Number of rainy days in a week influencing screwworm navel myiasis in beef calves and efficacies of injectable and topical antiparasitics.

Rainfall incidence as a risk factor for umbilical myiasis by Cochliomyia hominivorax in newborn beef cattle and the preventive and curative efficacies of injectable and topical products against its larvae were evaluated. The prevalence of navel myiasis did not differ between sex, however, it did differ between seasons of the year, independent of animal sex, with it being higher in the rainy season than in the dry season for both sexes (males 64.6%, females 62.1%). During the rainy season, rains occurred intermittently and the number of rainy days in a week had a direct influence on prevalence, with an increase (≥87%) in the number of calves with navel myiasis caused by C. hominivorax. When it rained intermittently for four, five and six days in a week during the rainy season, calves had ≈12, 24 and 11 times greater chances, respectively, of having navel myiasis compared to a week without rain during the rainy season. The injectable products did not reach preventive efficacies higher than 35%, while all treatments of topic products reached 100% preventive efficacy at 10 days post-treatment. Only the formulations with 30% dichlorfenthion and 0.32% fipronil achieved 100% curative efficacy. The results reinforce the need for intensified inspection and healing of the umbilicus during the rainy season, mainly during rainier weeks. Furthermore, topical formulations may be a better alternative as a preventive treatment than avermectin formulations. However, the curative efficacy of the topical product containing dichlorvos did not demonstrate a relationship with preventive efficacy for newborn calves.

Ivermectina e abamectina em diferentes doses e vias de aplicação contra larvas de Cochliomyia hominivorax em bolsas escrotais de bovinos recém-castrados, provenientes da região sudeste do Brasil / Ivermectin and abamectin administered at different doses and routes against Cochliomyia hominivorax in the scrotum of newly castrated cattle from southeast region of Brazil

Avaliou-se a eficácia preventiva da ivermectina e da abamectina, administradas em diferentes vias (subcutânea, intramuscular e pour-on) e doses (200 e 500mcg kg-1), contra larvas de Cochliomyia hominivorax em bolsas escrotais de bovinos após a castração. Foram utilizados animais de seis propriedades do estado de São Paulo e Minas Gerais, Brasil. Para cada estudo, selecionou-se de 30 a 45 bovinos não castrados, dependendo do número de grupos. No dia zero do estudo, realizou-se o processo de castração pelo método cruento, sendo os animais tratados após este processo. Avaliou-se a eficácia da ivermectina e da abamectina administradas via pour-on (500mcg kg-1), subcutanea (200mcg kg-1), bem como a eficácia da abamectina pela via intramuscular (200mcg kg-1). Em cada experimento, um grupo de animais foi mantido como controle. Os animais foram avaliados do 3° ao 14° dia após o processo de castração/tratamento. Os valores de eficácia para ambos os princípios ativos foram ≤30% próximos ao 10° dia pós-tratamento (DPT), sendo que, em cinco experimentos, tanto a ivermectina quanto a abamectina, independente da via de administração, foram ineficazes (0,0%) no 10°DPT. Com base nos resultados encontrados no presente estudo, conduzidos em diferentes propriedades da região sudeste do Brasil, tanto a ivermectina quanto a abamectina, quando utilizadas com base no protocolo apresentado, foram consideradas ineficazes na prevenção de miíases escrotais em bovinos, independente da via e dose de administração utilizada.

The preventive efficacy of ivermectin and abamectin administered in different routes (subcutaneous, intramuscular and pour-on) and doses (200 and 500mcg kg-1) against Cochliomyia hominivorax in the scrotal sac of cattle after castration, was evaluated. Animals from six different farms, in the state of São Paulo and Minas Gerais, Brazil were used. For each study, 30-45 uncastrated bulls, depending on the number of groups, were selected. On day zero of the study, the procedure was carried out by the method of bloody castration and the animals were treated after this process. The efficacy of ivermectin and abamectin administered via the pour-on (500mcg kg-1), subcutaneous (200mcg kg-1) as well as the efficacy of abamectin intramuscularly (200mcg kg-1) were evaluated. In each experiment, one group of animals was kept as control. The animals were evaluated from the 3rd to the 14th day after castration process/treatment. The efficacy values for both active principles were ≤30% the next day 10 post-treatment (PT), and in five experiments, both ivermectin and abamectin, regardless of the route of administration, were ineffective (0.0%) on the day 10th PT. Based on the results found in this study, conducted in different properties from southeastern Brazil, both ivermectin and abamectin, when used the protocol presented, were considered ineffective in preventing scrotal myiasis in bulls, irrespective of the route of administration and dose used.

Anthelmintic efficacy of an oral formulation of Aurixazol against gastrointestinal nematodes of naturally and experimentally infected sheep.

As a result of the need to develop new active principles for the control of endoparasites in ruminants, the present in vivo study evaluated a formulation containing 24% Aurixazol (48 mg/kg), a parasiticide molecule based on disophenolate of levamisole. Two experiments were conducted: one evaluating the anthelmintic efficacy of 24% Aurixazol (48 mg/kg) against gastrointestinal nematodes in naturally infected sheep, compared to an association of ivermectin (0.2mg/kg)+albendazole (5.0mg/kg)+levamisole (7.5mg/kg) (IAL), and a second one which evaluated the persistent efficacy of the same formulation against immature stages (L4) and adults of Haemonchus contortus in experimentally infected animals. In experiment I, against H. contortus, the formulation of Aurixazol and the IAL association reached efficacies (arithmetic means) of 99.32% and 96.11%, respectively. For Trichostrongylus colubriformis, the efficacy values were 88.92% and 98.08% for Aurixazol and the IAL association, respectively. Both formulations were totally effective against Oesophagostomum columbianum (100%). The results of the statistical analysis demonstrated that the mean parasitic burden of treated animals was significantly different (P ≤ 0.05) compared to the average number of helminths diagnosed in animals from the control group for H. contortus, T. colubriformis and O. columbianum. Comparing only the treated groups, it was possible to verify that the average number of H. contortus recovered from animals treated with Aurixazol was different (P ≤ 0.05) when compared to the mean amount recovered from sheep treated with the IAL association. When evaluating the prevention of H. contortus infection in experiment II, Aurixazol did not present preventive efficacy. Up until 21 days after treatment the groups treated with Aurixazol contained less adults and L4 of H. contortus (P ≤ 0.05) when compared to the non-medicated control group. However, future studies will be necessary to assess the effectiveness of Aurixazol against nematode strains resistant to levamisole and disophenol, but the efficacy results described in this study allow to state that Aurixazol can, associated with other measures, become an important tool in the control of sheep nematodes.

Ivermectina e abamectina em diferentes doses e vias de aplicação contra larvas de Cochliomyia hominivorax em bolsas escrotais de bovinos recém-castrados, provenientes da região sudeste do Brasil

The preventive efficacy of ivermectin and abamectin administered in different routes (subcutaneous, intramuscular and pour-on) and doses (200 and 500mcg kg-1) against Cochliomyia hominivorax in the scrotal sac of cattle after castration, was evaluated. Animals from six different farms, in the state of São Paulo and Minas Gerais, Brazil were used. For each study, 30-45 uncastrated bulls, depending on the number of groups, were selected. On day zero of the study, the procedure was carried out by the method of bloody castration and the animals were treated after this process. The efficacy of ivermectin and abamectin administered via the pour-on (500mcg kg-1), subcutaneous (200mcg kg-1) as well as the efficacy of abamectin intramuscularly (200mcg kg-1) were evaluated. In each experiment, one group of animals was kept as control. The animals were evaluated from the 3rd to the 14th day after castration process/treatment. The efficacy values for both active principles were 30% the next day 10 post-treatment (PT), and in five experiments, both ivermectin and abamectin, regardless of the route of administration, were ineffective (0.0%) on the day 10th PT. Based on the results found in this study, conducted in different properties from southeastern Brazil, both ivermectin and abamectin, when used the protocol presented, were considered ineffective in preventing scrotal myiasis in bulls, irrespective of the route of administration and dose used.

Avaliou-se a eficácia preventiva da ivermectina e da abamectina, administradas em diferentes vias (subcutânea, intramuscular e pour-on) e doses (200 e 500mcg kg-1), contra larvas de Cochliomyia hominivorax em bolsas escrotais de bovinos após a castração. Foram utilizados animais de seis propriedades do estado de São Paulo e Minas Gerais, Brasil. Para cada estudo, selecionou-se de 30 a 45 bovinos não castrados, dependendo do número de grupos. No dia zero do estudo, realizou-se o processo de castração pelo método cruento, sendo os animais tratados após este processo. Avaliou-se a eficácia da ivermectina e da abamectina administradas via pour-on (500mcg kg-1), subcutanea (200mcg kg-1), bem como a eficácia da abamectina pela via intramuscular (200mcg kg-1). Em cada experimento, um grupo de animais foi mantido como controle. Os animais foram avaliados do 3° ao 14° dia após o processo de castração/tratamento. Os valores de eficácia para ambos os princípios ativos foram 30% próximos ao 10° dia pós-tratamento (DPT), sendo que, em cinco experimentos, tanto a ivermectina quanto a abamectina, independente da via de administração, foram ineficazes (0,0%) no 10°DPT. Com base nos resultados encontrados no presente estudo, conduzidos em diferentes propriedades da região sudeste do Brasil, tanto a ivermectina quanto a abamectina, quando utilizadas com base no protocolo apresentado, foram consideradas ineficazes na prevenção de miíases escrotais em bovinos, independente da via e dose de administração utilizada.

Ivermectina e abamectina em diferentes doses e vias de aplicação contra larvas de Cochliomyia hominivorax em bolsas escrotais de bovinos recém-castrados, provenientes da região sudeste do Brasil

The preventive efficacy of ivermectin and abamectin administered in different routes (subcutaneous, intramuscular and pour-on) and doses (200 and 500mcg kg-1) against Cochliomyia hominivorax in the scrotal sac of cattle after castration, was evaluated. Animals from six different farms, in the state of São Paulo and Minas Gerais, Brazil were used. For each study, 30-45 uncastrated bulls, depending on the number of groups, were selected. On day zero of the study, the procedure was carried out by the method of bloody castration and the animals were treated after this process. The efficacy of ivermectin and abamectin administered via the pour-on (500mcg kg-1), subcutaneous (200mcg kg-1) as well as the efficacy of abamectin intramuscularly (200mcg kg-1) were evaluated. In each experiment, one group of animals was kept as control. The animals were evaluated from the 3rd to the 14th day after castration process/treatment. The efficacy values for both active principles were 30% the next day 10 post-treatment (PT), and in five experiments, both ivermectin and abamectin, regardless of the route of administration, were ineffective (0.0%) on the day 10th PT. Based on the results found in this study, conducted in different properties from southeastern Brazil, both ivermectin and abamectin, when used the protocol presented, were considered ineffective in preventing scrotal myiasis in bulls, irrespective of the route of administration and dose used.

Avaliou-se a eficácia preventiva da ivermectina e da abamectina, administradas em diferentes vias (subcutânea, intramuscular e pour-on) e doses (200 e 500mcg kg-1), contra larvas de Cochliomyia hominivorax em bolsas escrotais de bovinos após a castração. Foram utilizados animais de seis propriedades do estado de São Paulo e Minas Gerais, Brasil. Para cada estudo, selecionou-se de 30 a 45 bovinos não castrados, dependendo do número de grupos. No dia zero do estudo, realizou-se o processo de castração pelo método cruento, sendo os animais tratados após este processo. Avaliou-se a eficácia da ivermectina e da abamectina administradas via pour-on (500mcg kg-1), subcutanea (200mcg kg-1), bem como a eficácia da abamectina pela via intramuscular (200mcg kg-1). Em cada experimento, um grupo de animais foi mantido como controle. Os animais foram avaliados do 3° ao 14° dia após o processo de castração/tratamento. Os valores de eficácia para ambos os princípios ativos foram 30% próximos ao 10° dia pós-tratamento (DPT), sendo que, em cinco experimentos, tanto a ivermectina quanto a abamectina, independente da via de administração, foram ineficazes (0,0%) no 10°DPT. Com base nos resultados encontrados no presente estudo, conduzidos em diferentes propriedades da região sudeste do Brasil, tanto a ivermectina quanto a abamectina, quando utilizadas com base no protocolo apresentado, foram consideradas ineficazes na prevenção de miíases escrotais em bovinos, independente da via e dose de administração utilizada.