La competitividad de las pymes en varias regiones de Colombia frente al postconflicto: una mirada de actores y expertos / The Competitiveness of SMEs in Various Regions in Colombia versus Post-Conflict: A Look at Actors and Experts

Resumen Los expertos como los empresarios no perciben de manera optimista la innovación y la competitividad, en tanto las condiciones actuales no permitirán al empresariado responder a las expectativas nacionales del desarrollo en el contexto del postconflicto. De esta manera, no es suficiente con una baja absorción tecnológica y uso de computadores, es preocupante la baja percepción que se tiene de la ética del gobierno y de las firmas y la propiedad intelectual, así como la calidad de los puertos y aeropuertos, es baja la percepción del comercio exterior, así como de la sofisticación del mercado financiero, la protección al inversionista y la regulación de intercambios. Puede decirse que en este panorama las pymes colombianas no podrán responder a los desafíos del postconflicto como se propone a partir de la política pública y de los programas gubernamentales. Clasificación JEL: D41, O32, O14, D74

Abstract Experts such as entrepreneurs do not optimistically perceive innovation and competitiveness, while the current conditions will not allow entrepreneurs to respond to national development expectations in the post-conflict context. In this way, it is not enough with a low technological absorption and use of computers. It is worrying the low perception of the ethics of government and signatures, and the intellectual property, as well as the quality of ports and airports, the perception foreign trade is low, as well as the financial market sophistication, investor protection, and trade regulation. It can be said that in this Colombian context, SMEs will not be able to respond to the challenges of post-conflict as it is proposed, based on public policy and government programs. JEL Classification Codes: D41, O32, O14, D74

La reforma tributaria de 2016 y los nuevos recursos para el sistema judicial en el marco del postconflicto en Colombia / The 2016 Tax Reform and the New Resources for the Judiciary in the Frame of Post Conflict in Colombia

Resumen La reforma tributaria del 2016 y la inclusión de rubros que contribuyan al logro de financiación de procesos que se deben atender para consolidar la paz, es una necesidad que bien administrada puede dar resultados favorables para llegar a la reconciliación, la paz, la democracia y la estabilidad política después del conflicto armado de más de 60 años en el país.

Abstract The 2016 tax reform and the inclusion of items, which contribute to the achievement of financial processes must be addressed in order to consolidate peace, is a need that, if well managed, can bear favorable results to reach reconciliation, peace, democracy, and political stability after the armed conflict, which has lasted more than 60 years in the country.

Challenges faced by smallholder farmers in a former conflict area in Colombia: the case of Montes de María / Retos de Pequeños Productores en Zona de Postconflicto en Colombia: El Caso de los Montes de María

Abstract This article aimed to identify challenges faced by smallholder farmers in Montes de María, a former conflict area and agricultural sub-region in the Caribbean region of Colombia. Fieldwork (September through December 2014) involved 49 workshops with 49 farming associations from the region. Using participatory rural appraisal, difficulties related to the potential execution of productive projects were identified. The main concerns of farmers were related to the productivity and/or profitability of their projects, the lack of access to technical assistance, credits and markets, and deficiency in basic capital available to the farmers. Despite numerous initiatives in Montes de María, smallholder farmers continue to suffer from poverty and cannot easily support their families through agricultural activities. The main obstacles identified were the need for improved technical assistance, access to credit for investment, and support in the commercialization of agricultural products.

Resumen Esta investigación buscó identificar retos enfrentados por pequeños productores en Montes de María, área de postconflicto y producción agrícola en la región Caribe de Colombia. El trabajo de campo (septiembre a diciembre, 2014) incluyó 49 talleres con 49 organizaciones campesinas de la región. Fueron identificadas dificultades relacionadas con la ejecución de proyectos productivos usando el método de evaluación rural participativa. Las principales preocupaciones incluyeron la productividad y/o rentabilidad de los proyectos, la falta de asistencia técnica, créditos y mercados, y la deficiencia en capital básico accesible a los campesinos. A pesar de numerosas iniciativas en los Montes de María, los pequeños productores siguen en pobreza y con dificultad de mantener a sus familias mediante actividades productivas. Los principales retos que deben ser enfrentados fueron mejoras en asistencia técnica, acceso a créditos para inversiones y apoyo para comercializar productos agrícolas.

¿Qué hacer en el postconflicto para alcanzar la paz en el seno de la familia colombiana? / What to do in the post-conflict period to achieve peace within the colombian family? / O que fazer no postconflicto para alcançar a paz na grande família colombiana?

El artículo de reflexión analiza la violencia en el seno de la familia, si se quiere lograr una paz real en Colombia en el postconflicto. La violencia en Colombia tiene un fuerte acervo cultural en el modelo patriarcal, donde el hombre posee el poder absoluto; él es dueño de la mujer y de los niños. Este acervo cultural es fuente de violencia en la familia y la ejerce el hombre hacia los demás miembros de la familia. La familia perdura en el tiempo, se configura de diversas maneras, pero se encuentra permeada por la violencia. Así, el espacio familiar es el más peligroso para mujeres y niños. Y por los altos índices de violencia en el seno de la familia, esta se convierte en un problema de salud pública. Los altos costos de la violencia en familia empobrece al pueblo colombiano. Aunque se han hecho proyectos para disminuir la violencia en familia, el hombre se adapta a las nuevas exigencias y situaciones sociales y presenta resistencia al cambio, él mantiene el poder sobre la mujer y los niños. En este contexto de violencia en el seno de la familia, el Estado debe garantizar la formación familiar, para recuperar a cada miembro de la familia, su interioridad, sus valores morales, el buen vivir, el bien actuar, la ética de la virtud, la prudencia. Es la posibilidad de ir progresivamente transformando la cultura, de una violenta hacia una de paz y felicidad en familia.

The article of reflection analyzes the violence within the family if we want to achieve a real peace in Colombia in the post-conflict. Violence in Colombia has a strong cultural heritage in the patriarchal model where man possesses absolute power, he is owner of the woman and the children. This cultural heritage is a source of violence in the family and it is exercised by the man towards the other members of the family. The family lasts over time, it is configured in different ways, but it is permeated by violence. Thus, the family space is the most dangerous for women and children. And because of the high rates of violence within the family, this becomes a public health problem. The high costs of family violence impoverish the Colombian people. Although projects have been made to reduce family violence, the man adapts to new demands and social situations and he is resistant to change, he maintains power over woman and children. In this context of violence within the family, the State must guarantee family formation, to recover each member of the family, their interiority, their moral values, good living, good acting, virtue ethics, and prudence. It is the possibility to be transforming progressively the culture, from a violent towards one of peace and happiness as a family.

O artigo de reflexão analisa a violência dentro da família se quisermos alcançar uma paz real na Colômbia no pós-conflito. A violência na Colômbia tem uma forte herança cultural no modelo patriarcal onde o homem tem poder absoluto, ele é o dono de mulheres e crianças. Esta herança cultural é uma fonte de violência na família e é exercida pelos homens em relação aos outros membros da família. A família dura com o tempo, se configura de maneiras diferentes, mas é permeada pela violência. Assim, o espaço familiar é o mais perigoso para mulheres e crianças. E por causa das altas taxas de violência dentro da família, isso se torna um problema de saúde pública. Os altos custos da violência familiar empobrecem o povo colombiano. Embora projetos tenham sido feitos para reduzir a violência familiar, o homem se adapta a novas demandas e situações sociais e é resistente à mudança, ele mantém o poder sobre as mulheres e crianças. Neste contexto de violência dentro da família, o Estado deve garantir a formação da família, recuperar cada membro da família, sua interioridade, seus valores morais, boa vivência, boa atuação, ética da virtude, prudência É a possibilidade de transformar progressivamente a cultura, de violenta para a paz e a felicidade como família.

Del control (los castigos insurgentes) a la autonomía (las sanciones comunitarias): elementos para la transición de la Justicia local en la Sierra de La Macarena / From control (insurgent punishments) to autonomy (community sanctions): elements for the transition of the local justice in la Sierra de la Macarena

El Sistema Jurídico Local de la Sierra de la Macarena se enfrenta al reto de la transición política en la postguerra colombiana. Puesto que este Sistema Jurídico integra prácticas de justicia insurgente, comunitaria y estatal, tras la dejación de armas que haga la insurgencia la capacidad de coerciónque integra la justicia local cesará. Esto implica que las sanciones dispuestas por los Manuales de Convivencia de las comunidades (multas, confiscaciones y trabajos comunitarios) deberán reforzarsu legitimidad; así mismo, las sanciones impuestas por la guerrilla para castigar la violación de sus regulaciones y/o mantener el orden (trabajos forzados, destierros, ejecuciones) han de ser superadas. Puesto que tal superación implica una transformación territorial, para hacerla es necesario reconocerlas condiciones sociales actuales. En este orden de ideas, se ofrece una caracterización del carácter penal del Sistema Jurídico Local y expone los principales elementos de sus sanciones. El texto se apoya en una etnografía socio jurídica de larga duración realizada en la zona.

The Local Legal System in La Sierra de la Macarena is facing the challenge of the political transition in the Colombian post war. Since this Legal System integrates insurgent, community, and state practices, after the abandonment of weapons that the insurgency makes, the ability of coercion that integratesthe local justice shall cease. This implies that sanctions provided by the Manuals of Coexistence of the communities (fines, confiscations, and community work) should strengthen their legitimacy. Likewise, the sanctions imposed by the guerrillas to punish the violation of its regulations and/orto maintain order (forced labor, exile, executions) have to be overcome. Since such an improvement implies a territorial transformation, in order to make it, it is necessary to recognize the current social conditions. In this order of ideas, a characterization of the criminal nature of the Local Legal System is provided and the main elements of its sanctions are set out. The text is supported by a long-standingsocial and legal ethnography, in the zone.

Gender and age disparities in adult undernutrition in northern Uganda: high-risk groups not targeted by food aid programmes.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of adult malnutrition and associated risk factors in a post-conflict area of northern Uganda. METHODS: A cross-sectional community survey was performed from September 2011 to June 2013. All registered residents in Gulu Health and Demographic Surveillance System aged 15 years and older were considered eligible. Trained field assistants collected anthropometric measurements (weight and height) and administered questionnaires with information on sociodemographic characteristics, food security, smoking and alcohol. Nutritional status was classified by body mass index. RESULTS: In total, 2062 men and 2924 women participated and were included in the analyses. The prevalence of underweight was 22.3% for men and 16.0% for women, whereas the prevalence of overweight was 1.5% for men and 7.6% for women. In men, underweight was associated with younger (15-19 years) and older age (>55 years) (P < 0.001), being divorced/separated [odds ratio (OR) = 1.91 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.21-2.99] and smoking (OR = 2.13, 95% CI: 1.67-2.73). For women, underweight was associated with older age (P < 0.001) and hungry-gap rainy season (May-July) (OR = 1.33, 95% CI: 1.04-1.69). Widowed or divorced/separated women were not more likely to be underweight. No association was found between education, alcohol consumption or food security score and underweight. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings are not in line with the conventional target groups in nutritional programmes and highlight the importance of continuous health and nutritional assessments of all population groups that reflect local social determinants and family structures.

Scaling Up Family Therapy in Fragile, Conflict-Affected States.

This article discusses the design and delivery of two international family therapy-focused mental health and psychosocial support training projects, one in a fragile state and one in a post-conflict state. The training projects took place in Southeast Asia and the Middle East/North Africa. Each was funded, supported, and implemented by local, regional, and international stakeholders, and delivered as part of a broader humanitarian agenda to develop human resource capacity to work with families affected by atrocities. The two examples illustrate how task-shifting/task-sharing and transitional justice approaches were used to inform the scaling-up of professionals involved in each project. They also exemplify how state-citizen phenomena in each location affected the project design and delivery.

Las representaciones sociales del enemigo: la organización de un campo en tensión / Social representations of the enemy: an organization of a field in tension

El presente artículo es resultado de uno de los componentes de la investigación "Representaciones sociales del enemigo, construidas a través de la memoria social entre sujetos desmovilizados de grupos de Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia (AUC)". Este componente se centró en el estudio de la organización de las representaciones sociales del enemigo, construidas entre los participantes; asimismo, se realizó una lectura psicosociológica de los contenidos que conforman el campo, articulando la teoría de las Representaciones Sociales con aportes de otras alternativas teóricas. La interpretación se orientó a partir de los resultados del análisis de clases latentes. Se utilizó como técnica de generación de datos la asociación libre de palabras. La mayor parte de los contenidos se organizan en torno a tres clases, en las que sobresale una inclinación aversiva contra el que se coloque en la posición de enemigo, destacándose los efectos que tiene haber participado en el conflicto armado. Estas imágenes del enemigo se relacionan con emociones y actitudes como las de eliminarlo, temerle u odiarlo. Una de las clases, la de menos incidencia, ofrece la consideración de prácticas conciliatorias.

The present article is the result of one of the components of the research project "Social representations of the enemy in the social memory among the demobilized individuals of the groups of the United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC)". This component is the study of the organization of the social representations of the enemy, constructed by the participants of the conflict. It is based on the psycho-sociological theories related to the field, the Theory of Social Representations, as well as other theories. The interpretation was based on the results of the latent class analysis. Free associations of words were used as a data generation technique. The contents are organized mostly around three groups. Attitude to the enemy distinctly is formed around the aversive feelings under the influence of the armed conflict. Enemy image is related to emotions and attitudes such as elimination, fear or hatred. Only one group, the one of less impact, suggests consideration of reconciliation.