudo com bloqueio trifascicular e fenómeno de milking por bridging intramiocárdico. Relato de Caso: Mulher de 56 anos, com antecedentes de hipertensão arterial, obesidade e internamentos frequentes por episódios de angina instável, foi internada por angina aguda instável com bloqueio trifascicular e confirmação de ponte intramiocárdica no segmento médio distal da artéria descendente anterior. A otimização da terapêutica anti-isquémica foi baseada no carvedilol após implantação de pacemaker definitivo. Discussão: As pontes intramiocárdicas provocam uma redução dinâmica do lúmen do vaso epicárdico coronário e quando esta é superior a 50% provoca um fenómeno de ordenha, mais frequente nos segmentos médio e distal da artéria descendente anterior, a sua evolução é favorável e responde adequadamente à terapêutica com ß-bloqueantes. Conclusões: A correlação diagnóstica facilitou a aplicação de uma abordagem invasiva com estimulação transvenosa permanente, permitindo o início do tratamento com beta-bloqueadores, o que não teria sido possível devido ao distúrbio de condução intraventricular.

Outcomes of Ponte osteotomy combined with posterior lumbar interbody fusion for reconstruction of coronal and sagittal balance in degenerative scoliosis.

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of using Ponte osteotomy combined with posterior lumbar interbody fusion in the treatment of patients with degenerative scoliosis. METHOD: The medical records and imaging data of degenerative scoliosis patients in our department from 2013 to 2022 were retrospectively collected. A total of 47 patients were included, including 16 male patients and 31 female patients. The mean follow-up was 47.8 months. Whole spine X-rays in the standing position were performed on all patients preoperatively, postoperatively, and at the latest follow-up. The length of hospital stay, complications, operative duration, estimated blood loss, instrumented segment, fused segment, clinical scores, and various radiological indicators were recorded. RESULTS: The coronal vertical axis improved from 3.1 ± 1.9 cm preoperatively to 1.2 ± 1.0 cm postoperatively with an average reduction of 1.9 ± 1.7 cm. The preoperative coronal Cobb angle was 18.1 ± 10.6°, the immediate postoperative Cobb angle was 6.6 ± 3.9°, and the Cobb angle at the last follow-up was 5.8 ± 3.7°. The sagittal vertical axis decreased from 5.6 ± 3.7 cm preoperatively to 2.7 ± 1.9 cm immediately after the operation and was well maintained at the last follow-up (3.1 ± 2.5 cm). Lumbar lordosis increased from 22.2 ± 10.2° preoperatively to 40.4 ± 8.3° postoperatively and 36.0 ± 8.8° at the last follow-up. The ODI score, VAS low back pain score, and VAS leg pain score were also improved to varying degrees. CONCLUSION: Ponte osteotomy combined with posterior lumbar interbody fusion can significantly improve coronal and sagittal plane deformities and postoperative functional scores in patients with adult degenerative scoliosis.

Postoperative complications following Schwab-grade-I versus Schwab-grade-II PCO in treating severe rigid kyphoscoliosis patients: comparative matched-group outcomes with minimum 2-year follow-up.

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Standard partial facetectomies, (Smith-Petersen Osteotomy, (SPO), (Schwab-grade-I) and complete facet resection also known as Ponte osteotomy, (PO), (Schwab-grade-II) are narrowly akin and collectively appreciated as posterior column shortening osteotomies (PCOs). The former is considered a gentler osteotomy grade than the latter. The spine literature provides very little information on their comparison regarding perioperative complications and major curve correction rate outcomes. PURPOSE: To determine whether Schwab-grade-I PCO (SPO) and Schwab-grade-II PCO (PO) are comparably safe in the surgical management of severe rigid scoliosis or kyphoscoliosis patients. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING: Retrospective single-center comparative clinical study. PATIENT SAMPLE: A total of 38 patients with severe rigid scoliosis or kyphoscoliosis were propensity score matched in this study, (SPO-treated); n=21 (55.30%) and (PO-treated); n=17 (44.70%), who underwent primary spinal deformity corrective surgery, respectively. OUTCOME MEASURES: Outcomes included demographics, baseline pulmonary functional outcomes, perioperative complications incidence, hospital costs, Oswestry disability index (ODI), and the Scoliosis Research Society-22 (SRS-22) questionnaire scores. METHODS: Following approval by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Beijing Chaoyang Hospital-Affiliated Capital Medical University in Beijing, out of a total of 82 consecutive surgical patients with complete data demonstrating severe and/or rigid spinal deformity, a pool of 38 of the 82 (46.3%) propensity-matched adult (≥18 years) patients with severe rigid scoliosis or kyphoscoliosis defined with a preoperative major curve magnitude of ≥80° on anteroposterior plain radiographs, and flexibility of <25% on bending plain radiographs who underwent primary spinal deformity corrective surgery were retrospectively evaluated. The patients were dichotomized into two osteotomy groups: standard (partial) facetectomy (SPO-treated), n=21 with an average age of 24.67 years, (Schwab-grade-I PCO) and complete facet excision, (PO-treated), (ie, Schwab-grade-II PCO), n=17 with an average age of 23.12 years. The minimum follow-up period was 2 years. Primary outcomes included baseline demographics and clinical features. Secondary outcomes included perioperative [intraoperative, immediate, and 2-year postoperative] complication rates. Tertiary outcomes included perioperative ODI and SRS-22 scores. Statistical analyses were carried out by Student t-test and Pearson's Chi-square test (Fisher's Exact Test), through Python statistical software package. Statistical significance was set at (p<.05). RESULTS: Of the 38 matched severe rigid scoliosis or kyphoscoliosis patients, 55.30% (n=21) were SPO-treated and 44.70% (n=17) were PO-treated patients, respectively. The overall average age of patients was 23.97 years, with a female incidence of 76.32%. Major curve correction rates were 49.19% and 57.40% in SPO-treated and PO-treated patients, respectively, (p>.05). Immediately following surgery, comparable overall complication rates of 28.57% (n=6/21) versus 29.41% (n=5/17) were observed in the SPO-treated and PO-treated patients, respectively, (p=.726). We observed incidences of 9.52%, (n=2/21) versus 5.88%, (n=1/17) for surgical intensive care unit (SICU) admission, and incidences of 4.76%, (n=1/21) versus 5.88%, (n=1/17) for cardiopulmonary events in SPO-treated versus PO-treated patients following corrective surgery, respectively, (p>.05). The incidences of neurological deficits in the SPO-treated and PO-treated patients were respectively, 14.29%, (n=3/21) versus 17.65%, (n=3/17) immediately following surgery, (p>.05), and 0.00%, (n=0/21) in SPO-treated versus 14.28%, (n=3/21) in PO-treated patients at ≥2 years postoperative, (p<.05). Among the three patients that reported neurological deficits in the PO-treated group at ≥2 years postoperative, two patients had pre-existing baseline neurological deficits. The ODI score in the PO-treated group was significantly inferior at a minimum 2-year follow-up, (p<.05). CONCLUSIONS: In the current study, both SPO-treated and PO-treated patients demonstrated statistically comparable surgical complications immediately following corrective surgery. Severe rigid kyphoscoliosis patients with preexisting baseline neurological deficits were more inclined to sustain neurological morbidity following corrective surgery. PCO corrective techniques are warranted as safe options for treating patients with severe rigid spine deformity phenotypes.

Comparison of staged lateral lumbar interbody fusion combined two-stage posterior screw fixation and two osteotomy strategies for adult degeneration scoliosis: a retrospective comparative study.

AIMS: The commonly used treatments of adult degeneration scoliosis (ADS) were posterior long segment screw fixation with osteotomies. Recently, lateral lumbar intervertebral fusion combined two-stage posterior screw fixation (LLIF + PSF) as a new strategy without osteotomy. Herein, this study aimed to compare the clinical and radiological outcomes among LLIF + PSF and pedicle subtraction osteotomy (PSO), posterior column osteotomies (PCO). METHODS: Totals of 139 ADS patients underwent operation with 2 years longer follow-up visit between January 2013 and January 2018 in Ningbo No.6 Hospital were enrolled into this study. 58 patients were included in PSO group, 45 in PCO group and 36 in LLIF + PSF group, The clinical and radiological data were reviewed from medical records. Baseline characteristic, perioperative radiological data (sagittal vertical axis (SVA), coronal balance (CB), Cobb angle of Mian curve (MC), Lumbar lordosis (LL), pelvic tilt (PT) and pelvic incidence-lumbar lordosis mismatch (PI-LL)), clinical outcomes (VAS of back and leg, Oswestry disability index (ODI) and Scoliosis Research Society 22-question Questionnaire (SRS-22)) and complications were evaluated and compared. RESULT: There were no significantly difference in baseline characteristics, preoperative radiological parameters and clinical outcomes among three groups. LLIF + PSF group was significantly shorter in operation time than other two groups (P < 0.05), whereas significant longer hospital stay was observed in LLIF + PSF group (P < 0.05). As for radiological parameters, LLIF + PSF group had significantly improvement in SVA, CB, MC, LL and PI-LL (P < 0.05). Moreover, LLIF + PSF group achieved significantly less correction loss in SVA, CB and PT than PSO and PCO group (1.5 ± 0.7 VS 2.0 ± 0.9 VS 2.2 ± 0.8, P < 0.05; 1.0 ± 0.4 VS 1.3 ± 0.5 VS 1.1 ± 0.7, P < 0.05 and 4.2 ± 2.8 VS 7.2 ± 3.1 VS 6.0 ± 2.8, P < 0.05). Significantly recovery in VAS of back and leg, ODI score and SRS-22 were found among all groups, however, LLIF + PSF shown significant better clinical therapy maintain at follow-up visit than other two groups (P < 0.05). There were no significantly difference in complications among groups (P = 0.66). CONCLUSION: Lateral lumbar interbody fusion combined two-stage posterior screw fixation (LLIF + PSF) can achieve comparable clinical therapy for adult degeneration scoliosis as osteotomy strategies. However, furthermore more studies need be taken for verifying the effect of LLIF + PSF in the future.

Introduction of a Novel Sequential Approach to the Ponte Osteotomy to Minimize Spinal Canal Exposure.

Ponte osteotomy is an increasingly popular technique for multiplanar correction of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Prior cadaveric studies have suggested that sequential posterior spinal releases increase spinal flexibility. Here we introduce a novel technique involving a sequential approach to the Ponte osteotomy that minimizes spinal canal exposure. One fresh-frozen adult human cadaveric thoracic spine specimen with 4 cm of ribs was divided into three sections (T1-T5, T6-T9, T10-L1) and mounted for biomechanical testing. Each segment was loaded with five Newton meters under four conditions: baseline inferior facetectomy with supra/interspinous ligament release, superior articular process (SAP) osteotomy in situ, spinous process (SP) osteotomy in situ, and complete posterior column osteotomy with SP/SAP excision and ligamentum flavum release (PCO). Compared to baseline, in situ SAP osteotomy alone provided 3.5%, 7.6%, and 7.2% increase in flexion/extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation, respectively. In situ SP osteotomy increased flexion/extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation by 15%, 18%, and 10.3%, respectively. PCO increased flexion/extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation by 19.6%, 28.3%, and 12.2%, respectively. Our report introduces a novel approach where incremental increases in range of motion can be achieved with minimal spinal canal exposure and demonstrates feasibility in a cadaveric model.

Prevenção Farmacológica Secundária da Doença Arterial Coronariana em Pacientes Submetidos ao Manejo Clínico, Intervenção Coronária Percutânea ou Cirurgia de Revascularização Miocárdica / Secondary Pharmacological Prevention of Coronary Artery Disease among Patients Submitted to Clinical Management, Percutaneous Coronary Intervention, or Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery

Resumo Fundamento A prevenção secundária é recomendada a pacientes com evidência de doença arterial coronariana (DAC) independentemente da indicação de tratamento por cirurgia de bypass da artéria coronária (CABG) ou intervenção coronária percutânea (ICP). Objetivos Este estudo avaliou se o tratamento clínico, a ICP ou o CABG teve influência na adesão à prevenção secundária farmacológica em pacientes com DAC estável. Métodos Esta coorte incluiu pacientes com idade ≥40 anos com DAC estável confirmada por angiografia coronária estável. A decisão por tratamento clínico isolado, ou combinado com ICP ou CABG foi feita por médicos assistentes. A adesão às drogas prescritas recomendadas pelas diretrizes de prevenção secundária (tratamento farmacológico ótimo), incluindo agentes antiplaquetários, drogas hipolipemianetes, betabloqueadores, e bloqueadores do sistema angiotensina aldosterona, foi avaliada no acompanhamento. Diferenças com valores de p < 0,05 foram consideradas estatisticamente significativas. Resultados Dos 928 pacientes incluídos inicialmente, 415 apresentaram DAC leve e 66 apresentaram DAC leve a moderada. O período médio de seguimento foi 5,2 ± 1,5 anos. Os pacientes submetidos ao CABG apresentaram maior probabilidade de receberem tratamento farmacológico ótimo que aqueles submetidos à ICP ou tratamento clínico (63,5% versus 39,1% versus 45,7% respectivamente, p=0,003). Fatores basais independentemente associados com maior probabilidade de prescrição de tratamento ótimo foram CABG [39% maior (6% - 83%, p=0,017)] em comparação a outros tratamentos e diabetes [25% maior (1% - 56%), p=0,042] em comparação à ausência de diabetes. Conclusões Pacientes com DAC submetidos ao CABG são mais frequentemente tratados com prevenção secundária farmacológica ótima que pacientes tratados com ICP ou exclusivamente com tratamento clínico.

Abstract Background Secondary prevention is recommended for patients with evidence of coronary artery disease (CAD) regardless of the indication for treatment by coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Objectives This study evaluated whether clinical treatment, PCI or CABG had an influence on adherence to the pharmacological secondary prevention in patients with stable CAD. Methods This cohort included patients aged ≥40 years with stable CAD confirmed by coronary angiography. The decision for medical treatment alone, or additionally with PCI or CABG, was made by the attending physicians. Adherence to the prescribed drugs recommended by the guidelines for secondary prevention (optimal pharmacological treatment), including antiplatelet agents, lipid-lowering drugs, beta-blockers, and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockers, was assessed at follow-up. Differences were considered significant for p values <0.05. Results From 928 patients enrolled at baseline, 415 had mild CAD and 66 moderate to severe CAD. The average follow-up was 5.2 ± 1.5 years. Patients submitted to CABG were more likely to receive the optimal pharmacological treatment than those submitted to PCI or treated clinically (63.5% versus 39.1% versus 45.7% respectively, p=0.003). Baseline factors independently associated with greater probability of having a prescription of optimal treatment at follow-up were CABG [39% higher (6% - 83%, p=0.017) and diabetes [25% higher (1% - 56%), p=0.042] than their counterparts treated by other methods and participants without diabetes, respectively. Conclusions Patients with CAD submitted to CABG are more commonly treated with optimal pharmacological secondary prevention than patients treated by PCI or exclusively with medical therapy.

Implantação de stent na bifurcação do tronco da coronária esquerda: uma análise em 2023 / Left main bifurcation stenting: a 2023 appraisal

Por várias décadas, a revascularização do miocárdio foi considerada o tratamento padrão-ouro de lesões não protegidas do tronco da coronária esquerda. No entanto, a acessibilidade anatômica e o grande calibre dos vasos tornam as lesões de tronco uma opção atraente para a intervenção coronária percutânea. A aplicação dessa intervenção nesse cenário foi expandida ainda mais como resultado da introdução de novos stents farmacológicos, com rápidos avanços em técnicas, dispositivos e farmacoterapias adjuvantes. As evidências atuais têm demonstrado que pacientes com complexidade coronariana baixa ou intermediária têm desfechos similares com a intervenção coronária percutânea ou a revascularização cirúrgica do miocárdio por até 10 anos. O tratamento das lesões da bifurcação do tronco da coronária esquerda continua tecnicamente complexo, apesar dos recentes avanços. A abordagem provisional é a estratégia padrão na maioria dos tipos de lesões da bifurcação do tronco da coronária esquerda. No entanto, algumas lesões complexas da bifurcação do tronco da coronária esquerda justificariam uma técnica eletiva com implante de dois stents. A abordagem integrada, que incorpora técnicas dedicadas, uma avaliação fisiológica e anatômica adjuvante e agentes farmacológicos, é fundamental para abordar com sucesso esse desafio ímpar e melhorar os desfechos clínicos.

For several decades coronary bypass grafting has been considered the gold standard treatment for unprotected left main coronary artery lesions. However, the anatomic accessibility and the large caliber of the vessel render the percutaneous coronary intervention a very attractive treatment option for left main coronary artery lesions. The use of percutaneous coronary intervention in this subset of lesions has been further expanded as a result of the introduction of newer drug-eluting stents along with rapid advancements in techniques, devices, and adjunctive pharmacotherapies. The current evidence has demonstrated that patients with low or intermediate coronary complexity treated with percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary bypass grafting have comparable outcomes, for up to 10 years. Treatment of left main bifurcation lesions remains technically demanding despite recent developments. The provisional approach is the default strategy in most types of left main bifurcation lesions. However, a few complex left main bifurcation lesions would warrant an elective two-stent technique. An integrated approach incorporating custom- tailored techniques, adjunctive physiological and morphologic evaluation, and pharmacologic agents is critical to tackle this unique challenge and improve clinical outcomes.

Comparação de Soluções Cardioplégicas em Cirurgia de Revascularização Miocárdica sobre Mecanismos de Autofagia e Apoptose / Comparison of Cardioplegic Solutions in Coronary Bypass Surgery Over Autophagy and Apoptosis Mechanisms

Resumo Fundamento A doença arterial coronariana (DAC) devido à isquemia miocárdica causa perda permanente de tecido cardíaco. Objetivos Nosso objetivo foi demonstrar o possível dano ao miocárdio em nível molecular através dos mecanismos de autofagia e apoptose em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica. Métodos Um grupo recebeu uma solução de cardioplegia Custodiol e o outro grupo uma solução de cardioplegia sanguínea. Duas amostras miocárdicas foram coletadas de cada paciente durante a operação, imediatamente antes da parada cardíaca e após a liberação do pinçamento aórtico. Foram avaliadas as expressões de marcadores de autofagia e apoptose. O nível de significância estatística adotado foi de 5%. Resultados A expressão do gene BECLIN foi significativa nos tecidos miocárdicos do grupo CS (p=0,0078). Os níveis de expressão dos genes CASPASE 3, 8 e 9 foram significativamente menores no grupo CC. Os níveis pós-operatórios de TnT foram significativamente diferentes entre os grupos (p=0,0072). As expressões dos genes CASPASE 8 e CASPASE 9 foram semelhantes antes e depois do pinçamento aórtico (p=0,8552, p=0,8891). No grupo CC, os níveis de expressão gênica de CASPASE 3, CASPASE 8 e CASPASE 9 não foram significativamente diferentes em amostras de tecido coletadas após pinçamento aórtico (p=0,7354, p=0,0758, p=0,4128, respectivamente). Conclusões Com nossos achados, acreditamos que as soluções CC e CS não apresentam diferença significativa em termos de proteção miocárdica durante as operações de by-pass.

Abstract Background Coronary artery disease (CAD) due to myocardial ischemia causes permanent loss of heart tissue. Objectives We aimed to demonstrate the possible damage to the myocardium at the molecular level through the mechanisms of autophagy and apoptosis in coronary bypass surgery patients. Methods One group was administered a Custodiol cardioplegia solution, and the other group was administered a Blood cardioplegia solution. Two myocardial samples were collected from each patient during the operation, just before cardiac arrest and after the aortic cross-clamp was released. The expressions of autophagy and apoptosis markers were evaluated. The level of statistical significance adopted was 5%. Results The expression of the BECLIN gene was significant in the myocardial tissues in the BC group (p=0.0078). CASPASE 3, 8, and 9 gene expression levels were significantly lower in the CC group. Postoperative TnT levels were significantly different between the groups (p=0.0072). CASPASE 8 and CASPASE 9 gene expressions were similar before and after aortic cross-clamping (p=0.8552, p=0.8891). In the CC group, CASPASE 3, CASPASE 8, and CASPASE 9 gene expression levels were not found to be significantly different in tissue samples taken after aortic cross-clamping (p=0.7354, p=0.0758, p=0.4128, respectively). Conclusions With our findings, we believe that CC and BC solutions do not have a significant difference in terms of myocardial protection during bypass operations.

Incidência e Estudo Morfológico de Pontes Miocárdicas no Estado do Ceará: Um Estudo Cadavérico / Incidence and Morphological Study of Myocardial Bridge in the State of Ceará: A Cadaveric Study

Resumo Fundamento As pontes miocárdicas (PM) são anomalias anatômicas com possíveis repercussões clínicas, e, portanto, seu entendimento merece atenção. Objetivo Para determinar a prevalência e caracterizar a PM em corações humanos do estado do Ceará. Métodos: Foram usados cinquenta corações de cadáveres humanos adultos da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Ceará, Brasil. Os corações foram dissecados para identificar PMs que passam sobre parte da artéria coronária. O segmento da artéria (proximal, médio e distal) com a ponte foi identificado. O diâmetro externo da artéria nos pontos proximal e distal da PM foi medido. O comprimento e a espessura da PM também foram medidos com um calibre eletrônico. O índice de massa muscular (IMM) da PM foi calculado como o produto do comprimento pela espessura expresso em milímetros. O nível de significância adotado para a análise estatística foi 5%. Resultados A PM foi confirmada em 40% da amostra. Aproximadamente um terço da amostra tinha apenas 1 PM. A PM foi encontrada mais frequentemente sobre o ramo interventricular anterior da artéria coronária esquerda (59,25%, p = 0,02), e sua prevalência em outros ramos foi muito mais baixa (22,23%). Os segmentos das artérias mais afetados foram o superior (44,44%) e o médio (40,74%). O diâmetro médio das artérias proximais em relação à PM foi de 2,38 ± 0,97 mm (intervalo = 0,78 - 5,15 mm), e o diâmetro distal da PM foi de 1,71 ± 0,75 mm (intervalo = 0,42 - 3,58 mm). O comprimento foi medido como média = 8,55 ± 5,27 mm, e a espessura média foi de 0,89 ± 0,33 mm. Conclusão A alta prevalência de PM tem mais probabilidade de afetar o sistema da artéria coronária esquerda com IMM maior do que outros ramos afetados.

Abstract Background Myocardial bridges (MB) are anatomical anomalies with possible clinical repercussions; hence, their understanding deserves attention. Objective To determinate the prevalence and characterize MB in human hearts from the state of Ceará. Methods: Fifty hearts of adult human cadavers from the Medicine School of Federal University of Ceará, Brazil. The hearts were dissected to identify MBs that pass over part of the coronary artery. The segment of the artery (proximal, middle, and distal) with a bridge was identified. The external diameter of the artery at the proximal and distal points of the MB was measured. The length and thickness of the MB were also measured with an electronic caliper. The muscle index (MMI) of the MB was calculated as the product of length and thickness expressed in millimeters. The significance level adopted in the statistical analysis was 5%. Results MB was confirmed in 40% of sample. Approximately one third of the sample had only 1 MB. MB was most frequently found over the anterior interventricular branch of the left coronary artery (59.25%, p=0.02), and its prevalence in other branches was much lower (22.23%). The most affected segments of arteries were the superior (44.44%) and medium (40.74%). The mean diameter of arteries proximal to the MB was 2.38±0.97mm (range=0.78-5.15mm), and the diameter distal to the MB was 1.71±0.75mm (range=0.42-3.58mm). The length was measured as mean=8.55±5.27mm, while the mean thickness was 0.89±0.33mm. Conclusion A high prevalence of MB is more likely to affect the left coronary artery system with larger MMI than other affected branches.

Do hypokyphotic adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients treated with Ponte osteotomy obtain a better clinical efficacy? A preliminary retrospective study.

STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective case-control study. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether Ponte osteotomy improves thoracic kyphosis and to determine its clinical efficacy in hypokyphotic adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). METHODS: Eighty consecutive Lenke type 1 AIS patients with hypokyphotic curves who underwent posterior spinal fusion by one spine surgeon at a single institution were recruited. According to whether Ponte osteotomy was performed, the patients were divided into two groups. The preoperative, immediate, one-year postoperative, and two-year postoperative radiographs were analyzed. The demographic characteristics, surgical information, radiographic parameters, Scoliosis Research Societye-22 (SRS-22) questionnaire, and complications were compared. RESULTS: The sagittal alignment and coronal alignment were both improved in the Ponte group and the control group postoperatively. There was no significant difference in the preoperative parameters between the two groups, except the TL/L, CB, and LL. Significant differences were found in the MT (15.18° ± 2.84° vs. 20.33° ± 3.75°, P < 0.001) and TK (24.23° ± 2.71° vs. 19.93° ± 2.38°, P < 0.001) at the two-year follow-up. The Ponte group had a longer operation time and more intraoperative blood loss. No significant difference was observed between the groups in the SRS-22 scores at the final follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Ponte osteotomy could obtain better coronal correction and sagittal contour restoration in AIS patients with hypokyphosis. However, Ponte osteotomies might lead to more intraoperative blood loss and longer operation time. Moreover, no discrepancy was found in the postoperative health-related quality of life of the included patients. Therefore, we considered that the Ponte osteotomy may be an alternative method to restore the desired thoracic kyphosis, which needs further study.

Mechanical circulatory support in children: Strategies, challenges and future directions.

INTRODUCTION: The use of mechanical circulatory support (MCS) in the pediatric population has evolved significantly in the past 20 years, but its management still poses several challenges. We aim to describe patient characteristics, outcomes, and morbidity associated with different modalities of MCS, in a tertiary center. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of data from all the children who underwent MCS between 2002 and 2018 at a pediatric cardiology unit. RESULTS: Between 2002 and 2018, 22 devices were implanted in 20 patients. Patients were divided into three groups: Group A (n=11) extracorporeal membrane oxygenator (ECMO); Group B (n=8) pulsatile paracorporeal ventricular assist device (VAD) and group C (n=3) paracorporeal continuous flow VAD. The median age was similar in groups A and B (18 and 23 months, respectively), and higher in group C (13 years). ECMO patients were cannulated mainly as a bridge to recovery (post cardiotomy- 8) while group B and C patients were bridged to transplantation. The most frequent complications were bleeding (group A - 36%, group C - 66.6%) and thromboembolic events (group B - 50%, group C - 33.3%). As for outcomes, in group A the majority of patients (54.5%) were weaned and 27.3% died. Half of group B and all of group C patients underwent transplantation. CONCLUSION: Bleeding and thromboembolic events were the main complications observed. Group B showed the highest mortality, probably related to the low weight of the patients. Overall, outcomes and complications are related to the type of device and patient status and characteristics.

Multisegment transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) combined with Ponte osteotomy in degenerative lumbar scoliosis (DLS) surgery: a minimum of five years' follow-up.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the long-term clinical outcomes of degenerative lumbar scoliosis (DLS) with the administration of multisegment transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) combined with Ponte osteotomy long-level fixation fusion, as well as to identify the factors affecting health-related quality of life (HRQOL). METHODS: This was a retrospective single-centre study involving comprehensive clinical data. The Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), visual analog scale (VAS) outcomes, and Scoliosis Research Society (SRS-22) questionnaire were recorded to assess HRQOL. A correlation analysis was performed to determine the association between HRQOL and radiographic parameters. RESULTS: A total of 41 consecutive patients (15 males and 26 females) met the inclusion criteria with a follow-up of 8.62 ± 1.20 years. Factors associated with HRQOL were significantly improved post-operation. Global sagittal parameters, including the sagittal vertebral axis (SVA) and T1 pelvic angle (TPA), and local parameters, including apical vertebral translation (AVT) and apical vertebral rotation (AVR), were significantly improved at the last follow-up. Significantly strong correlations between each clinical and radiographic parameter were demonstrated. Moreover, a multiple linear regression analysis demonstrated that the differences in AVT and AVR were significantly correlated with the difference in lumbar lordosis (LL), which was significantly correlated with the differences in SVA and TPA. CONCLUSION: The surgical treatment of DLS with multisegment TLIF accompanied by Ponte osteotomy and long-level fixations improved the quality of life of patients with a long-term effect. AVR correction is an important factor for LL restoration that significantly correlates with improvements in the sagittal balance parameters SVA and TPA, which are key factors for guaranteeing good HRQOL.

Complication risks and costs associated with Ponte osteotomies in surgical treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: insights from a national database.

PURPOSE: Risks of Ponte osteotomies (POs) used for posterior spinal fusion (PSF) for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS) are challenging to assess because of the rarity of complications. Using a national administrative claims database, we evaluated trends, costs and complications associated with PO used in PSF for AIS patients. METHODS: Using ICD-9/CPT codes, we identified patients (ages 10-18) with AIS who underwent PSF (± PO) between 2007 and 2015 in the IBM® MarketScan® Commercial Databases. Costs and trends of POs were evaluated. Odds of neurological complications and readmissions within 90 days and reoperations within 90 days and 2 years were assessed. RESULTS: We identified 8881 AIS patients who had undergone PSF, of which 8193 had 90-day follow-up and 4248 had 2-year follow-up. Overall, 28.8% had PO. Annual rate of POs increased from 17.3 to 35.2% from 2007 to 2015 (p < 0.001). Risk-adjusted multivariable logistic regression demonstrated no relationship between POs and neurologic complications (p = 0.543). POs were associated with higher odds for readmission (1.52 [1.21-1.91]; p < 0.001) and reoperation (2.03 [1.13-3.59]; p = 0.015) within 90 days, but there were no differences in the odds of reoperation within 2 years (p = 0.836). Median hospital costs were $15,854 (17.4%) higher for patients with POs (p < 0.001) and multivariable modeling demonstrated POs to be an independent predictor of increased costs (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Annual rate of POs increased steadily from 2007 to 2015. POs were not associated with increased odds of neurological complications but had higher costs and higher rates of readmissions and reoperations within 90 days. By 2 years, differences in reoperation rate were not significant. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.