Spatial distribution and population dynamics of free-roaming (stray and semi-domiciled) dogs in a major Brazilian city.

Introduction: Although estimate models have been proposed to determine free-roaming (both stray and semi-domiciled) dog populations, to date, no study has focused on the three major border areas of Brazil. Therefore, the present study assessed the free-roaming dog population of Foz do Iguaçu, a major far-west Brazilian city located in a three-border area (Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay), which is considered among the top five Brazilian tourist destinations. Methods: Capture-release sampling was performed in three phases with a 6-month interval and 10-day duration of each phase, totaling 18 months, between 2018 and 2019. Results: A total of 1,273 dogs were estimated in the first [95% confidence interval (CI), 468-2,078 dogs], 904 in the second (95%CI, 452-1,355 dogs), and 1,564 in the third (95%CI, 521-2,607 dogs) capture phases in this area, suggesting a population density of 18.4 dogs/km2 (6.1-30.6 dogs/km2, 95% CI). Of all free-roaming dogs, 452/1,125 (40.2%) were stray with no confirmed ownership or household, whereas 672/1,125 (59.8%) had a known origin, among which 625/1,125 (55.6%) were semi-domiciled with ownership or a household, 36/1,125 (3.2%) were neighborhood dogs with maintainers, and 11/1,125 (1.0%) were owned by recycling material collectors and homeless individuals. The majority of the 1,125 dogs (862/1,125; 76.6%) had an ideal body condition score. The high outdoor access of owned dogs is likely caused by cultural behavior. However, because 533/1,125 (47.4%) of the free-roaming dogs presented with clinical abnormalities, irresponsible ownership may have negatively impacted dog health and welfare. Discussion: This study was the first to establish the density of free-roaming dogs, the ratio of stray and semi-domiciled dogs, and their dynamics over time in Foz do Iguaçu. The findings may serve as a warning for the high level of dog outdoor access and irresponsible guardianship, which may negatively affect animal health and welfare, leading to diseases, accidents, trauma, and animal cruelty.

Nano-encapsulated Cu(II) complex as a promising insecticidal for Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae).

Nanoparticle (NP) research is an area of scientific interest with high potential for application in biomedical, optical, and electronic fields. Due to their relatively large surface area compared to their mass, NPs can be more chemically reactive and change their reactive strength or other properties. NP-based drug delivery systems provide transport and an effective and controlled way to release the drugs. This work aimed to study the solubility and biological activity of nano-encapsulated copper metal complexes for the induction of toxicity and mortality in larvae of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. After the nano-encapsulated metal complexes were prepared, the efficiency of this incorporation was determined by electron paramagnetic resonance, and toxicity bioassays were performed. The polymeric-based PLGA NPs encapsulating metal complexes exhibited high toxicity and specificity for target organisms (insect vectors, i.e., A. aegypti), with relatively less environmental impact and long-term control of their breeding.

Surgical Anatomy for Sterilization Procedures in Female Capybaras.

Capybaras are the largest rodents cohabiting with humans within urban and peri-urban green areas and are known by their prolificity. Surgical contraception has been recommended by official organizations as a way to control capybara populations in areas of zoonotic disease transmission, but little data are available concerning surgical anatomy. To obtain objective anatomical descriptions related to reproductive organs, eight female capybaras cadavers were dissected. The stratigraphy of the lateral (flank) and ventral, post-umbilical (on the linea alba) abdominal wall is described as well as the vascular anatomy of reproductive organs and their syntopy with the abdominal viscera. We commented on the access to the uterine tubes and uterine horns for each approach, and for better description of abdominal wall stratigraphy, abdominal ultrasonography was performed in one live female. All of the animals were provenient from "in situ" population management projects that were properly authorized. Similar abdominal wall stratigraphy was found in comparison to domestic mammals, with emphasis on a thick cutaneous muscle, a thin linea alba, and a large, loose cecum. The uterine tubes were easily accessed by bilateral laparotomy, allowing tubal removal/ligation procedures, while uterine horn exposure was more readily reached by a midline post umbilical celiotomy, favoring horn ligature and hysterotomy techniques. This study can help achieve more efficient contraceptive surgeries in capybaras, reducing the total surgical time and enhancing animal welfare.

Inhibitory Copulation Effect of Vibrational Rival Female Signals of Three Stink Bug Species as a Tool for Mating Disruption.

Stink bugs are major pests in diverse crops around the world. Pest management strategies based on insect behavioral manipulation could help to develop biorational management strategies of stink bugs. Insect mating disruption using vibratory signals is an approach with high potential for pest management. The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of conspecific female rival signals on the mating behavior and copulation of three stink bug species to establish their potential for mating disruption. Previously recorded female rival signals were played back to bean plants where pairs of the Neotropical brown stink bug, Euschistus heros, and two green stink bugs, Chinavia ubica and Chinavia impicticornis were placed. Vibratory communication and mating behavior were recorded for each pair throughout the experimental time (20 min). Female rival signals show a disrupting effect on the reproductive behavior of three conspecific investigated stink bug species. This effect was more clearly expressed in E. heros and C. ubica than in C. impicticornis. The likelihood of copulating in pairs placed on control plants, without rival signals, increased 29.41 times in E. heros, 4.6 times in C. ubica and 1.71 times in C. impicticornis. However, in the last case, the effect of female rivalry signals in copulation was not significant. The effect of mating disruption of female rival signals of the three stink bug species may originate from the observed reduction in specific vibratory communication signals emitted, which influences the duet formation and further development of different phases of mating behavior. Our results suggest that female rival signals have potential for application in manipulation and disruption of mating behavior of stink bugs. Further work needs to focus on the effects of female rival signals used in long duration experiments and also their interactions with chemical communication of stink bugs.

Reproductive control of capybaras through sterilization in areas at risk of transmission of brazilian spotted fever / Controle reprodutivo de capivaras através de esterilização em áreas de risco de transmissão da febre maculosa brasileira

Groups of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) are currently frequent inhabitants of urban areas. The species participates in the transmission cycle of Brazilian spotted fever (BSF), a zoonosis that is caused by the bacteria R. rickettsii and transmitted by vector ticks. This has led to discussions on strategies to decrease the presence of this rodent through contraceptive methods and euthanasia, thus reducing their capacity to carry and transport ticks, which would be an important contribution to public health. Two condominiums and one business establishment in the interior of the state of São Paulo were used as case studies in the present investigation. All areas were classified by the Endemic Control Superintendence as risk areas for the transmission of BSF and presented the specie of ticks A. sculptum and A. dubitatum The objective of this study was to carry out sterilization procedures with animals that presented seropositive results for BSF. A total of 85 surgical procedures were conducted on immune capybaras, with authorization from DeFau/SMA-SP. For all procedures the animals were anesthetized with ketamine hydrochloride combined with xylazine and morphine. Two alpha males isolated themselves from the group after the vasectomy procedure, returning to their hierarchical position after 5 to 14 days. Population monitoring in the areas should be maintained indefinitely and conducting annual serological management until the natural death of these individuals. Tubal ligation, vasectomy and salpingo-oophorectomy were demonstrated to be simple and low-risk procedures in capybaras. These techniques assist in the population control of this species in enclosed areas with risk of BSF transmission, thus decreasing the need for euthanasia.(AU)

Grupos de capivaras (H. hydrochaeris) são atualmente habitantes frequentes de áreas urbanas. A espécie participa do ciclo de transmissão da febre maculosa brasileira (FMB), uma zoonose causada pela bactéria R. rickettsii e transmitida por carrapatos vetoriais. Isso levou a discussões sobre estratégias para diminuir a presença desse roedor por meio de métodos contraceptivos e eutanásia, reduzindo sua capacidade de carrear e transportar carrapatos, o que seria uma importante contribuição para a saúde pública. Dois condomínios e um estabelecimento comercial no interior de São Paulo foram utilizados como estudos de caso na presente investigação. Todas as áreas foram classificadas pela Superintendência de Controle Endêmico como áreas de risco para a transmissão da FMB e apresentaram a espécie do carrapato A. sculptum e A. dubitatum. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar procedimentos de esterilização com animais que apresentaram resultados soropositivos para a FMB. Foram realizados 85 procedimentos cirúrgicos em capivaras imunes, com autorização do DeFau / SMA-SP. Para todos os procedimentos, os animais foram anestesiados com cloridrato de cetamina combinado com xilazina e morfina. Dois machos alfa se isolaram do grupo após o procedimento de vasectomia, retornando à sua posição hierárquica após 5 a 14 dias. O monitoramento populacional nas áreas deve ser mantido indefinidamente e conduzindo-se o manejo sorológico anual até a morte natural desses indivíduos. Foi possível demonstrar que a ligação tubária, vasectomia e salpingo-ooforectomia são procedimentos de baixo risco em capivaras. Essas técnicas auxiliam no controle populacional desta espécie em áreas fechadas e com risco de transmissão de FMB, diminuindo a necessidade de eutanásia.(AU)

Ovariosalpingohysterectomy technique adapted in bitches (Canis familiaris): advantages and limitations

Background: The ovariosalpingohysterectomy (OSH) is one of the most performed surgeries in bitches often used in population control. Surgical techniques that decrease the chances of operative complications and cause less nociceptive stimulation and acute pain to the patient are highly sought after by veterinarians. We evaluated the inverted OSH technique (IT), which, after celiotomy, begins with the ligature execution, transection of the uterine body and subsequent ligation and ovarian disinsertion. The purpose of this investigation was to analyze aspects of IT execution in bitches, such as visceral manipulation, access to the uterus and ovaries, and surgical time compared to the traditional technique. Materials, Methods & Results: Inverted OSH was compared to the so-called traditional OSH technique, characterized by the initial removal of the ovaries followed by uterine section. The OSH techniques were performed in 24 healthy animals, with a body condition score of up to six (on a nine-point scale) in dogs aged between seven months and five years. All dogs were from the Birth Control Program of Dogs and Cats of the UFRRJ and were distributed into two groups: traditional technique (TT) and inverted technique (IT). Surgeries and anesthesia were carried out by the same veterinarian crew (surgeon, surgical assistant, and anesthesiologist). OSH techniques were evaluated by the surgeon and surgical assistant using semiquantitative analysis (multiple-choice questionnaire with closed questions that pointed scores related to the ease of uterine and ovarian manipulation, as well as to the level of manipulation of the intestinal and urinary vesicle) and qualitative descriptive methods (report of techniques with the opinion of surgeons and an external evaluator-veterinarian surgeon who attended surgeries). Also, the total surgical time and the indication of a positive analgesic response according to changes in the vital parameters observed by the anesthesiologist during specific moments of the operation were…(AU)

Ovariosalpingohysterectomy technique adapted in bitches (Canis familiaris): advantages and limitations

Background: The ovariosalpingohysterectomy (OSH) is one of the most performed surgeries in bitches often used in population control. Surgical techniques that decrease the chances of operative complications and cause less nociceptive stimulation and acute pain to the patient are highly sought after by veterinarians. We evaluated the inverted OSH technique (IT), which, after celiotomy, begins with the ligature execution, transection of the uterine body and subsequent ligation and ovarian disinsertion. The purpose of this investigation was to analyze aspects of IT execution in bitches, such as visceral manipulation, access to the uterus and ovaries, and surgical time compared to the traditional technique. Materials, Methods & Results: Inverted OSH was compared to the so-called traditional OSH technique, characterized by the initial removal of the ovaries followed by uterine section. The OSH techniques were performed in 24 healthy animals, with a body condition score of up to six (on a nine-point scale) in dogs aged between seven months and five years. All dogs were from the Birth Control Program of Dogs and Cats of the UFRRJ and were distributed into two groups: traditional technique (TT) and inverted technique (IT). Surgeries and anesthesia were carried out by the same veterinarian crew (surgeon, surgical assistant, and anesthesiologist). OSH techniques were evaluated by the surgeon and surgical assistant using semiquantitative analysis (multiple-choice questionnaire with closed questions that pointed scores related to the ease of uterine and ovarian manipulation, as well as to the level of manipulation of the intestinal and urinary vesicle) and qualitative descriptive methods (report of techniques with the opinion of surgeons and an external evaluator-veterinarian surgeon who attended surgeries). Also, the total surgical time and the indication of a positive analgesic response according to changes in the vital parameters observed by the anesthesiologist during specific moments of the operation were

Reproductive control of capybaras through sterilization in areas at risk of transmission of brazilian spotted fever / Controle reprodutivo de capivaras através de esterilização em áreas de risco de transmissão da febre maculosa brasileira

ABSTRACT: Groups of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) are currently frequent inhabitants of urban areas. The species participates in the transmission cycle of Brazilian spotted fever (BSF), a zoonosis that is caused by the bacteria R. rickettsii and transmitted by vector ticks. This has led to discussions on strategies to decrease the presence of this rodent through contraceptive methods and euthanasia, thus reducing their capacity to carry and transport ticks, which would be an important contribution to public health. Two condominiums and one business establishment in the interior of the state of São Paulo were used as case studies in the present investigation. All areas were classified by the Endemic Control Superintendence as risk areas for the transmission of BSF and presented the specie of ticks A. sculptum and A. dubitatum The objective of this study was to carry out sterilization procedures with animals that presented seropositive results for BSF. A total of 85 surgical procedures were conducted on immune capybaras, with authorization from DeFau/SMA-SP. For all procedures the animals were anesthetized with ketamine hydrochloride combined with xylazine and morphine. Two alpha males isolated themselves from the group after the vasectomy procedure, returning to their hierarchical position after 5 to 14 days. Population monitoring in the areas should be maintained indefinitely and conducting annual serological management until the natural death of these individuals. Tubal ligation, vasectomy and salpingo-oophorectomy were demonstrated to be simple and low-risk procedures in capybaras. These techniques assist in the population control of this species in enclosed areas with risk of BSF transmission, thus decreasing the need for euthanasia.

RESUMO: Grupos de capivaras (H. hydrochaeris) são atualmente habitantes frequentes de áreas urbanas. A espécie participa do ciclo de transmissão da febre maculosa brasileira (FMB), uma zoonose causada pela bactéria R. rickettsii e transmitida por carrapatos vetoriais. Isso levou a discussões sobre estratégias para diminuir a presença desse roedor por meio de métodos contraceptivos e eutanásia, reduzindo sua capacidade de carrear e transportar carrapatos, o que seria uma importante contribuição para a saúde pública. Dois condomínios e um estabelecimento comercial no interior de São Paulo foram utilizados como estudos de caso na presente investigação. Todas as áreas foram classificadas pela Superintendência de Controle Endêmico como áreas de risco para a transmissão da FMB e apresentaram a espécie do carrapato A. sculptum e A. dubitatum. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar procedimentos de esterilização com animais que apresentaram resultados soropositivos para a FMB. Foram realizados 85 procedimentos cirúrgicos em capivaras imunes, com autorização do DeFau / SMA-SP. Para todos os procedimentos, os animais foram anestesiados com cloridrato de cetamina combinado com xilazina e morfina. Dois machos alfa se isolaram do grupo após o procedimento de vasectomia, retornando à sua posição hierárquica após 5 a 14 dias. O monitoramento populacional nas áreas deve ser mantido indefinidamente e conduzindo-se o manejo sorológico anual até a morte natural desses indivíduos. Foi possível demonstrar que a ligação tubária, vasectomia e salpingo-ooforectomia são procedimentos de baixo risco em capivaras. Essas técnicas auxiliam no controle populacional desta espécie em áreas fechadas e com risco de transmissão de FMB, diminuindo a necessidade de eutanásia.

Sociedade de controle e redes sociais na internet: #saúde e #corpo no instagram / Society of control and social media: #health and #body on instagram / Sociedad de control y redes sociales en la internet: #salud y #cuerpo en instagram

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar texto e imagem de publicações na rede social Instagram, com as hashtags #saúde e #corpo, a partir da noção deleuzeana de sociedade de controle. Para a coleta, utilizou-se o site Netlytic e, para a seleção dos dados, o software LibreOffice Calc. A metodologia consiste em uma análise enunciativa de perspectiva foucaultiana. Os resultados assinalam a presença de práticas que remetem às técnicas de confissão, de intervenção e de manipulação do corpo e às estratégias de controle para produção da saúde a partir da produção de verdades. Esses são indícios da operacionalização dos atuais mecanismos de vigilância da saúde e das estratégias de governamentalidade na sociedade de controle.

This article aims to analyze text and images posted on Instagram under the hashtags #saúde (Portuguese for health) and #corpo (body), based on Deleuze's notion of society of control. Data were collected using the website Netlytic and analyzed with the software LibreOffice Calc. The methodology consisted of statement analysis from a Foucauldian perspective. The results stress the presence of practices addressing techniques of confession, intervention, and body manipulation as well as control strategies to promote health based on production of truth. These are indications of how today's health surveillance mechanisms and governmentality strategies are operationalized in the society of control.

Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar texto e imagen de publicaciones en la red social Instagram, con las hashtags #salud y #cuerpo, a partir de la noción deleuzeana de sociedad de control. Para la recolección de datos, fue utilizado el sitio Netlytic, y, para la selección de los datos, el software LibreOffice Calc. La metodología consiste en un análisis enunciativo de perspectiva foucaultiana. Los resultados apuntan a la presencia de prácticas que remiten a las técnicas de confesión, de intervención y de manipulación del cuerpo y a las estrategias de control para la producción de salud a partir de la producción de verdades. Esos son indicios de la operacionalización de los actuales mecanismos de vigilancia de la salud y de las estrategias de gubernamentalidad en la sociedad de control.

Efficacy of Azadirachta indica (Neem) leaf extract and hypertonic saline solution as intratesticular chemical sterilizing agents in dogs / Eficácia do extrato de folha de Azadirachta indica (Neem) e solução salina hipertônica como agente químico esterilizante intratesticular em cães

Castration refers to induced sterility via physical, chemical, or hormonal methods. Chemical castration is an efficient and reliable technique in contrast to other sterilization procedures as it is less painful to physical methods and cost­effective to hormonal methods. Azadirachta indica (neem), is a charismatic plant as its leaves possess anti­inflammatory, anti­microbial, and anti­androgenic chattels. To abate the escalating human population in South Asia, neem oil and neem leaf extract have been effectively used as a contraceptive agent. The key determinant of the current study was to evaluate Neem as a chemical sterilizing agent, (either necrotic or apoptotic), in dogs injected intratesticular in comparison to a hypertonic saline solution. Pre­ and post­injection testicular width size and blood samples for serum testosterone levels were collected on alternative days. Results disclosed substantial changes in testicular width size, histopathological profile, and serum testosterone level. A non­significant (P > 0.05) pre­injection testicular width readings in contrast to a significant increase (P < 0.05) three days post­injection was noted in all the competitive groups. The mean values recorded for testicular width size at the end of the trial study via neem leaf extract, 30% HSS and, control groups were 27.7362 ± 2.3315mm, 30.9594 ± 4.6861mm, and 24.5023 ± 2.5387mm, respectively. A declining trend, regarding serum testosterone level being statistically significant (P < 0.05) was recorded in treated groups (A, B) in contrast to the control group (C) as the values were 1.5357 ± 0.7819ng, 1.2669 ± 0.9095ng, and 2.4517 ± 0.1827ng in groups A, B, and C, respectively. Histopathological findings advocated the presence of apoptotic bodies in the neem treated group whereas the presence of degenerated interstitial cells, necrosed seminiferous tubules, damaged germinal epithelium, and ceased spermatogenesis was also studied in both competitive groups. Thus, the apoptotic effect and anti­inflammatory property of neem leaf extract resulted in less painful castration and verified Azadirachta indica as a better substitute for chemical castration in contrast to hypertonic saline solution.(AU)

A castração consiste na indução da esterilidade por meio físico, químico ou hormonal. A castração química é uma técnica eficiente e confiável, em contraste com outros procedimentos de esterilização, pois é menos dolorosa para os métodos físicos e econômicos para os métodos hormonais. Azadirachta indica (neem), é uma planta carismática, pois possui folhas anti­inflamatórias, antimicrobianas e antiandrogênicas. Para diminuir a crescente população humana no sul da Ásia, o óleo de nim e o extrato de folhas de nim têm sido efetivamente usados como agente contraceptivo. O principal determinante deste estudo atual foi avaliar o Neem como um agente esterilizante químico (necrótico ou apoptótico) em cães injetados intratesticularmente em comparação com uma solução salina hipertônica. O tamanho da largura testicular pré e pós­injeção e as amostras de sangue para os níveis séricos de testosterona foram colhidas em dias alternados. Os resultados obtidos revelaram alterações substanciais no tamanho da largura testicular, perfil histopatológico e nível sérico de testosterona. Observou­se uma leitura não significativa (P> 0,05) da largura testicular da pré­injeção, em contraste com um aumento significativo (P <0,05) três dias após a injeção em todos os grupos competitivos.Os valores médios registrados para o tamanho da largura testicular no final do estudo via extrato de folhas de nim,HSS a 30% e grupos controle foram 27,7362 ± 2,3315 mm, 30,9594 ± 4,6861 mm e 24,5023 ± 2,5387 mm, respectivamente.Uma tendência decrescente, com relação ao nível sérico de testosterona sendo estatisticamente significante (P <0,05), foi registrada nos grupos tratados (A, B), em contraste com o grupo controle (C), pois os valores eram 1,5357 ± 0,7819ng, 1,2669 ± 0,9095ng e 2,4517 ± 0,1827ng nos grupos A, B e C, respectivamente. Os achados histopatológicos advogaram a presença de corpos apoptóticos no grupo tratado com nim, enquanto a presença de células intersticiais degeneradas, túbulos seminíferos necrosados, epitélio germinativo danificado e espermatogênese interrompida também foi estudada nos dois grupos competitivos. Assim, o efeito apoptótico e a propriedade anti­inflamatória do extrato de folhas de nim resultaram em uma castração menos dolorosa e confirmaram que a Azadirachta indica foi um melhor substituto para a castração química do que a solução salina hipertônica.(AU)

Efficacy of Azadirachta indica (Neem) leaf extract and hypertonic saline solution as intratesticular chemical sterilizing agents in dogs / Eficácia do extrato de folha de Azadirachta indica (Neem) e solução salina hipertônica como agente químico esterilizante intratesticular em cães

Castration refers to induced sterility via physical, chemical, or hormonal methods. Chemical castration is an efficient and reliable technique in contrast to other sterilization procedures as it is less painful to physical methods and cost­effective to hormonal methods. Azadirachta indica (neem), is a charismatic plant as its leaves possess anti­inflammatory, anti­microbial, and anti­androgenic chattels. To abate the escalating human population in South Asia, neem oil and neem leaf extract have been effectively used as a contraceptive agent. The key determinant of the current study was to evaluate Neem as a chemical sterilizing agent, (either necrotic or apoptotic), in dogs injected intratesticular in comparison to a hypertonic saline solution. Pre­ and post­injection testicular width size and blood samples for serum testosterone levels were collected on alternative days. Results disclosed substantial changes in testicular width size, histopathological profile, and serum testosterone level. A non­significant (P > 0.05) pre­injection testicular width readings in contrast to a significant increase (P < 0.05) three days post­injection was noted in all the competitive groups. The mean values recorded for testicular width size at the end of the trial study via neem leaf extract, 30% HSS and, control groups were 27.7362 ± 2.3315mm, 30.9594 ± 4.6861mm, and 24.5023 ± 2.5387mm, respectively. A declining trend, regarding serum testosterone level being statistically significant (P < 0.05) was recorded in treated groups (A, B) in contrast to the control group (C) as the values were 1.5357 ± 0.7819ng, 1.2669 ± 0.9095ng, and 2.4517 ± 0.1827ng in groups A, B, and C, respectively. Histopathological findings advocated the presence of apoptotic bodies in the neem treated group whereas the presence of degenerated interstitial cells, necrosed seminiferous tubules, damaged germinal epithelium, and ceased spermatogenesis was also studied in both competitive groups. Thus, the apoptotic effect and anti­inflammatory property of neem leaf extract resulted in less painful castration and verified Azadirachta indica as a better substitute for chemical castration in contrast to hypertonic saline solution.(AU)

A castração consiste na indução da esterilidade por meio físico, químico ou hormonal. A castração química é uma técnica eficiente e confiável, em contraste com outros procedimentos de esterilização, pois é menos dolorosa para os métodos físicos e econômicos para os métodos hormonais. Azadirachta indica (neem), é uma planta carismática, pois possui folhas anti­inflamatórias, antimicrobianas e antiandrogênicas. Para diminuir a crescente população humana no sul da Ásia, o óleo de nim e o extrato de folhas de nim têm sido efetivamente usados como agente contraceptivo. O principal determinante deste estudo atual foi avaliar o Neem como um agente esterilizante químico (necrótico ou apoptótico) em cães injetados intratesticularmente em comparação com uma solução salina hipertônica. O tamanho da largura testicular pré e pós­injeção e as amostras de sangue para os níveis séricos de testosterona foram colhidas em dias alternados. Os resultados obtidos revelaram alterações substanciais no tamanho da largura testicular, perfil histopatológico e nível sérico de testosterona. Observou­se uma leitura não significativa (P> 0,05) da largura testicular da pré­injeção, em contraste com um aumento significativo (P <0,05) três dias após a injeção em todos os grupos competitivos.Os valores médios registrados para o tamanho da largura testicular no final do estudo via extrato de folhas de nim,HSS a 30% e grupos controle foram 27,7362 ± 2,3315 mm, 30,9594 ± 4,6861 mm e 24,5023 ± 2,5387 mm, respectivamente.Uma tendência decrescente, com relação ao nível sérico de testosterona sendo estatisticamente significante (P <0,05), foi registrada nos grupos tratados (A, B), em contraste com o grupo controle (C), pois os valores eram 1,5357 ± 0,7819ng, 1,2669 ± 0,9095ng e 2,4517 ± 0,1827ng nos grupos A, B e C, respectivamente. Os achados histopatológicos advogaram a presença de corpos apoptóticos no grupo tratado com nim, enquanto a presença de células intersticiais degeneradas, túbulos seminíferos necrosados, epitélio germinativo danificado e espermatogênese interrompida também foi estudada nos dois grupos competitivos. Assim, o efeito apoptótico e a propriedade anti­inflamatória do extrato de folhas de nim resultaram em uma castração menos dolorosa e confirmaram que a Azadirachta indica foi um melhor substituto para a castração química do que a solução salina hipertônica.(AU)

Situação pós-adoção dos animais adotados junto a uma ONG de proteção animal no estado do Rio de Janeiro / The current situation of pets adopted from an animal protection NGO in the state of Rio de Janeiro

Este trabalho objetivou analisar a situação dos animais adotados junto a uma ONG fluminense. Foi selecionada uma amostra de conveniência de 50 animais e os adotantes responderam a questionário cujos dados obtidos foram analisados com técnicas de estatística descritiva. De modo geral os adotantes eram casados, sexo feminino, idade variável, nível superior, renda alta, não se guiaram pela raça dos animais e adotaram principalmente mais jovens. As adoções não se deram em função da interação dos animais com idosos e crianças, os adotantes já dispunham de outro animal, os adotados passaram a residir em imóveis residenciais e o principal motivo para a adoção foi a pena. Princípios de guarda responsável eram seguidos, com alta proporção de animais castrados, predomínio de alimentação com ração, boa cobertura vacinal e desverminação periódica. Como pontos negativos temos o predomínio de animais com acesso livre às ruas, deficiência no acompanhamento veterinário e ausência de dispositivo de identificação. Houve grande vínculo dos adotantes com os animais, com alto índice de permanência, pouca dificuldade na lida e alto grau de satisfação. Esse quadro demonstra que a estratégia da adoção foi eficiente e pode trazer bons resultados no controle da densidade populacional de animais, especialmente se aliada a outras estratégias.

This essay aims at analyzing the situation of pets after adoption from an NGO in the State of Rio de Janeiro. A sample of 50 pets was selected, and adopters answered a questionnaire whose data was analyzed by using descriptive statistical techniques. In general, adopters were comprised of married women of different ages, with university degree and high income. They were not lead by the pets’ breed and adopted particularly the youngest ones. Adoptions did not take place aiming an interaction between pets and the elderly or children. Adopters already had another pet, and the adopted pets started to live at residential properties. We realized that compassion was the key reason for adoption. Responsible guardianship principles were followed and a high percentage of pets had been neutered. They were feed predominantly with pet food. Good vaccination and frequent deworming practices were in place. As prevailing negative aspects we noticed that animals had free access to the streets, did not receive adequate veterinary care and were not wearing identification tags. Adopters were very attached to their pets. There was a high rate of stay, little difficulty in dealing with the pets and high satisfaction level. This scenario shows us that the adoption strategy has been effective and may bring good results to the control of animal population density, especially if combined with other strategies.

Situação pós-adoção dos animais adotados junto a uma ONG de proteção animal no estado do Rio de Janeiro / The current situation of pets adopted from an animal protection NGO in the state of Rio de Janeiro

Este trabalho objetivou analisar a situação dos animais adotados junto a uma ONG fluminense. Foi selecionada uma amostra de conveniência de 50 animais e os adotantes responderam a questionário cujos dados obtidos foram analisados com técnicas de estatística descritiva. De modo geral os adotantes eram casados, sexo feminino, idade variável, nível superior, renda alta, não se guiaram pela raça dos animais e adotaram principalmente mais jovens. As adoções não se deram em função da interação dos animais com idosos e crianças, os adotantes já dispunham de outro animal, os adotados passaram a residir em imóveis residenciais e o principal motivo para a adoção foi a pena. Princípios de guarda responsável eram seguidos, com alta proporção de animais castrados, predomínio de alimentação com ração, boa cobertura vacinal e desverminação periódica. Como pontos negativos temos o predomínio de animais com acesso livre às ruas, deficiência no acompanhamento veterinário e ausência de dispositivo de identificação. Houve grande vínculo dos adotantes com os animais, com alto índice de permanência, pouca dificuldade na lida e alto grau de satisfação. Esse quadro demonstra que a estratégia da adoção foi eficiente e pode trazer bons resultados no controle da densidade populacional de animais, especialmente se aliada a outras estratégias.(AU)

This essay aims at analyzing the situation of pets after adoption from an NGO in the State of Rio de Janeiro. A sample of 50 pets was selected, and adopters answered a questionnaire whose data was analyzed by using descriptive statistical techniques. In general, adopters were comprised of married women of different ages, with university degree and high income. They were not lead by the pets breed and adopted particularly the youngest ones. Adoptions did not take place aiming an interaction between pets and the elderly or children. Adopters already had another pet, and the adopted pets started to live at residential properties. We realized that compassion was the key reason for adoption. Responsible guardianship principles were followed and a high percentage of pets had been neutered. They were feed predominantly with pet food. Good vaccination and frequent deworming practices were in place. As prevailing negative aspects we noticed that animals had free access to the streets, did not receive adequate veterinary care and were not wearing identification tags. Adopters were very attached to their pets. There was a high rate of stay, little difficulty in dealing with the pets and high satisfaction level. This scenario shows us that the adoption strategy has been effective and may bring good results to the control of animal population density, especially if combined with other strategies.(AU)

Health and Ecological Aspects of Stray Cats in Old San Juan, Puerto Rico: Baseline Information to Develop an Effective Control Program.

The overpopulation of stray cats in urban areas represents a potential risk for humans, as stray cats may carry diseases, such as toxoplasmosis, and virus such as rabies, the feline immunodeficiency, and the feline leukemia. In Old San Juan, a historic neighborhood and one of the most touristic places in Puerto Rico, there is an overpopulation of stray cats. In this study, we generated baseline information fundamental to developing a successful control program by estimating the stray cat population size, density, and spatial distribution. Furthermore, we quantified the number of neutered cats and developed a spatial database to include information about the external physical condition of each individual. We estimated a population of 178 (±21) cats, with a density of 3.6 cats/ha. Overall, we observed 209 cats, from which 149 (71%) were identified as new and 60 (29%) were recaptured. We found stray cats had a significant non-random and clustered spatial distribution (z-score = -19.39 SD; ratio = 0.29; p<0.0001), with an observable larger abundance in residential zones where food was provided. A total of 105 (70%) cats were neutered, and 32 (21%) individuals exhibited very poor physical conditions, including skin problems, scars, underweight, and blindness. We concluded that the ecological and descriptive data generated in this study are essential for an effective control of stray cats and their potential impacts on humans living in this neighborhood.

Modelamiento del control de población de palomas (Columba-livia) en la Plaza de Bolívar de Bogotá / Control Modeling for the Pigeon Population (Columba-livia) at the Plaza de Bolívar in Bogotá / Modelagem de controle da população de pombos (Columba-livia) na Praça de Bolívar em Bogotá

Resumen Introducción: Las palomas (Columba livia) son parte cultural de los centros históricos de las grandes ciudades del mundo -entre ellos la Plaza de Bolívar de la ciudad de Bogotá, Colombia-, sin embargo, son una especie invasora que puede llegar a ser una amenaza para la salud pública de los visitantes de la Plaza, razón por la cual es necesario controlar el incremento neto de estas aves sin buscar su extinción. Objetivo: En este trabajo se construyó un modelo matemático del crecimiento de la población de palomas, bajo una serie de pulsos de control a través del tiempo, para observar el comportamiento de desarrollo controlado de estas aves. Materiales y métodos: Como herramienta principal se utilizó la metodología de modelamiento conocida como Dinámica de Sistemas, la cual permite obtener un sistema de ecuaciones diferenciales a partir de una representación sistémica de un problema. Resultados: Los resultados indican que la simulación de este tipo de control permite que la población de palomas se mantenga dentro de un rango aceptable para el espacio. Conclusiones: Este trabajo se considera un gran aporte en la simulación y evaluación de escenarios para el control de población de palomas, mediante la evaluación con Dinámica de Sistemas y puede reproducirse para otras especies problema.

Abstract Introduction: The pigeons (Columba livia) are a cultural part of the historical centers of the great cities of the world; however, they are an invasive species that can become a threat to the public health of visitors to the Plaza de Bolívar in Bogotá, which is why it is necessary to control the net increase of these birds, without seeking extinction. Objective: In this work a mathematical model of the population growth of pigeons was constructed, under a series of control pulses through time, to observe the behavior of controlled development of these birds. Materials and Methods: As a main tool we used the modeling methodology known as System Dynamics, which allows us to obtain a system of differential equations from a systemic representation of a problem. Results: The results indicate that the simulation of this type of control allows the population of pigeons to remain within an acceptable range for space. Conclusions: This work is considered a great contribution in the simulation and evaluation ofscenarios for the population control of pigeons, through the evaluation with Systems Dynamics and can be reproduced for other problem species.

Resumo Introdução: As pombos (Columba livia) são parte cultural dos centros históricos das grandes cidades no mundo, incluindo a Praça Bolívar na cidade de Bogotá, Colômbia, no entanto, são uma espécie invasora que podem se tornar uma ameaça para a saúde pública dos visitantes da Praça, é por isso que é necessário controlar o aumento líquido dessas aves sem buscar a extinção. Objetivo: Neste trabalho construiu-se um modelo matemático do crescimento da população de pombos, sob uma série de pulsos de controle no tempo, para observar o comportamento de desenvolvimento controlado dessas aves. Materiais e métodos: Como ferramenta principal, utilizou-se a metodologia de modelagem conhecida como Dinâmica de Sistemas, que permite obter um sistema de equações diferenciais a partir de uma representação sistémica de um problema. Resultados: Os resultados indicam que a simulação deste tipo de controle permite que a população de pombos permaneça dentro de um intervalo aceitável para o espaço. Conclusões: Este trabalho é considerado uma grande contribuição na simulação e avaliação de cenários para o controle da população de pombos, através da avaliação com a Dinâmica de Sistemas e pode se reproduzir para outras espécies problema.

Wildlife population control ­ reproductive physiology under the influence of contraceptive methods in mammalian wildlife, with emphasis on immunocontraception: the best choice? A literature review / Controle da população em animais selvagens ­ fisiologia reprodutiva sob a influência de métodos anticoncepcionais em animais mamíferos, com ênfase na imunocontracepção: a melhor escolha? Uma revisão da literatura

Human-wildlife conflicts, a growing and sad reality worldwide, makes population control of wildlife and feral animals one of the biggest challenges in wildlife management, especially due to the rapidly expanding human population, and consequently the ever-diminishing natural habitats of animals. Human activities and the destruction of nature forcing wildlife to move inevitably into urban and agricultural areas, causing "conflicts", such as the risk of zoonosis and traffic accidents, as well as damage to crops in the search for food, whose losses reach millions of dollars. For decades, science has been engaged in extensive efforts to develop methods of "humane" population control methods, and many techniques are being employed in order to control wildlife population. In this article, we present an overview of applied contraceptive methods with simplified graphic demonstrations of their interactions with reproductive physiology, furthermore relating pro and contra of utilized antifertility agents. These are being compared to a set of desired characteristics for free-ranging wildlife for in-field applications, with emphasis on reversible immunocontraception ­ concluding, therefore, the reasons why this concept is becoming the most appropriate and promising for free-ranging wildlife.(AU)

Os conflitos Humanos-Animais Selvagens são uma realidade crescente e triste no mundo inteiro, tornando o controle populacional da fauna silvestre e animais ferais o maior desafio, principalmente diante do crescimento da população humana e, consequentemente, da diminuição dos habitats naturais dos animais. As atividades humanas e a destruição da natureza, forçam os animais de vida livre a se dirigirem para áreas urbanas e agrícolas, inevitavelmente, causando conflitos, como o risco de zoonoses, acidentes de trânsito, bem como danos às plantações, quando em busca de alimentos, cujo prejuízo chega a milhões de dólares. Durante décadas, a ciência esteve empenhada em esforços extensivos para desenvolver métodos de controle populacional "humano"; e muitas técnicas foram utilizadas, a fim de se realizar um controle populacional destes animais silvestres. Neste artigo será apresentada uma visão geral dos métodos anticoncepcionais aplicados, com demonstrações gráficas simplificadas de suas interações com a fisiologia reprodutiva, bem como relacionando os prós e os contras dos agentes antifertilidade empregados; também serão comparados com um conjunto de características desejadas para as aplicações em fauna a campo, com ênfase em imunocontracepção reversível, concluindo assim, com as razões do porque este conceito torna-se o mais apropriado e promissor para animais silvestres de vida livre.(AU)

Wildlife population control ­ reproductive physiology under the influence of contraceptive methods in mammalian wildlife, with emphasis on immunocontraception: the best choice? A literature review / Controle da população em animais selvagens ­ fisiologia reprodutiva sob a influência de métodos anticoncepcionais em animais mamíferos, com ênfase na imunocontracepção: a melhor escolha? Uma revisão da literatura

Human-wildlife conflicts, a growing and sad reality worldwide, makes population control of wildlife and feral animals one of the biggest challenges in wildlife management, especially due to the rapidly expanding human population, and consequently the ever-diminishing natural habitats of animals. Human activities and the destruction of nature forcing wildlife to move inevitably into urban and agricultural areas, causing "conflicts", such as the risk of zoonosis and traffic accidents, as well as damage to crops in the search for food, whose losses reach millions of dollars. For decades, science has been engaged in extensive efforts to develop methods of "humane" population control methods, and many techniques are being employed in order to control wildlife population. In this article, we present an overview of applied contraceptive methods with simplified graphic demonstrations of their interactions with reproductive physiology, furthermore relating pro and contra of utilized antifertility agents. These are being compared to a set of desired characteristics for free-ranging wildlife for in-field applications, with emphasis on reversible immunocontraception ­ concluding, therefore, the reasons why this concept is becoming the most appropriate and promising for free-ranging wildlife.(AU)

Os conflitos Humanos-Animais Selvagens são uma realidade crescente e triste no mundo inteiro, tornando o controle populacional da fauna silvestre e animais ferais o maior desafio, principalmente diante do crescimento da população humana e, consequentemente, da diminuição dos habitats naturais dos animais. As atividades humanas e a destruição da natureza, forçam os animais de vida livre a se dirigirem para áreas urbanas e agrícolas, inevitavelmente, causando conflitos, como o risco de zoonoses, acidentes de trânsito, bem como danos às plantações, quando em busca de alimentos, cujo prejuízo chega a milhões de dólares. Durante décadas, a ciência esteve empenhada em esforços extensivos para desenvolver métodos de controle populacional "humano"; e muitas técnicas foram utilizadas, a fim de se realizar um controle populacional destes animais silvestres. Neste artigo será apresentada uma visão geral dos métodos anticoncepcionais aplicados, com demonstrações gráficas simplificadas de suas interações com a fisiologia reprodutiva, bem como relacionando os prós e os contras dos agentes antifertilidade empregados; também serão comparados com um conjunto de características desejadas para as aplicações em fauna a campo, com ênfase em imunocontracepção reversível, concluindo assim, com as razões do porque este conceito torna-se o mais apropriado e promissor para animais silvestres de vida livre.(AU)

Involvement of cyclodipeptides in the competition of bacterial communities in the oligotrophic Churince aquatic system of Cuatro Ciénegas Basin dominated by Gammaproteobacteria.

The Cuatro Ciénegas Basin (CCB) within the Chihuahuan Desert in México is an extremely oligotrophic oasis with negligible phosphorous levels, described as a hot spot of biodiversity, not only in stromatolites and microbial mats, but also in living forms in general. The microorganisms possess the capability to produce a wide variety of virulence factors, antibiotics, and quorum-sensing (QS) crosstalk signals such as non-ribosomal cyclodipeptides (CDPs) which enables them to colonize diverse ecological niches. In the aquatic system of CCB known as Churince, a bacterial population was isolated from the Lagunita pond dominated by Gammaproteobacteria. In this work, we determined the relationships between the antagonism and CDPs production in this bacterial population. Results indicate that 68% of isolates showed antagonistic effects over other isolates, correlating with production of CDPs and the antibiotic 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG). Although a minority of the isolates were capable of inducing a QS biosensor strain, bacterial QS interference was not the main mechanism in the antagonism observed. Thus, our results indicate that CDPs primarily, and DAPG to a lesser degree, are involved with the growth-inhibition competition mechanisms of bacterial communities in the Lagunita pond and was associated with a Gammaproteobacteria dominancy phenomena.