Prospective study of oral pre-exposure prophylaxis initiation and adherence among young women in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.

INTRODUCTION: Oral tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), introduced into South Africa (SA) in 2016, has increasingly become part of HIV prevention standard of care. Given the urgent need for increased HIV prevention efforts for young women in SA, we conducted an implementation study to explore oral PrEP initiation and adherence, and the impact of oral PrEP on HIV incidence in this group. METHODS: This prospective cohort study (CAPRISA 082) was conducted at two sites (urban and rural) in KwaZulu-Natal, between March 2016 and February 2018. HIV-negative, sexually active women, aged 18-30 years, were enrolled and followed for approximately 10 months. Oral PrEP was offered as part of a comprehensive HIV prevention package. Adherence to oral PrEP was measured using pill counts and tenofovir-diphosphate (TFV-DP) levels. Characteristics of oral PrEP initiators versus non-initiators were compared using risk ratios. HIV incidence rates were measured using Poisson regression. RESULTS: Of 425 women enrolled, 262 (62%) initiated oral PrEP. Uptake was significantly higher at the rural site compared to the urban site (78% [n = 203/259] vs. 36% [n = 59/166], respectively, p-value<0.001). Approximately 25% and 50% had stopped using oral PrEP by 3 and 12 months post-initiation, respectively. Median pill count adherence was 90% (interquartile range: 81-97%); however, TFV-DP was only detected in 13% of samples tested, that is 56/431 samples from 97 (37%) participants who initiated oral PrEP. In total, 11 women seroconverted yielding an HIV incidence rate of 2.81 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval: 1.40-5.03). Nine of 11 seroconverters had initiated oral PrEP; however, all showed drug levels equivalent to taking one to zero tablets per week. Among women who initiated oral PrEP, >50% had discontinued using oral PrEP by study end, with side effects, such as diarrhoea, nausea, headaches and rash, being the most frequent reason for discontinuation. CONCLUSIONS: Despite moderate oral PrEP initiation and high pill count adherence, adherence as measured by TFV-DP levels was low and early discontinuation was high. The overall HIV incidence rate was high underscoring the critical need to address barriers to oral PrEP initiation, adherence and continued use, as well as expanding HIV prevention options for young women.

Incidencia de infección del sitio quirúrgico y cumplimiento de prácticas de prevención en apendicectomía y cirugía herniaria / Incidence of the surgical infection site and fulfillment of preventive practices in appendicectomy and hernial surgery

Introducción: La vigilancia de infección del sitio quirúrgico en procederes quirúrgicos frecuentes es esencial para su prevención. Objetivo: Determinar la incidencia de infección del sitio quirúrgico y el cumplimiento de las prácticas de prevención en apendicectomía y cirugía de hernia. Método: Estudio descriptivo de pacientes intervenidos de estos procederes desde enero 2017 hasta marzo 2018 en Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Universitario Joaquín Albarrán. La Habana, Cuba. Se recolectó información de las características demográficas de los pacientes, los procederes y el CPP (profilaxis antibiótica, normoglicemia, normotermia y eliminación del pelo). Se utilizaron técnicas de vigilancia durante el ingreso y posterior al egreso para identificar los pacientes con infección del sitio quirúrgico. Se calculó la tasa total de infección del sitio quirúrgico y según índice de riesgo (por cada100 procederes quirúrgicos), para cada proceder y el CPP por cada 100 procederes quirúrgicos. Resultados: Se evaluaron 174 pacientes con apendicectomía y 389 de cirugía de hernia, con tasas de infección de 13,8 por ciento y 5,7 por ciento, respectivamente. El cumplimiento del tiempo de administración del antibiótico profiláctico, la selección y dosis, y la discontinuación fueron respectivamente de 53,3 por ciento, 83,3 por ciento y 80,0 por ciento, en apendicectomía, y de 46,3 por ciento, 72,9 por ciento y 63 por ciento, en cirugía de hernia. La normotermia fue alcanzada en 32,4 por ciento y 27,1 por ciento de los casos. La mayoría de los pacientes con infección del sitio quirúrgico fueron diagnosticados utilizando métodos de vigilancia posterior al egreso. Conclusión: Se ha identificado la incidencia de infección del sitio quirúrgico y brechas en el cumplimiento de las prácticas de prevención que requieren acciones correctivas, que incluyan fortalecimiento del sistema de vigilancia y capacitación de los profesionales(AU)

Introduction: Surveillance of the surgical site infection in frequent surgical procedures is essential for its prevention. Objective: To determine the incidence of surgical site infection and the fulfillment of prevention practices in appendicectomy and hernial surgery. Method: Descriptive study of patients operated on by these procedures from January 2017 to March 2018 in "Joaquin Albarran" clinical, surgical and university hospital in Havana, Cuba. Data on demographic characteristics of patients, the types of procedures and the CPP (antibiotic prophylaxis, normoglycemia, normothermia and hair removal) were collected. The use of surveillance techniques during hospitalization and after discharge allowed identifying the patients with surgical site infection. The total surgical site infection rate and the risk index (per 100 surgical procedures) for each procedure and the CPP per 100 surgical procedures were all estimated. Results: One hundred and seventy-four patients with appendicectomy and 389 with hernial surgery were evaluated and their infection rates were 13.8 percent and 5.7 percent, respectively. The compliance with the time of administration of prophylactic antibiotic, selection and dosage, and discontinuation of treatment were 53.3 percent, 83.3 percent and 80 percent, respectively in appendicectomy where those of hernial surgery were 46.3 percent,72.9 and 63 percent, respectively. Normothermia was reached in 32.4 percent and 27.1 percent of cases. Most of the patients with surgical site infection were diagnosed by using the surveillance methods after discharge from hospital. Conclusions: The incidence of the surgical site infection and gaps in the fulfillment of prevention practices has been identified, which require corrective actions including strengthening of the surveillance system and professional training(AU)

Incidencia de infección del sitio quirúrgico y cumplimiento de prácticas de prevención en apendicectomía y cirugía herniaria / Incidence of the surgical infection site and fulfillment of preventive practices in appendicectomy and hernial surgery

Introducción: La vigilancia de infección del sitio quirúrgico en procederes quirúrgicos frecuentes es esencial para su prevención. Objetivo: Determinar la incidencia de infección del sitio quirúrgico y el cumplimiento de las prácticas de prevención en apendicectomía y cirugía de hernia. Método: Estudio descriptivo de pacientes intervenidos de estos procederes desde enero 2017 hasta marzo 2018 en Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Universitario Joaquín Albarrán. La Habana, Cuba. Se recolectó información de las características demográficas de los pacientes, los procederes y el CPP (profilaxis antibiótica, normoglicemia, normotermia y eliminación del pelo). Se utilizaron técnicas de vigilancia durante el ingreso y posterior al egreso para identificar los pacientes con infección del sitio quirúrgico. Se calculó la tasa total de infección del sitio quirúrgico y según índice de riesgo (por cada100 procederes quirúrgicos), para cada proceder y el CPP por cada 100 procederes quirúrgicos. Resultados: Se evaluaron 174 pacientes con apendicectomía y 389 de cirugía de hernia, con tasas de infección de 13,8 por ciento y 5,7 por ciento, respectivamente. El cumplimiento del tiempo de administración del antibiótico profiláctico, la selección y dosis, y la discontinuación fueron respectivamente de 53,3 por ciento, 83,3 por ciento y 80,0 por ciento, en apendicectomía, y de 46,3 por ciento, 72,9 por ciento y 63 por ciento, en cirugía de hernia. La normotermia fue alcanzada en 32,4 por ciento y 27,1 por ciento de los casos. La mayoría de los pacientes con infección del sitio quirúrgico fueron diagnosticados utilizando métodos de vigilancia posterior al egreso. Conclusión: Se ha identificado la incidencia de infección del sitio quirúrgico y brechas en el cumplimiento de las prácticas de prevención que requieren acciones correctivas, que incluyan fortalecimiento del sistema de vigilancia y capacitación de los profesionales(AU)

Introduction: Surveillance of the surgical site infection in frequent surgical procedures is essential for its prevention. Objective: To determine the incidence of surgical site infection and the fulfillment of prevention practices in appendicectomy and hernial surgery. Method: Descriptive study of patients operated on by these procedures from January 2017 to March 2018 in "Joaquin Albarran" clinical, surgical and university hospital in Havana, Cuba. Data on demographic characteristics of patients, the types of procedures and the CPP (antibiotic prophylaxis, normoglycemia, normothermia and hair removal) were collected. The use of surveillance techniques during hospitalization and after discharge allowed identifying the patients with surgical site infection. The total surgical site infection rate and the risk index (per 100 surgical procedures) for each procedure and the CPP per 100 surgical procedures were all estimated. Results: One hundred and seventy-four patients with appendicectomy and 389 with hernial surgery were evaluated and their infection rates were 13.8 percent and 5.7 percent, respectively. The compliance with the time of administration of prophylactic antibiotic, selection and dosage, and discontinuation of treatment were 53.3 percent, 83.3 percent and 80 percent, respectively in appendicectomy where those of hernial surgery were 46.3 percent,72.9 and 63 percent, respectively. Normothermia was reached in 32.4 percent and 27.1 percent of cases. Most of the patients with surgical site infection were diagnosed by using the surveillance methods after discharge from hospital. Conclusions: The incidence of the surgical site infection and gaps in the fulfillment of prevention practices has been identified, which require corrective actions including strengthening of the surveillance system and professional training(AU)