Do carcass traits influence consumer perception of pork eating quality?

The objective of this study was to assess carcass traits' influence on pork eating quality as evaluated by consumers. A total of 1360 pork chops were used, with 824 from the sirloin end and 536 from the butt end of the loin (Longissimuss thoracis et lumborum), to produce 340 packages, each containing four pork chops. Untrained participants received one package of either sirloin or butt chops, being two pork chops from barrows and two from gilts. Participants answered a survey rating the tenderness, juiciness, flavour, and overall acceptability of each chop on an 8-point scale. Correlation analysis was conducted between carcass traits and pork eating quality attributes. For the descriptive analysis, classes (low, medium, and high) for carcass traits, Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF) and cooking loss were created based on our consumer responses dataset for palatability attributes. No significant correlations (P > 0.05) were observed between carcass traits and pork eating quality traits. Tenderness and overall acceptability were negatively correlated (P < 0.05) with cooking loss and WBSF. Loin intramuscular fat (IMF) content showed a weak negative correlation (P < 0.05) with WBSF and cooking loss. Consumers rated chops from the high and medium/high backfat thickness and loin IMF classes slightly higher for tenderness and juiciness, respectively. Additionally, chops from the low and/or medium WBSF and cooking loss classes received slightly higher scores for tenderness and juiciness than pork chops in the high classes. In conclusion, the study indicated that carcass traits had minimal impact on overall acceptability of pork by consumers.

Effects of feeding ractopamine hydrochloride with or without supplemental betaine on live performance, carcass and meat quality traits, and gene expression of finishing pigs.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of ractopamine and betaine, supplemented alone or in combination, on live performance, carcass and meat quality traits, and gene expression (in both skeletal muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue) of finishing pigs. Seventy-two pigs averaging 89.0 ± 3.44 kg were assigned to a control diet (CTRL-without ractopamine and betaine); CTRL+20 mg/kg ractopamine (RAC); CTRL+2.5 g/kg betaine (BET); or RAC + 2.5 g/kg betaine (RAC + BET). Pigs fed RAC and RAC + BET had greater average daily gain and carcass yield compared to CTRL. Pigs fed RAC, BET, and RAC + BET had greater loin muscle area, while backfat thickness was lower in pigs fed RAC + BET compared to CTRL. Pork from BET had lower shear-force and greater intramuscular fat content compared to CTRL. Regarding adipose tissue, RAC and BET increased expression of genes related to lipolysis and ß-oxidation. These data indicate that performance and carcass traits of pigs can be improved with ractopamine, whereas betaine (when fed independently from ractopamine) increased the loin muscle area and pork quality.

Genetic diversity of meat quality related genes in Argentinean pigs.

Genetic influence on pork quality exists between breeds and within a breed. The variation is caused by a large set of genes, and pork quality traits have a multifactorial background. Research into the genetics of meat quality found causative mutations associated with marked effects on pig meat value. This study aimed to investigate the segregation of meat quality-related SNPs and compare their diversity and genetics in commercial and Creole pigs from different farms in the North-West of Argentina. A screen for SNPs in RYR1, PRKAG3, CAST, and SOX6 candidate genes and the differentiation of their genotypes by PCR-RFLP was conducted. All genes were characterized by a high level of polymorphism and heterozygosity, and populations showed no differences in the genetic structure for the analyzed SNPs. These results highlighted the role of pig genotypes as a source of basic variability potentially affecting processed meat products and fresh meat.

Effect of Dietary Brown Seaweed (Macrocystis pyrifera) Additive on Meat Quality and Nutrient Composition of Fattening Pigs.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary brown seaweed (Macrocystis pyrifera) additive (SWA) on meat quality and nutrient composition of commercial fattening pigs. The treatments were: Regular diet with 0% inclusion of SWA (CON); Regular diet with 2% SWA (2%-SWA); Regular diet with 4% SWA (4%-SWA). After slaughtering, five carcasses from each group were selected, and longissimus lumborum (LL) samples were taken for meat quality and chemical composition analysis. Meat quality traits (except redness intensity) were not affected (p > 0.05) by treatments. Samples from the 4%-SWA treatment showed the lowest a value than those from the 2%-SWA and CON treatments (p = 0.05). Meat samples from the 4%-SWA group contained 3.37 and 3.81 mg/100 g more of muscle cholesterol than CON and 2% SWA groups, respectively (p < 0.05). The SWA treatments affected (p ≤ 0.05) the content of ash, Mn, Fe, and Cu. The LL samples from 4%-SWA had the highest content of ash; however, they showed 0.13, 0.45, and 0.23 less mg/100 g of Mn, Fe, and Zn, respectively, compared to samples from CON (p ≤ 0.05). Fatty acids composition and macro minerals content (Na, Mg, and K) did not show variation due to the SWA treatments. Further studies are needed to understand the biological effects of these components on adipogenesis, cholesterol metabolism, and mineral deposition in muscle.

The Effect of Electrospun Polycaprolactone Nonwovens Containing Chitosan and Propolis Extracts on Fresh Pork Packaged in Linear Low-Density Polyethylene Films.

Fresh meat products are highly perishable and require optimal packaging conditions to maintain and potentially extend shelf-life. Recently, researchers have developed functional, active packaging systems that are capable of interacting with food products, package headspace, and/or the environment to enhance product shelf-life. Among these systems, antimicrobial/antioxidant active packaging has gained considerable interest for delaying/preventing microbial growth and deteriorative oxidation reactions. This study evaluated the effectiveness of active linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) films coated with a polycaprolactone/chitosan nonwoven (Film 1) or LLDPE films coated with a polycaprolactone/chitosan nonwoven fortified with Colombian propolis extract (Film 2). The active LLDPE films were evaluated for the preservation of fresh pork loin (longissimus dorsi) chops during refrigerated storage at 4 °C for up to 20 d. The meat samples were analyzed for pH, instrumental color, purge loss, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and microbial stability (aerobic mesophilic and psychrophilic bacteria). The incorporation of the propolis-containing nonwoven layer provided antioxidant and antimicrobial properties to LLDPE film, as evidenced by improved color stability, no differences in lipid oxidation, and a delay of 4 d for the onset of bacteria growth of pork chops during the refrigerated storage period.

Classification accuracy of different pork quality evaluation methods in assessment of meat with lowered drip loss / Precisão da classificação de métodos de avaliação da qualidade da carne suína para menor perda durante o gotejamento

This study compared the diagnostic value of pork quality evaluation methods using different pH threshold values and time-points with muscle metabolites concentration threshold values measured 45 min. post mortem in assessment of meat with lowered drip loss. Samples of 100 longissimus dorsi (LD) (Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc fatteners were examined after slaughter for following parameters: muscle acidity in 35 min, 2 h, 3 h, 24 h and 48 h (pH1, pH2, pH3, pH24 and pH48), colour lightness (L*, a*, b*), meat yield after curing and thermal processing in 72 °C (technological yield), water-holding capacity (WHC) and drip loss in 48, 96 and 144 h (DL48, DL96, DL144). To verify the accuracy of analysed methods two groups were distinguished according to DL48, e.g. Low DL (DL48≤4%) and High DL (DL48>4%). In High DL pH1 to pH48 were statistically lower while L*, WHC, DL48, DL96, DL144 were statistically higher (P≤0.05). On the basis of pH-dependent methods classification to RFN (red, firm, normal), PSE (pale, soft, exudative), DFD (dark, firm, dry) and AM (acid meat) was performed and then the percentage share of Low DL and High DL among meat classified as RFN was evaluated. Despite most samples were classified as RFN Low DL share among them did not exceed 50%. If meat sample shows metabolites concentration below threshold value and was assigned to Low DL (or was assigned to High DL above threshold value) it was regarded as correctly classified. The most promising cut-off point (correct classification of 73%) was 45 µmol both for glycogen and lactate.(AU)

Neste estudo foram analisadas 100 amostras de longissimus dorsi (LD) de suinos Landrace, Yorkshire (L × Y) × Duroc (D). Dois grupos foram distinguidos de acordo com a perda por gotejamento medida 48 horas após o abate, por ex. DL baixo (DL48≤%) e DL alto (DL48> 4%). Em DL alto maior leveza (L*), capacidade de retenção de água (WHC), perda por gotejamento em 48 (DL48), 96 (DL96), 144 (DL144) e menor acidez muscular de 35 min. a 48 horas post mortem (pH1 a pH48) foram anotados (P≤0.01). A baixa participação de DL dentro das amostras classificadas como RFN (vermelha, firme, normal) com base em vários métodos de avaliação da qualidade da carne suína usando diferentes pontos de tempo de pH e valores de limiar não excederam 50%. A tentativa de uso de várias concentrações de metabólitos musculares mediu 45 min. post mortem (glicogênio, lactato e suas combinações) como valores limiares na avaliação de DL baixo e DL alto foi então realizado. Os pontos de corte mais promissores (45 µmol por g de tecido muscular tanto para glicogênio quanto para lactato) permitiram classificar corretamente 83.82% de DL baixo e 50% de DL alto respectivamente abaixo e acima deles.(AU)

Classification accuracy of different pork quality evaluation methods in assessment of meat with lowered drip loss / Precisão da classificação de métodos de avaliação da qualidade da carne suína para menor perda durante o gotejamento

ABSTRACT: This study compared the diagnostic value of pork quality evaluation methods using different pH threshold values and time-points with muscle metabolites concentration threshold values measured 45 min. post mortem in assessment of meat with lowered drip loss. Samples of 100 longissimus dorsi (LD) (Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc fatteners were examined after slaughter for following parameters: muscle acidity in 35 min, 2 h, 3 h, 24 h and 48 h (pH1, pH2, pH3, pH24 and pH48), colour lightness (L*, a*, b*), meat yield after curing and thermal processing in 72 °C (technological yield), water-holding capacity (WHC) and drip loss in 48, 96 and 144 h (DL48, DL96, DL144). To verify the accuracy of analysed methods two groups were distinguished according to DL48, e.g. Low DL (DL48≤4%) and High DL (DL48>4%). In High DL pH1 to pH48 were statistically lower while L*, WHC, DL48, DL96, DL144 were statistically higher (P≤0.05). On the basis of pH-dependent methods classification to RFN (red, firm, normal), PSE (pale, soft, exudative), DFD (dark, firm, dry) and AM (acid meat) was performed and then the percentage share of Low DL and High DL among meat classified as RFN was evaluated. Despite most samples were classified as RFN Low DL share among them did not exceed 50%. If meat sample shows metabolites concentration below threshold value and was assigned to Low DL (or was assigned to High DL above threshold value) it was regarded as correctly classified. The most promising cut-off point (correct classification of 73%) was 45 µmol both for glycogen and lactate.

RESUMO: Neste estudo foram analisadas 100 amostras de longissimus dorsi (LD) de suinos Landrace, Yorkshire (L × Y) × Duroc (D). Dois grupos foram distinguidos de acordo com a perda por gotejamento medida 48 horas após o abate, por ex. DL baixo (DL48≤%) e DL alto (DL48> 4%). Em DL alto maior leveza (L*), capacidade de retenção de água (WHC), perda por gotejamento em 48 (DL48), 96 (DL96), 144 (DL144) e menor acidez muscular de 35 min. a 48 horas post mortem (pH1 a pH48) foram anotados (P≤0.01). A baixa participação de DL dentro das amostras classificadas como RFN (vermelha, firme, normal) com base em vários métodos de avaliação da qualidade da carne suína usando diferentes pontos de tempo de pH e valores de limiar não excederam 50%. A tentativa de uso de várias concentrações de metabólitos musculares mediu 45 min. post mortem (glicogênio, lactato e suas combinações) como valores limiares na avaliação de DL baixo e DL alto foi então realizado. Os pontos de corte mais promissores (45 µmol por g de tecido muscular tanto para glicogênio quanto para lactato) permitiram classificar corretamente 83.82% de DL baixo e 50% de DL alto respectivamente abaixo e acima deles.

Classification accuracy of different pork quality evaluation methods in assessment of meat with lowered drip loss / Precisão da classificação de métodos de avaliação da qualidade da carne suína para menor perda durante o gotejamento

This study compared the diagnostic value of pork quality evaluation methods using different pH threshold values and time-points with muscle metabolites concentration threshold values measured 45 min. post mortem in assessment of meat with lowered drip loss. Samples of 100 longissimus dorsi (LD) (Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc fatteners were examined after slaughter for following parameters: muscle acidity in 35 min, 2 h, 3 h, 24 h and 48 h (pH1, pH2, pH3, pH24 and pH48), colour lightness (L*, a*, b*), meat yield after curing and thermal processing in 72 °C (technological yield), water-holding capacity (WHC) and drip loss in 48, 96 and 144 h (DL48, DL96, DL144). To verify the accuracy of analysed methods two groups were distinguished according to DL48, e.g. Low DL (DL48≤4%) and High DL (DL48>4%). In High DL pH1 to pH48 were statistically lower while L*, WHC, DL48, DL96, DL144 were statistically higher (P≤0.05). On the basis of pH-dependent methods classification to RFN (red, firm, normal), PSE (pale, soft, exudative), DFD (dark, firm, dry) and AM (acid meat) was performed and then the percentage share of Low DL and High DL among meat classified as RFN was evaluated. Despite most samples were classified as RFN Low DL share among them did not exceed 50%. If meat sample shows metabolites concentration below threshold value and was assigned to Low DL (or was assigned to High DL above threshold value) it was regarded as correctly classified. The most promising cut-off point (correct classification of 73%) was 45 µmol both for glycogen and lactate.

Neste estudo foram analisadas 100 amostras de longissimus dorsi (LD) de suinos Landrace, Yorkshire (L × Y) × Duroc (D). Dois grupos foram distinguidos de acordo com a perda por gotejamento medida 48 horas após o abate, por ex. DL baixo (DL48≤%) e DL alto (DL48> 4%). Em DL alto maior leveza (L*), capacidade de retenção de água (WHC), perda por gotejamento em 48 (DL48), 96 (DL96), 144 (DL144) e menor acidez muscular de 35 min. a 48 horas post mortem (pH1 a pH48) foram anotados (P≤0.01). A baixa participação de DL dentro das amostras classificadas como RFN (vermelha, firme, normal) com base em vários métodos de avaliação da qualidade da carne suína usando diferentes pontos de tempo de pH e valores de limiar não excederam 50%. A tentativa de uso de várias concentrações de metabólitos musculares mediu 45 min. post mortem (glicogênio, lactato e suas combinações) como valores limiares na avaliação de DL baixo e DL alto foi então realizado. Os pontos de corte mais promissores (45 µmol por g de tecido muscular tanto para glicogênio quanto para lactato) permitiram classificar corretamente 83.82% de DL baixo e 50% de DL alto respectivamente abaixo e acima deles.

Metabolizable energy levels in diets with high lysine for growing and finishing pigs / Níveis de energia metabolizável em rações com alta lisina para suínos em crescimento e terminação

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of metabolizable energy (ME) levels in diets with high digestible lysine concentration on performance, carcass traits, and meat quality of barrows from 95 to 158 days of age. Eighty commercial hybrid barrows (50 ± 1.82 kg) selected for lean meat deposition, were assigned to four dietary treatments (3,150, 3,235, 3,320, and 3,400 kcal EM kg <->1) in a randomized design with 10 replicate pens per treatment and two pigs per pen. From 95 to 116 days of age, we observed no effects of ME on final body weight (FBW), average daily gain (ADG), metabolizable energy intake (MEI), and feed conversion (F: G). Average daily feed intake (ADFI) decreased linearly with increasing ME levels (Ŷ = 5.79961 - 0.00096790X - r² = 0.89). From 95 to 137 days of age, no effects of ME were observed on final body weight (FBW), average daily gain (ADG), metabolizable energy intake (MEI), and feed conversion (F: G). Average daily feed intake (ADFI) decreased linearly with increasing ME (Ŷ= 6.1176 - 0.001X - r²= 0.97). From 95 to 158 days, of age no effects of ME were observed on FBW and ADG. Dietary ME influenced the ADFI and F: G, which decreased linearly with increasing ME concentrations (Ŷ= 8.12951 - 0.00149X - r²= 0.99; Ŷ= 6.0914 - 0.001X - r² = 0.75, respectively). There was a linear increase in loin eye area (LEA) with increasing ME (Ŷ = - 29.851 + 0.0207 X - r² = 0.87). Backfat thickness, pH, and temperature, measured at different times after slaughter (0 min, 45 min, 3 h, and 24 h), were not affected by dietary ME. The level of ME also did not affect the meat quality parameters Color L*, Color a*, Color b*, Warner-Bratzler shear force, thaw water losses, cooking water losses, sum of water losses, intramuscular fat content, and TBARS. Diets with 3,400 kcal kg <->1 ME, corresponding to 2.75, 2.57, and 2.31 g digestible lysine/Mcal of ME for pigs from 95 to 116, 116 to 137, and 95 to 158 days of age, respectively, resulted...(AU)

Objetivou-se com este experimento avaliar os efeitos de níveis de energia metabolizável (EM) em rações com alta lisina no desempenho, nas características de carcaça e na qualidade de carne de suínos machos castrados, dos 95 aos 158 dias de idade. Foram utilizados 80 suínos (Agroceres PIC), machos castrados, com peso inicial de 50 ± 1,82 kg. Os animais foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos (3150 kcal EM kg <->1, 3235 kcal EM kg <->1, 3320 kcal EM kg <->1, 3400 kcal EM kg <->1), dez repetições e dois animais por unidade experimental, representada pela baia. No período de 95 a 116 dias de idade, não foram observados efeitos dos níveis de EM sobre os parâmetros de desempenho: peso médio final (PMF), ganho de peso médio diário (GPD), consumo de energia metabolizável (CEM) e conversão alimentar (CA). O consumo de ração médio diário (CDR) reduziu de forma linear com o aumento dos níveis de EM da ração (Ŷ= 5,79961 - 0,00096790 X - r²= 0,89). No período de 95 a 137 dias de idade, não foram observados efeitos dos níveis de EM sobre os parâmetros de desempenho: peso médio final (PMF), ganho de peso médio diário (GPD), consumo de energia metabolizável (CEM) e conversão alimentar (CA). O consumo de ração médio diário (CDR) reduziu de forma linear com o aumento dos níveis de EM da ração (Ŷ= 6,1176 - 0,001X - r²= 0,97). No período de 95 a 158 dias de idade, não foram observados efeitos dos níveis de EM sobre o PMF e o GPD dos suínos. O CDR e a CA dos animais reduziram de forma linear com o aumento dos níveis de EM da ração (Ŷ= 8,12951 - 0,00149X - r² = 0,99 e Ŷ= 6,0914 - 0,001X - r² = 0,75; respectivamente). Verificou-se aumento linear da área de olho de lombo com o aumento do nível de EM das rações, (Ŷ = -29851 + 0,0207X - r² = 0.87). A espessura de toucinho, o pH e a temperatura medida em diferentes tempos após o abate (0 min, 45 min, 3 horas e 24 horas) não foram influenciados pelos níveis de EM da ração. Não foi observado efeito dos...(AU)

Metabolizable energy levels in diets with high lysine for growing and finishing pigs / Níveis de energia metabolizável em rações com alta lisina para suínos em crescimento e terminação

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of metabolizable energy (ME) levels in diets with high digestible lysine concentration on performance, carcass traits, and meat quality of barrows from 95 to 158 days of age. Eighty commercial hybrid barrows (50 ± 1.82 kg) selected for lean meat deposition, were assigned to four dietary treatments (3,150, 3,235, 3,320, and 3,400 kcal EM kg

Objetivou-se com este experimento avaliar os efeitos de níveis de energia metabolizável (EM) em rações com alta lisina no desempenho, nas características de carcaça e na qualidade de carne de suínos machos castrados, dos 95 aos 158 dias de idade. Foram utilizados 80 suínos (Agroceres PIC), machos castrados, com peso inicial de 50 ± 1,82 kg. Os animais foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos (3150 kcal EM kg

Principais aspectos considerados por consumidores na aquisição e consumo de carne suína em colônia do Piauí-PI / Key aspects considered by consumers in the purchase and consumption of pork in colônia do Piauí-PI / Principales aspectos considerados por consumidores en la adquisición y consumo de carne porcina en la ciudad de colonia del Piauí-PI

Objetivou-se avaliar o perfil do consumidor, da carne suína, quanto aos aspectos importantes considerados para o consumo, na cidade de Colônia do Piauí-PI. A pesquisa foi feita em forma de questionários com perguntas objetivas, sendo abordados nas residências da cidade, no interior e também nos estabelecimentos comerciais. As informações coletadas foram processadas pelo programa computacional Excel®. Foram entrevistadas 100 pessoas, sendo 38% homens e 62% mulheres. Constatou-se que 95% dos entrevistados consomem a carne suína, dando preferência a carne bovina citada por 42%. A maior frequência de consumo da carne suína foi considerada mensalmente por 36% dos entrevistados. Na região, 77% dos entrevistados consomem a carne suína mais sobre a forma in natura apresentando maior preferência pelo corte cárneo, costela com 35,8% dos consumidores e dentre os industrializados a linguiça liderou em consumo (48%). Possibilitou-se verificar que 86% afirmaram nunca ter visualizado propaganda de incentivo ao consumo de carne suína. Os entrevistados acreditam que os animais que passam menor desconforto na produção e no abate são as aves e peixes, ambos com 37% das opiniões. Percebe-se que o principal entrave para consumo da carne suína em Colônia do Piauí-PI pode estar atrelado à falta de esclarecimento sobre os benefícios de que a carne suína pode trazer, e de investimentos em marketing que desmistifiquem os problemas relacionados às questões sanitárias e ao teor de gordura. A frequência de consumo pode ser aumentada, já que o preço não foi o fator limitante para o consumo.(AU)

The purpose of this study was to assess the profile of pork consumers regarding key aspects considered for the consumption in Colônia do Piauí ­ PI. The survey was developed through questionnaires containing closed-end questions applied to residents at their homes and also at stores in the city. The data were processed using Microsoft Excel®. A total of 100 people were interviewed, being 38% men and 62% women. The results showed that 95% of the respondents consume pork, although 42% preferred beef. The highest frequency of pork consumption was considered on a monthly basis by 36% of the respondents. In the region, 77% of the respondents consume pork mostly in natura, expressing preference for pork rib cuts, with 35.8% of consumers; sausage was the most frequently consumed item among industrialized goods, with 48%. The main reason for not consuming pork more often was the idea that the meat had high cholesterol levels, answer provided by 55.8% of the respondents. It was also possible to verify that 86% said they had never viewed any advertising encouraging the consumption of pork. Respondents believe that animals that provide the lowest levels of discomfort in the production and slaughter are birds and fish, both with 37% of the answers. It can be concluded that the main obstacle to the consumption of pork in Colônia do Piauí ­ PI may be linked to a lack of awareness about the benefits pork can bring, and of marketing investments to clarify the sanitary and fat content issues. The consumption frequency can be increased, since price was not the limiting factor for consumption.(AU)

Se ha buscado evaluar el perfil del consumidor de la carne porcina, en cuanto a los aspectos importantes considerados para el consumo, en la ciudad de Colonia del Piauí - Piauí. La investigación se hizo en forma de cuestionarios con preguntas objetivas, siendo abordados en las residencias de la ciudad, en el interior y también en los establecimientos comerciales. Las informaciones recopiladas fueron procesadas por el programa computacional Excel®. Se entrevistó a 100 personas, siendo 38% hombres y 62% mujeres. Se constató que el 95% de los entrevistados consumen la carne porcina, dando preferencia a la carne bovina citada por el 42%. La mayor frecuencia de consumo de la carne de cerdo fue considerada mensualmente por el 36% de los entrevistados. En la región, el 77% de los entrevistados consumen la carne porcina más sobre la forma in natura presentando mayor preferencia por el corte cárneo, costilla con 35,8% de los consumidores y entre los industrializados la longaniza lideró en consumo (48%). Se pudo verificar que el 86% afirmaron nunca haber visto propaganda de incentivo al consumo de carne porcina. Los entrevistados creen que los animales que pasan menos molestias en la producción y en el sacrificio son las aves y los peces, ambos con el 37% de las opiniones. Se percibe que el principal obstáculo para el consumo de carne de cerdo en Colonia del Piauí-PI puede estar vinculado a la falta de aclaración sobre los beneficios de que la carne de cerdo puede traer, y de inversiones en marketing que desmistifiquen los problemas relacionados con las cuestiones sanitarias y al contenido de grasa. La frecuencia de consumo puede ser aumentada, ya que el precio no fue el factor limitante para el consumo.(AU)

Principais aspectos considerados por consumidores na aquisição e consumo de carne suína em colônia do Piauí-PI / Key aspects considered by consumers in the purchase and consumption of pork in colônia do Piauí-PI / Principales aspectos considerados por consumidores en la adquisición y consumo de carne porcina en la ciudad de colonia del Piauí-PI

Objetivou-se avaliar o perfil do consumidor, da carne suína, quanto aos aspectos importantes considerados para o consumo, na cidade de Colônia do Piauí-PI. A pesquisa foi feita em forma de questionários com perguntas objetivas, sendo abordados nas residências da cidade, no interior e também nos estabelecimentos comerciais. As informações coletadas foram processadas pelo programa computacional Excel®. Foram entrevistadas 100 pessoas, sendo 38% homens e 62% mulheres. Constatou-se que 95% dos entrevistados consomem a carne suína, dando preferência a carne bovina citada por 42%. A maior frequência de consumo da carne suína foi considerada mensalmente por 36% dos entrevistados. Na região, 77% dos entrevistados consomem a carne suína mais sobre a forma in natura apresentando maior preferência pelo corte cárneo, costela com 35,8% dos consumidores e dentre os industrializados a linguiça liderou em consumo (48%). Possibilitou-se verificar que 86% afirmaram nunca ter visualizado propaganda de incentivo ao consumo de carne suína. Os entrevistados acreditam que os animais que passam menor desconforto na produção e no abate são as aves e peixes, ambos com 37% das opiniões. Percebe-se que o principal entrave para consumo da carne suína em Colônia do Piauí-PI pode estar atrelado à falta de esclarecimento sobre os benefícios de que a carne suína pode trazer, e de investimentos em marketing que desmistifiquem os problemas relacionados às questões sanitárias e ao teor de gordura. A frequência de consumo pode ser aumentada, já que o preço não foi o fator limitante para o consumo.(AU)

The purpose of this study was to assess the profile of pork consumers regarding key aspects considered for the consumption in Colônia do Piauí ­ PI. The survey was developed through questionnaires containing closed-end questions applied to residents at their homes and also at stores in the city. The data were processed using Microsoft Excel®. A total of 100 people were interviewed, being 38% men and 62% women. The results showed that 95% of the respondents consume pork, although 42% preferred beef. The highest frequency of pork consumption was considered on a monthly basis by 36% of the respondents. In the region, 77% of the respondents consume pork mostly in natura, expressing preference for pork rib cuts, with 35.8% of consumers; sausage was the most frequently consumed item among industrialized goods, with 48%. The main reason for not consuming pork more often was the idea that the meat had high cholesterol levels, answer provided by 55.8% of the respondents. It was also possible to verify that 86% said they had never viewed any advertising encouraging the consumption of pork. Respondents believe that animals that provide the lowest levels of discomfort in the production and slaughter are birds and fish, both with 37% of the answers. It can be concluded that the main obstacle to the consumption of pork in Colônia do Piauí ­ PI may be linked to a lack of awareness about the benefits pork can bring, and of marketing investments to clarify the sanitary and fat content issues. The consumption frequency can be increased, since price was not the limiting factor for consumption.(AU)

Se ha buscado evaluar el perfil del consumidor de la carne porcina, en cuanto a los aspectos importantes considerados para el consumo, en la ciudad de Colonia del Piauí - Piauí. La investigación se hizo en forma de cuestionarios con preguntas objetivas, siendo abordados en las residencias de la ciudad, en el interior y también en los establecimientos comerciales. Las informaciones recopiladas fueron procesadas por el programa computacional Excel®. Se entrevistó a 100 personas, siendo 38% hombres y 62% mujeres. Se constató que el 95% de los entrevistados consumen la carne porcina, dando preferencia a la carne bovina citada por el 42%. La mayor frecuencia de consumo de la carne de cerdo fue considerada mensualmente por el 36% de los entrevistados. En la región, el 77% de los entrevistados consumen la carne porcina más sobre la forma in natura presentando mayor preferencia por el corte cárneo, costilla con 35,8% de los consumidores y entre los industrializados la longaniza lideró en consumo (48%). Se pudo verificar que el 86% afirmaron nunca haber visto propaganda de incentivo al consumo de carne porcina. Los entrevistados creen que los animales que pasan menos molestias en la producción y en el sacrificio son las aves y los peces, ambos con el 37% de las opiniones. Se percibe que el principal obstáculo para el consumo de carne de cerdo en Colonia del Piauí-PI puede estar vinculado a la falta de aclaración sobre los beneficios de que la carne de cerdo puede traer, y de inversiones en marketing que desmistifiquen los problemas relacionados con las cuestiones sanitarias y al contenido de grasa. La frecuencia de consumo puede ser aumentada, ya que el precio no fue el factor limitante para el consumo.(AU)

Inclusion of grape pomace in the diet of pigs on pork quality and oxidative stability of omega-3 enriched fat / Inclusão do bagaço de uva na dieta de suínos sobre a qualidade da carne e a estabilidade oxidativa da gordura enriquecida com ômega-3

The objective of this study was to assess the effects of including grape pomace in the diet of pigs on pork quality and oxidative stability of body fat enriched with omega-3 fatty acids. Four treatments were compared: T1) Control diet based on corn and soybean meal; T2) Diet with inclusion of 3% of a canola (50%) and flaxseed (50%) oil blend; T3) Diet with inclusion of 3% of the oil blend and sequential levels of 3 and 5% of grape pomace; T4) Diet with inclusion of 3% of the oil blend and sequential levels of 6 and 10% of grape pomace. Inclusion of grape pomace in the diet led to an increase (P 0.10) of a* value and color saturation index of meat. The omega-3 and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content of backfat were increased (P>0.10) with dietary inclusion of oils blend. Neither the inclusion of the oil blend, nor the grape pomace had any effect (P>0.10) on the production of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in the loin samples, despite the higher PUFA content in the fat of pigs fed the oil blend. Antioxidant effect of grape pomace was not possible to prove when measured by TBARS, but the increased redness of the pork from pigs fed with this ingredient suggested a possible antioxidant effect of grape pomace.(AU)

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a inclusão do bagaço de uva na dieta de suínos sobre a qualidade da carne e, a estabilidade oxidativa da gordura corporal enriquecida com ácidos graxos ômega-3. Foram comparados quatro tratamentos: T1 - Dieta controle baseada em milho e farelo de soja; T2 - Dieta com inclusão de 3% de uma mistura de óleos de canola (50%) e de semente de linho (50%); T3 - Dieta com inclusão de 3% da mistura de óleos e níveis sequenciais de 3 e 5% de bagaço de uva e; T4 - Dieta com inclusão de 3% da mistura de óleos e níveis sequenciais de 6 e 10% de bagaço de uva. A inclusão do bagaço de uva na dieta resultou no aumento (P 0,10) do valor de a* e índice de saturação da cor da carne. O conteúdo de ômega-3 e ácidos graxos poli-insaturados (PUFA) do toucinho aumentaram (P 0,10) em função da inclusão da mistura de óleos na dieta. A mistura de óleos e o bagaço de uva não afetaram a produção de substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS) nas amostras de lombo, apesar do maior conteúdo de PUFA na gordura dos suínos que receberam a mistura de óleos na dieta. Não foi possível provar efeito antioxidante do bagaço de uva na carne através da determinação dos valores de TBARS. Porém, a cor vermelha mais intensa na carne dos suínos alimentados com este ingrediente sugere um possível efeito antioxidante do bagaço de uva.(AU)

Inclusion of grape pomace in the diet of pigs on pork quality and oxidative stability of omega-3 enriched fat / Inclusão do bagaço de uva na dieta de suínos sobre a qualidade da carne e a estabilidade oxidativa da gordura enriquecida com ômega-3

The objective of this study was to assess the effects of including grape pomace in the diet of pigs on pork quality and oxidative stability of body fat enriched with omega-3 fatty acids. Four treatments were compared: T1) Control diet based on corn and soybean meal; T2) Diet with inclusion of 3% of a canola (50%) and flaxseed (50%) oil blend; T3) Diet with inclusion of 3% of the oil blend and sequential levels of 3 and 5% of grape pomace; T4) Diet with inclusion of 3% of the oil blend and sequential levels of 6 and 10% of grape pomace. Inclusion of grape pomace in the diet led to an increase (P 0.10) of a* value and color saturation index of meat. The omega-3 and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content of backfat were increased (P>0.10) with dietary inclusion of oils blend. Neither the inclusion of the oil blend, nor the grape pomace had any effect (P>0.10) on the production of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in the loin samples, despite the higher PUFA content in the fat of pigs fed the oil blend. Antioxidant effect of grape pomace was not possible to prove when measured by TBARS, but the increased redness of the pork from pigs fed with this ingredient suggested a possible antioxidant effect of grape pomace.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a inclusão do bagaço de uva na dieta de suínos sobre a qualidade da carne e, a estabilidade oxidativa da gordura corporal enriquecida com ácidos graxos ômega-3. Foram comparados quatro tratamentos: T1 - Dieta controle baseada em milho e farelo de soja; T2 - Dieta com inclusão de 3% de uma mistura de óleos de canola (50%) e de semente de linho (50%); T3 - Dieta com inclusão de 3% da mistura de óleos e níveis sequenciais de 3 e 5% de bagaço de uva e; T4 - Dieta com inclusão de 3% da mistura de óleos e níveis sequenciais de 6 e 10% de bagaço de uva. A inclusão do bagaço de uva na dieta resultou no aumento (P 0,10) do valor de a* e índice de saturação da cor da carne. O conteúdo de ômega-3 e ácidos graxos poli-insaturados (PUFA) do toucinho aumentaram (P 0,10) em função da inclusão da mistura de óleos na dieta. A mistura de óleos e o bagaço de uva não afetaram a produção de substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS) nas amostras de lombo, apesar do maior conteúdo de PUFA na gordura dos suínos que receberam a mistura de óleos na dieta. Não foi possível provar efeito antioxidante do bagaço de uva na carne através da determinação dos valores de TBARS. Porém, a cor vermelha mais intensa na carne dos suínos alimentados com este ingrediente sugere um possível efeito antioxidante do bagaço de uva.

Inclusion of grape pomace in the diet of pigs on pork quality and oxidative stability of omega-3 enriched fat

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to assess the effects of including grape pomace in the diet of pigs on pork quality and oxidative stability of body fat enriched with omega-3 fatty acids. Four treatments were compared: T1) Control diet based on corn and soybean meal; T2) Diet with inclusion of 3% of a canola (50%) and flaxseed (50%) oil blend; T3) Diet with inclusion of 3% of the oil blend and sequential levels of 3 and 5% of grape pomace; T4) Diet with inclusion of 3% of the oil blend and sequential levels of 6 and 10% of grape pomace. Inclusion of grape pomace in the diet led to an increase (P 0.10) of a* value and color saturation index of meat. The omega-3 and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content of backfat were increased (P>0.10) with dietary inclusion of oils blend. Neither the inclusion of the oil blend, nor the grape pomace had any effect (P>0.10) on the production of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in the loin samples, despite the higher PUFA content in the fat of pigs fed the oil blend. Antioxidant effect of grape pomace was not possible to prove when measured by TBARS, but the increased redness of the pork from pigs fed with this ingredient suggested a possible antioxidant effect of grape pomace.

RESUMO: Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a inclusão do bagaço de uva na dieta de suínos sobre a qualidade da carne e, a estabilidade oxidativa da gordura corporal enriquecida com ácidos graxos ômega-3. Foram comparados quatro tratamentos: T1 - Dieta controle baseada em milho e farelo de soja; T2 - Dieta com inclusão de 3% de uma mistura de óleos de canola (50%) e de semente de linho (50%); T3 - Dieta com inclusão de 3% da mistura de óleos e níveis sequenciais de 3 e 5% de bagaço de uva e; T4 - Dieta com inclusão de 3% da mistura de óleos e níveis sequenciais de 6 e 10% de bagaço de uva. A inclusão do bagaço de uva na dieta resultou no aumento (P 0,10) do valor de a* e índice de saturação da cor da carne. O conteúdo de ômega-3 e ácidos graxos poli-insaturados (PUFA) do toucinho aumentaram (P 0,10) em função da inclusão da mistura de óleos na dieta. A mistura de óleos e o bagaço de uva não afetaram a produção de substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS) nas amostras de lombo, apesar do maior conteúdo de PUFA na gordura dos suínos que receberam a mistura de óleos na dieta. Não foi possível provar efeito antioxidante do bagaço de uva na carne através da determinação dos valores de TBARS. Porém, a cor vermelha mais intensa na carne dos suínos alimentados com este ingrediente sugere um possível efeito antioxidante do bagaço de uva.

Inclusion of grape pomace in the diet of pigs on pork quality and oxidative stability of omega-3 enriched fat / Inclusão do bagaço de uva na dieta de suínos sobre a qualidade da carne e a estabilidade oxidativa da gordura enriquecida com ômega-3

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to assess the effects of including grape pomace in the diet of pigs on pork quality and oxidative stability of body fat enriched with omega-3 fatty acids. Four treatments were compared: T1) Control diet based on corn and soybean meal; T2) Diet with inclusion of 3% of a canola (50%) and flaxseed (50%) oil blend; T3) Diet with inclusion of 3% of the oil blend and sequential levels of 3 and 5% of grape pomace; T4) Diet with inclusion of 3% of the oil blend and sequential levels of 6 and 10% of grape pomace. Inclusion of grape pomace in the diet led to an increase (P<0.10) of a* value and color saturation index of meat. The omega-3 and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content of backfat were increased (P>0.10) with dietary inclusion of oils blend. Neither the inclusion of the oil blend, nor the grape pomace had any effect (P>0.10) on the production of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in the loin samples, despite the higher PUFA content in the fat of pigs fed the oil blend. Antioxidant effect of grape pomace was not possible to prove when measured by TBARS, but the increased redness of the pork from pigs fed with this ingredient suggested a possible antioxidant effect of grape pomace.

RESUMO: Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a inclusão do bagaço de uva na dieta de suínos sobre a qualidade da carne e, a estabilidade oxidativa da gordura corporal enriquecida com ácidos graxos ômega-3. Foram comparados quatro tratamentos: T1 - Dieta controle baseada em milho e farelo de soja; T2 - Dieta com inclusão de 3% de uma mistura de óleos de canola (50%) e de semente de linho (50%); T3 - Dieta com inclusão de 3% da mistura de óleos e níveis sequenciais de 3 e 5% de bagaço de uva e; T4 - Dieta com inclusão de 3% da mistura de óleos e níveis sequenciais de 6 e 10% de bagaço de uva. A inclusão do bagaço de uva na dieta resultou no aumento (P<0,10) do valor de a* e índice de saturação da cor da carne. O conteúdo de ômega-3 e ácidos graxos poli-insaturados (PUFA) do toucinho aumentaram (P<0,10) em função da inclusão da mistura de óleos na dieta. A mistura de óleos e o bagaço de uva não afetaram a produção de substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS) nas amostras de lombo, apesar do maior conteúdo de PUFA na gordura dos suínos que receberam a mistura de óleos na dieta. Não foi possível provar efeito antioxidante do bagaço de uva na carne através da determinação dos valores de TBARS. Porém, a cor vermelha mais intensa na carne dos suínos alimentados com este ingrediente sugere um possível efeito antioxidante do bagaço de uva.

Quality traits of pork semimembranosus and triceps brachii muscles sourced from the United States and Mexico.

The study included fresh pork semimembranosus (SM, n=289) and triceps brachii (TB, n=283) muscles sourced from meat packers of Mexico and the USA. Samples were analyzed for moisture, protein, and fat content, pH, shear force (WBSF), cook loss, water holding capacity (WHC), instrumental color, emulsion capacity (EC) and stability (ES), and consumer sensory ratings. SM from the USA had lower WBSF (P<0.05) than that from Mexico (26.7 vs. 29.7N), higher WHC (44.7 vs. 38.4%; P<0.05) and a better appearance, as indicated by its lower h* (52.3 vs. 56.6; P<0.05) and higher C* (23.1 vs. 21.3; P<0.05). Consumer acceptance of SM was similar (P>0.05) across countries. TB from Mexico had higher (P<0.05) fat content (2.5 vs. 2.0%), lower (P<0.05) WBSF values (32.0 vs. 36.9N), and received more positive ratings by Mexican consumers (87.1 vs. 81.7%) than its US equivalent. In general, US pork exhibits better technological properties, while country of origin has less effect on consumer acceptability.

Effect of including sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas Lam) meal in finishing pig diets on growth performance, carcass traits and pork quality.

The partial replacement of a commercial concentrate at 10-20% and 15-30% (the first percentage of each dietary treatment corresponded to weeks 1-3 and the second to weeks 4-7 of the experiment, respectively) by sweet potato meal (SPM; 70% foliage: 30% roots) was evaluated for growth performance, carcass yield, instrumental and sensory pork quality using 36 commercial crossbred pigs (56.8 ± 1.3 kg initial body weight). Three dietary treatments were compared in a randomized complete block design. Most growth, carcass traits and pork quality variables were not affected by the SPM inclusion. Growth performance averaged 868 g/day and feed efficiency 0.24 kg/kg. However, feed intake increased 2.2% (P = 0.04) in pigs fed the 10-20% SPM diets, in a similar order of magnitude as the decrease in dietary energy. Despite an increase in gastrointestinal tract as a percent of hot carcass weight (+14.7%) (P = 0.03) with SPM inclusion, carcass yield averaged 69.4%. Conversely, decreases in loin yield (-4.2%) (P = 0.05), backfat thickness (-6.0%) (P < 0.01) and pork tenderness (-13%) (P = 0.02) were observed with 15-30% SPM inclusion. Results suggest that up to 20% SPM inclusion is a viable feed strategy for finishing pigs, easily replicable in small farm settings. © 2016 Japanese Society of Animal Science.

Exploratory survey at the mexican marketplace on pork muscles characteristics from USA and Mexico

Trends in variation of physical, chemical and sensory traits due to country of origin (COO) were evaluated for samples from United States of America (U.S.A.) and Mexico of three pork muscles, Rectus femoris (RF, n = 20 from each COO), Vastus medialis (VM, n = 20 from each COO), and Longissimus dorsi (LD, n = 10 from each COO) in two separate, small-scale, exploratory surveys conducted at Mexico City. Compositional, physical and chemical properties and consumer acceptability traits of these Mexican and U.S.A. pork samples were quite similar, though Mexican pork samples generally were more variable. LD samples from U.S.A. had greater (P<0.05) water-holding and emulsifying capacities whereas both RF and LD from U.S.A. required lower shear force (P<0.05) compared to Mexican counterparts. Ratings from consumers did not indicate preference for pork from any of the countries. Because of the limited number of observations for the samples surveyed these results are preliminary and may not adequately characterize the populations of each country, but they did reveal important trends for selected traits of Mexican and U.S.A. pork currently available at the local market.

Se evaluaron tendencias en la variación de características físico-químicas y sensoriales debidas al país de origen (PDO), de muestras mexicanas y estadounidenses (EUA) de tres músculos del cerdo: Rectus femoris (RF, n = 20 por PDO), Vastus medialis (VM, n = 20 por PDO), and Longissimus dorsi (LD, n = 10 por PDO) mediante dos encuestas exploratorias separadas, a baja escala, conducidas en la Ciudad de México. Los resultados mostraron que músculos porcinos de los dos orígenes tienen propiedades físicas, químicas y sensoriales muy similares, aunque las muestras mexicanas mostraron mayor variabilidad. Las muestras de LD de EUA tuvieron mayor (P<0,05) capacidad de retención de agua y emulsificación, y al igual que las de RF, requirieron menos fuerza de corte que las mexicanas (P<0,05). Los consumidores no pudieron detectar diferencias entre muestras de diferente origen. Debido al limitado número de observaciones en las muestras encuestadas, los resultados deben considerarse preliminares y si bien no permiten caracterizar adecuadamente las poblaciones de cada país, las mismas revelan tendencias importantes para los rasgos seleccionados de la carne de cerdo procedente de México y EUA disponibles actualmente en el mercado local.

A CONTRIBUIÇÃO DO GENE HALOTANO SOBRE AS CARACTERÍSTICAS DE QUALIDADE DA CARNE SUÍNA

The aim of this research work was to evaluate the effect of the halothane gene on the quality characteristics of pork. Commercial hybrid pig carcasses (151) were used for the trial, 93 with normal halothane genotype (HalNN), 51 heterozygous genotype (HalNn) and 7 homozigous recessive genotype (Hal nn). The measured attributes were backfat and muscle depth, meat percentage, carcass weight and pH at 45 minutes and 24 hours after the slaughter, on the Longissimus dorsi muscle, color, drip loss, and identification of the halothane genotype was determined in fat samples through PCR-RFLP technique. The HalNn pigs presented greater muscle depth and meat percentage than HalNN ones. Significant differences were observed between HalNn and HalNN pigs in relation to the inicial pH and meat color. The halothane genotype did not affect the backfat thickness, final pH and water holding capacity. Differences between carcass quality from the HalNn and the nn pigs in relation to the backfat thickness, muscle depth and the meat percentage were not observed. Differences between quantity and quality of pork seems to be associated to the presence of the halothane gene.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de avaliar o efeito do gene halotano sobre as características de qualidade da carne suína. Foram utilizadas 151 carcaças de suínos híbridos comerciais, sendo 93 carcaças com genótipo halotano normal (HalNN), 51 heterozigotos (HalNn) e 7 recessivas (Hal nn). As medidas efetuadas foram: espessura de toucinho e de músculo, percentagem de carne, peso da carcaça, pH aos 45 minutos e 24 horas após o abate, no músculo Longissimus dorsi, cor, perda de líquido por gotejamento e identificação do genótipo halotano em amostras de gordura através de PCR-RFLP. Suínos HalNn apresentaram maior espessura de músculo e percentagem de carne do que os suínos HalNN. Houve diferença significativa entre suínos HalNn e HalNN quanto ao pH inicial e à cor . Em relação à espessura de toucinho, pH final e perda de líquido, não houve diferença significativa entre os genótipos. A qualidade da carne de suínos HalNn foi inferior à de suínos HalNN, em termos de pH e cor. A qualidade da carcaça de suínos HalNn não se mostrou melhor do que a dos suínos Hal nn, em relação à espessura de toucinho e músculo e à percentagem de carne. A relação entre quantidade e qualidade da carne parece depender da presença do gene halotano.