Barriers and facilitators to tuberculosis diagnosis in Lima, Peru: a mixed methods study.

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis (TB) infectiousness decreases significantly with only a few days of treatment, but delayed diagnosis often leads to late treatment initiation. We conducted a sequential explanatory mixed methods study to understand the barriers and facilitators to prompt diagnosis among people with TB. METHODS: We enrolled 100 adults who started TB treatment in the Carabayllo district of Lima, Peru, between November 2020 and February 2022 and administered a survey about their symptoms and healthcare encounters. We calculated total diagnostic delay as time from symptom onset to diagnosis. We conducted semi-structured interviews of 26 participants who had a range of delays investigating their experience navigating the health system. Interview transcripts were inductively coded for concepts related to diagnostic barriers and facilitators. RESULTS: Overall, 38% of participants sought care first from public facilities and 42% from the private sector. Only 14% reported being diagnosed with TB on their first visit, and participants visited a median of 3 (interquartile range [IQR] health facilities before diagnosis. The median total diagnostic delay was 9 weeks (interquartile range [IQR] 4-22), with a median of 4 weeks (IQR 0-9) before contact with the health system and of 3 weeks (IQR 0-9) after. Barriers to prompt diagnosis included participants attributing their symptoms to an alternative cause or having misconceptions about TB, and leading them to postpone seeking care. Once connected to care, variations in clinical management, health facility resource limitations, and lack of formal referral processes contributed to the need for multiple healthcare visits before obtaining a diagnosis. Facilitators to prompt diagnosis included knowing someone with TB, supportive friends and family, referral documents, and seeing a pulmonologist. CONCLUSIONS: Misinformation about TB among people with TB and providers, poor accessibility of health services, and the need for multiple encounters to obtain diagnostic tests were major factors leading to delays. Extending the hours of operation of public health facilities, improving community awareness and provider training, and creating a formal referral process between the public and private sectors should be priorities in the efforts to combat TB.

Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in Brazil: an epidemiological study on the distribution of equipment and frequency of examinations, with comparisons between the public and private sectors.

Objective: To compare information on highly complex radiological procedures-computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-between the public and private health care systems, across the five regions of Brazil, in terms of the numbers of radiological devices and examinations performed, between 2015 and 2021. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive time series analysis of secondary data in the public domain, available from the Information Technology Department of the Brazilian Unified Health Care System, an entity of the Brazilian National Ministry of Health (NMH) that is responsible for collecting and storing health-related information in Brazil. The analysis included the numbers of CT and MRI scanners; the volumes and types of examinations; the type of institution (public or private); the regions of the country; and the years (2015 to 2021). Results: Progressive increases in the numbers of CT and MRI devices, as well as in the volumes of examinations, were observed over the years in all regions of the country. The private sector showed higher rates of equipment acquisition and of growth in the number of examinations. However, the public health care system did not reach the equipment targets set by the NMH, whereas the private health care system surpassed those targets. A greater number of examinations were performed in the private sector than in the public sector. Conclusion: During the period evaluated, the public health care system did not meet the equipment or examination targets recommended by the NMH, in any of the regions of the country, unlike the private health care system, which exceeded both in all of the regions.

Objetivo: Comparar informações sobre procedimentos radiológicos de alta complexidade ­ tomografia computadorizada (TC) e ressonância magnética (RM) ­, considerando o número de aparelhos e o quantitativo de exames nas esferas pública e privada nas cinco regiões brasileiras entre 2015 e 2021. Materiais e Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo de série temporal que utilizou dados secundários do Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde, órgão do Ministério da Saúde (MS) responsável pela coleta e armazenamento das informações relacionadas à saúde no Brasil. Analisamos os números de aparelhos e de exames de TC e RM, considerando os tipos de aparelhos e exames, instituição (pública ou privada), região brasileira e ano (2015 a 2021). Resultados: Houve aumento de aparelhos e exames de TC e RM em todas as regiões ao longo dos anos. A esfera privada apresentou maior aquisição desses aparelhos e crescimento no número de exames. O sistema público não atingiu o número de aparelhos preconizado pelo MS, enquanto o sistema privado superou a recomendação. Observou-se maior número de exames na esfera privada quando comparada à pública. Conclusão: O sistema público não atendeu aos números de aparelhos e exames realizados preconizados pelo MS, diferentemente da esfera privada, em todas as regiões no período estudado.

Privatization and Oligopolies of the Renal Replacement Therapy Sector on Contemporary Capitalism: A Systematic Review and the Brazilian Scenario.

Worldwide the assistance on renal replacement therapy (RRT) is carried out mainly by private for-profit services and in a market with increase in mergers and acquisitions. The aim of this study was to conduct an integrative systematic review on privatization and oligopolies in the RRT sector in the context of contemporary capitalism. The inclusion criteria were scientific articles without language restrictions and that addressed the themes of oligopoly or privatization of RRT market. Studies published before 1990 were excluded. The exploratory search for publications was carried out on February 13, 2024 on the Virtual Health Library Regional Portal (VHL). Using the step-by-step of PRISMA flowchart, 34 articles were retrieved, of which 31 addressed the RRT sector in the United States and 26 compared for-profit dialysis units or those belonging to large organizations with non-profit or public ones. The main effects of privatization and oligopolies, evaluated by the studies, were: mortality, hospitalization, use of peritoneal dialysis and registration for kidney transplantation. When considering these outcomes, 19 (73%) articles showed worse results in private units or those belonging to large organizations, six (23%) studies were in favor of privatization or oligopolies and one study was neutral (4%). In summary, most of the articles included in this systematic review showed deleterious effects of oligopolization and privatization of the RRT sector on the patients served. Possible explanations for this result could be the presence of conflicts of interest in the RRT sector and the lack of incentive to implement the chronic kidney disease care line. The predominance of articles from a single nation may suggest that few countries have transparent mechanisms to monitor the quality of care and outcomes of patients on chronic dialysis.

Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in Brazil: an epidemiological study on the distribution of equipment and frequency of examinations, with comparisons between the public and private sectors / Tomografia computadorizada e ressonância magnética no Brasil: estudo epidemiológico sobre distribuição dos equipamentos, frequência de realização dos exames e comparação entre setores público e privado

Abstract Objective: To compare information on highly complex radiological procedures—computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)—between the public and private health care systems, across the five regions of Brazil, in terms of the numbers of radiological devices and examinations performed, between 2015 and 2021. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive time series analysis of secondary data in the public domain, available from the Information Technology Department of the Brazilian Unified Health Care System, an entity of the Brazilian National Ministry of Health (NMH) that is responsible for collecting and storing health-related information in Brazil. The analysis included the numbers of CT and MRI scanners; the volumes and types of examinations; the type of institution (public or private); the regions of the country; and the years (2015 to 2021). Results: Progressive increases in the numbers of CT and MRI devices, as well as in the volumes of examinations, were observed over the years in all regions of the country. The private sector showed higher rates of equipment acquisition and of growth in the number of examinations. However, the public health care system did not reach the equipment targets set by the NMH, whereas the private health care system surpassed those targets. A greater number of examinations were performed in the private sector than in the public sector. Conclusion: During the period evaluated, the public health care system did not meet the equipment or examination targets recommended by the NMH, in any of the regions of the country, unlike the private health care system, which exceeded both in all of the regions.

Resumo Objetivo: Comparar informações sobre procedimentos radiológicos de alta complexidade - tomografia computadorizada (TC) e ressonância magnética (RM) -, considerando o número de aparelhos e o quantitativo de exames nas esferas pública e privada nas cinco regiões brasileiras entre 2015 e 2021. Materiais e Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo de série temporal que utilizou dados secundários do Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde, órgão do Ministério da Saúde (MS) responsável pela coleta e armazenamento das informações relacionadas à saúde no Brasil. Analisamos os números de aparelhos e de exames de TC e RM, considerando os tipos de aparelhos e exames, instituição (pública ou privada), região brasileira e ano (2015 a 2021). Resultados: Houve aumento de aparelhos e exames de TC e RM em todas as regiões ao longo dos anos. A esfera privada apresentou maior aquisição desses aparelhos e crescimento no número de exames. O sistema público não atingiu o número de aparelhos preconizado pelo MS, enquanto o sistema privado superou a recomendação. Observou-se maior número de exames na esfera privada quando comparada à pública. Conclusão: O sistema público não atendeu aos números de aparelhos e exames realizados preconizados pelo MS, diferentemente da esfera privada, em todas as regiões no período estudado.

Legislações do ensino superior e a privatização da educação no Brasil / Higher education legislation and the privatization of education in Brazil / La legislación de enseñanza superior y la privatización de la educación en Brasil

RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a trajetória das legislações relativas ao ensino superior no Brasil e suas contribuições para o processo de privatização do ensino, além de descrever os principais grupos empresariais no ramo da educação superior no país. Para isso, realizou-se um estudo exploratório de análise documental das legislações e documentos disponíveis on-line, publicados entre 1961 e 2023. Desde a década de 1960, editou-se um conjunto de 29 atos normativos (leis, projetos de leis, decretos, portarias e medidas provisórias) referentes à educação. Ao longo dos anos, todos os governos brasileiros implementaram atos que favoreceram o processo de privatização e o surgimento de grandes conglomerados econômicos de ensino. A intensa privatização do ensino superior se relaciona intimamente com a trajetória dos instrumentos normativos editados por diferentes governos. As legislações moldaram o sistema educacional do país e permitiram a flexibilização dos processos de criação e expansão de instituições, cursos e vagas. Por conseguinte, surgiram grandes grupos empresariais no ramo da educação, detentores de crescentes capitais financeiros que atuam em todas as áreas de formação e, em alguns casos, até se especializando na educação em saúde.

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to analyze the trajectory of legislation related to higher education in Brazil and its contributions to the privatization of education, in addition to describing the leading business groups in the field of higher education in the country. For this, an exploratory study of documentary analysis of the legislation and online documents was carried out and published between 1961 and 2023. Since the 1960s, a set of 29 normative acts (laws, bills, decrees, ordinances and provisional measures) related to education have been issued. Over the years, all Brazilian governments have implemented acts that favored the privatization process and the emergence of large economic education conglomerates. The intense privatization of higher education is closely related to the trajectory of normative instruments issued by different governments. Legislation shaped the country's educational system and allowed the flexibility of the processes of creation and expansion of institutions, courses and vacancies. Therefore, large business groups have emerged in the field of education, with growing financial capital working in all areas of training and, in some cases, even specializing in health education.

RESUMEN: El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la historia de la legislación sobre educación superior en Brasil y sus contribuciones al proceso de privatización de la educación, así como describir los principales grupos empresariales en el ámbito de la educación superior en el país. Para ello, se realizó un estudio de carácter exploratorio con el análisis documental de la legislación y los documentos disponibles en línea, publicados entre 1961 y 2023. Desde la década de 1960, se han promulgado una serie de 29 actos normativos (leyes, proyectos de ley, decretos, ordenanzas y medidas provisorias) relativos a la educación. A lo largo de los años, los gobiernos brasileños han implementado medidas que han favorecido el proceso de privatización y el surgimiento de grandes conglomerados económicos de la educación. La intensa privatización de la enseñanza superior está estrechamente relacionada con los instrumentos normativos dictados por los diferentes gobiernos. La legislación ha moldeado el sistema educativo del país y ha permitido flexibilizar los procesos de creación y ampliación de instituciones, cursos y puestos. El resultado ha sido la aparición de grandes grupos empresariales en el campo de la educación, con un capital financiero creciente, que operan en todos los ámbitos de la formación y, en algunos casos, incluso se especializan en la educación sanitaria.

Taxa e custos médicos diretos de cesáreas em beneficiárias da saúde suplementar no estado de São Paulo, Brasil: 2015 a 2021 / Rate and direct medical costs of cesarean sections among supplementary health plan holders living in the state of São Paulo, Brazil: 2015-2021

Resumo O Brasil tem a segunda maior taxa de cesárea do mundo. Há diferença dessas taxas nos setores públicos e privados. Foram utilizados dados de internação de beneficiárias residentes no estado de São Paulo, internadas entre 2015 e 2021, com idades entre 10 e 49 anos, para verificar as taxas e custos das cesáreas no setor privado. Foi realizado estudo parcial de avaliação econômica em saúde na perspectiva da saúde suplementar considerando custos médicos diretos de internação. Foram analisadas 757.307 internações, com gasto total de R$ 7,701 bilhões. As taxas de cesáreas foram de 80% no período. São menores nas gestantes mais novas (69%) e maiores nas mais velhas (86%), e sempre superiores a 67%. Essa população tem taxas 71% maiores do que aquelas do SUS. Há maior proporção de internações com uso de unidade de terapia intensiva nas cesáreas. O custo mediano da cesárea é 15% maior do que o parto normal e são duas vezes maiores nas seguradoras do que nas cooperativas médicas. Há oportunidade de aplicação de políticas públicas de saúde amplamente utilizadas no Sistema Único de Saúde visando a redução das taxas, dos custos diretos da internação e dos planos de saúde.

Abstract Brazil has the second largest cesarean section rate in the world. Differences in rates exist between the public and private health sectors. This study used data on admissions of supplementary health plan holders aged between 10 and 49 years living in the state of São Paulo admitted between 2015 and 2021 to determine cesarean section rates and costs in the private health sector. We conducted a partial economic analysis in health from a supplementary health perspective focusing on the direct medical costs of admissions. A total of 757,307 admissions were analyzed with total costs amounting to R$7.701 billion. The cesarean section rate over the period was 80%. Rates were lowest in young women (69%) and highest in the oldest age group (86%), exceeding 67% across all groups. The rate was 71% higher than in public services. The proportion of admissions with use of the intensive care unit was higher among cesarian deliveries. The median cost of a cesarean was 15% higher than that of a normal delivery and twice as high in insurance companies than healthcare cooperatives. There is an opportunity to apply policies that are widely used in public services to the private sector with the aim of reducing cesarean rates in private services, direct costs of admission, and the cost of supplementary health plans.

Clínicas Populares de Saúde a partir da perspectiva de empresários e de representantes da classe médica / Popular Health Clinics from the perspective of entrepreneurs and representatives of the medical profession

Resumo Este artigo pretende compreender a perspectiva de empresários de Clínicas Populares de Saúde (CPS) e representantes da classe médica sobre serviços ofertados pelo setor; impactos decorrentes da pandemia covid-19; e futuro do mercado de trabalho médico. Trata-se de pesquisa qualitativa, da área de saúde coletiva, com enfoque nas representações sociais. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas, entre março e julho de 2021, com quatro empresários locais e três representantes de classe médica de uma cidade da região Nordeste do Brasil. As CPS ofertam serviços assistenciais restritos a consultas e exames e com estratégias de lógica financeirizada; se apresentam como "alternativa" ao SUS, uma suposta "lacuna" entre planos de saúde privados e serviços públicos, e como "novo" trabalho médico. As empresas ofertam consultas com especialistas a preços "populares" e sem fila de espera. A assistência prestada é restrita e os profissionais não têm garantia de direitos trabalhistas. Para os entrevistados, o acesso à saúde representa acessibilidade geográfica e temporal de serviço a preço reduzido. O direito universal à saúde e princípios do SUS são confrontados com a defesa da autonomia dos clientes e dos profissionais visando suas necessidades: saúde e trabalho.

Abstract The objective is to understand the perspective of entrepreneurs from Popular Health Clinics (PHC) and representatives of the medical profession on services offered by the sector; impacts resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic; and future of the medical job market. This is a qualitative research, in the area of collective health, focused on social representations. Semi-structured interviews were carried out, from March to July 2021, with four local entrepreneurs and three representatives of the medical profession from a municipality in the Northeast region of Brazil. PHC offer assistance services restricted to consultations and exams and with financialized logic strategies. The PHC are presented as an "alternative" to the SUS, a supposed "gap" between private health plans and public services, and as a "new" medical work. Companies offer consultations with specialists at "popular" prices and without a waiting list. The assistance provided is restricted and professionals have no guarantee of labor rights. For those interviewed, access to healthcare represents geographic and temporal accessibility of services at a reduced price. The universal right to health and SUS principles are confronted with the defense of the autonomy of clients and professionals targeting their needs: health and work.

Fatores associados ao estresse ocupacional entre cirurgiões-dentistas do setor privado no primeiro ano da pandemia de COVID-19 / Factors related to occupational stress among private sector dentists in the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo transversal foi analisar os fatores associados ao estresse ocupacional entre cirurgiões-dentistas atuantes no setor privado no primeiro ano da pandemia de COVID-19 no Brasil. Incluiu 384 profissionais do estado do Paraná, cujos dados foram obtidos entre agosto e outubro de 2020 por meio de formulário online. Dois desfechos compuseram proxy de estresse ocupacional: (1) ansiedade e preocupação e (2) preparo e segurança para o trabalho durante a pandemia. As variáveis independentes foram agrupadas segundo modelo teórico explicativo em fatores individuais, organizacionais e extraorganizacionais. As associações foram testadas por regressão logística bi e multivariada. Apesar de preparados e seguros, os profissionais se sentiam ansiosos e preocupados para o atendimento clínico. Mulheres, mais jovens e que não receberam orientações sobre as medidas de segurança apresentaram maiores chances de relatar insegurança e despreparo. Profissionais mais jovens, que não participavam da tomada de decisões e que às vezes dispunham de auxiliar para o trabalho a quatro mãos, tiveram maiores chances de se sentirem ansiosos e preocupados. Além dos fatores individuais, fatores organizacionais do trabalho estão associados ao estresse ocupacional entre cirurgiões-dentistas no primeiro ano da pandemia.

Abstract This cross-sectional study examined factors associated with occupational stress among 384 dentists working in the private sector in the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. Data were collected from August to October 2020 through an online form. Two outcomes - (1) anxiety and worry and (2) preparation and safety for work during the pandemic - constituted a proxy for occupational stress. The independent variables were grouped according to the explanatory theoretical model into individual, organisational and extra-organisational factors. Associations were tested by bivariate and multivariate logistic regression. Although prepared and confident, dentists felt anxious and worried about providing clinical care. Women, younger respondents and those who received no guidance on safety measures were more likely to report insecurity and unpreparedness. Younger professionals, those who did not participate in decision-making and who only sometimes had an assistant for four-hand work, were more likely to feel anxious and worried. In addition to individual factors, work organisation factors were associated with occupational stress among dentists in the first year of the pandemic.

["What choice do people have other than us?": The role of doctors' offices adjacent to private pharmacies in the Covid-19 pandemic]. / "¿Qué opción les queda a las personas, más que nosotros?": Las funciones de los consultorios adyacentes a farmacias en la pandemia de covid-19.

With the arrival of coronavirus in Mexico, doctors' offices adjacent to private pharmacies (DAPPs) played a major role in the diagnosis, care, and prevention of Covid-19, providing treatment for 11.7% to 23% of people with Covid-19 symptoms according to national surveys. Therefore, this article seeks to identify the role of DAPPs as a private health system providing care for patients with Covid-19 symptoms in the city of Oaxaca, and to describe and analyze the factors that influenced their utilization. Using a qualitative methodology, twelve physicians were interviewed and 59 users responded to a questionnaire at doctors' offices adjacent to pharmacies in the municipality of Oaxaca de Juárez between September 2020 and August 2022. Secondary data were also collected. Among the findings, the function of these offices at the front line of care for Covid-19 and other health needs that emerged with the public health crisis is described, and the determining factors in care trajectories of users that sought care there are analyzed, such as the increase in perception of risk and mistrust towards public services or strategies implemented by the federal government.

Con la llegada del coronavirus a México, los consultorios adyacentes a farmacias desempeñaron un rol preponderante en el diagnóstico, atención y prevención del covid-19. De acuerdo a las encuestas nacionales, entre el 11,7% y el 23% de las personas con síntomas de covid-19 se atendieron en uno. Por ello, este artículo busca identificar el papel de los consultorios adyacentes a farmacias (CAF) como sistema de salud privado que atendió a personas con síntomas de covid-19 en la ciudad de Oaxaca y describir y analizar los factores que influyeron en su utilización. Desde una metodología cualitativa, entre septiembre de 2020 y agosto de 2022 se entrevistó a 12 médicos y médicas y se aplicó un cuestionario a 59 personas usuarias de los consultorios adyacentes a farmacias del municipio de Oaxaca de Juárez. Asimismo se hizo una recopilación y análisis de fuentes secundarias. Entre los hallazgos, se describen sus funciones como frente de atención al covid-19 y a otras necesidades de salud que emergieron con la crisis sanitaria y se analizan los factores determinantes en las trayectorias de atención de personas usuarias de estos consultorios, como son el incremento en la percepción del riesgo y la desconfianza hacia los servicios públicos o hacia las estrategias implementadas por el gobierno federal.

Evolution of cesarean sections in Colombia and its association with the legal standing of the institutions where deliveries take place / Evolución de la cesárea en Colombia y su asociación con la naturaleza jurídica de la institución donde se atiende el parto

Objectives: To describe how the frequency of cesarean section has evolved in Colombia since 1998, both in overall terms as well as discriminated according to the legal standing of the healthcare providers (IPSs) where delivery takes place, and to estimate the size of the association between the legal standing of the institutions and the performance of cesarean sections between 2015 and 2017. Material and methods: A cross-sectional cohort study that describes the frequency of cesarean deliveries between 1998 and 2020, plus an analytical component to estimate the association between the legal nature and the route of delivery between 2015 and 2017, based on the birth records of the Colombian National Statistics Administrative Department (DANE). The prevalence ratio was used as an estimator of this association. Results: In 1998, the proportion of cesarean deliveries was 25.7 %; it increased to 46.4 % by 2015 and then dropped to 44.6 % by 2020. After 1998, the proportion of cesarean sections in public hospitals increased from 26.2 % to 42.9 % by 2014, while in private providers it increased from 45.0 % to 57.7 % by 2013. The prevalence ratio of cesarean sections in private versus public institutions was 1.57 (95 % CI: 1.56-1.57). Conclusions: After a long period of sustained growth, there is now a reduction in the proportion of cesarean sections in the country. In public health care institutions, these procedures increased in greater proportion during most of the study period, while in private healthcare providers they are carried out at a higher frequency in all subgroups of women. It will be necessary to evaluate in the future, using more robust methodologies, whether the decrease in the frequency of cesarean section is a real or secular trend.

Objetivos: describir la evolución de la frecuencia de la cesárea en Colombia a partir de 1998, tanto global como discriminada según la naturaleza jurídica de las instituciones prestadoras de salud (IPS) donde se atienden los partos, y calcular la magnitud de la asociación entre la naturaleza jurídica de la IPS y la realización de cesáreas entre 2015 y 2017. Materiales y métodos: estudio de corte transversal que describe la frecuencia de partos por cesárea entre los años 1998 y 2020, y un componente analítico para estimar la asociación entre la naturaleza jurídica y la vía del parto entre los años 2015 y 2017, a partir de las bases de registros de nacimientos del Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE) de Colombia. Se presentan las proporciones de cesárea por año y el incremento en la proporción de cesárea por tipo de institución; como estimador de esta asociación se utilizó la razón de prevalencia. Resultados: en 1998, la proporción de cesárea fue 25,7 %, incrementó hasta 46,4 % en 2015 y descendió a 44,6 % para 2020. A partir de 1998, la proporción de cesárea en las IPS públicas pasó de 26,2 a 42,9 % para el año 2014 y en las privadas de 45,0 a 57,7 % para el año 2013. La razón de prevalencia de la cesárea de las instituciones privadas con respecto a las públicas fue 1,57 (IC 95 %: 1,56-1,57). Conclusiones: después de un periodo largo de incremento sostenido, se está presentando una disminución en la proporción de cesáreas en el país; las IPS públicas incrementaron estos procedimientos en mayor proporción durante la mayor parte del tiempo estudiado y en las IPS privadas se realizan con mayor frecuencia a todos los subgrupos de mujeres. Se deberá evaluar en el futuro, mediante metodologías más robustas, si el descenso en la frecuencia de cesárea es una tendencia real o secular.

Oferta de leitos exclusivos para Covid-19 no estado do Espírito Santo / Offer of exclusive beds for COVID-19 in the state of Espírito Santo

RESUMO A pandemia trouxe vários desafios a toda estrutura social, requisitando a organização e desenvolvimento de políticas públicas para conduzir o quadro sanitário. Com relação à saúde, as ações inicialmente envolveram medidas não farmacológicas e preparação do sistema de saúde. No caso do Brasil, em março de 2020 foram deliberadas portarias específicas sobre a oferta de leitos UTI Covid-19. Em abril de 2020, o estado do Espírito Santo iniciou a estruturação dos hospitais referência para Covid-19 habilitando leitos em hospitais públicos de gestão direta e indireta, e em hospitais privados e filantrópicos. Assim sendo, o objetivo deste estudo é analisar a relação de compra e oferta de leitos exclusivos para Covid-19 pela rede SUS no estado do Espírito Santo. Os dados revelam uma rede com diferentes formatos jurídicos, com forte presença de setor filantrópico, seja por Organizações Sociais de Saúde (OSS) ou hospitais. Por fim, o estudo concluiu que a condução da rede hospitalar para leitos UTI Covid-19 ocorreu pela heterogeneidade de formatos jurídicos, com a participação da gestão pública direta substituída por diferentes tipos de gestão, condicionando o estado a reafirmar as contratualizações conforme lógica do mercado.

ABSTRACT The pandemic brought several challenges to the entire social structure, demanding the organization and development of public policies to guide the health situation. With regard to health, actions so far have involved non-pharmacological measures and preparation of the health system. In the case of Brazil, in March 2020, specific ordinances were deliberated on the offer of COVID-19 ICU beds. In April 2020, the state of Espírito Santo began structuring reference hospitals for COVID-19, enabling beds in public hospitals under direct and indirect management, and in private and philanthropic hospitals. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyze the relationship of purchase and supply of exclusive beds for COVID-19 by the SUS network in the State of Espírito Santo. The data reveal a network with different legal formats, with a strong presence of the philanthropic sector, whether by Social Health Organizations (OSS) or hospitals. Finally, the study concluded that the conduction of the hospital network for COVID-19 ICU beds occurred due to the heterogeneity of legal formats, with the participation of direct public management replaced by different types of management, conditioning the state to reaffirm the contractualizations according to market logic.

Evolución de la cesárea en Colombia y su asociación con la naturaleza jurídica de la institución donde se atiende el parto / Evolution of cesarean sections in Colombia and its association with the legal standing of the institutions where deliveries take place

RESUMEN Objetivos: Describir la evolución de la frecuencia de la cesárea en Colombia a partir de 1998, tanto global como discriminada según la naturaleza jurídica de las instituciones prestadoras de salud (IPS) donde se atienden los partos, y calcular la magnitud de la asociación entre la naturaleza jurídica de la IPS y la realización de cesáreas entre 2015 y 2017. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de corte transversal que describe la frecuencia de partos por cesárea entre los años 1998 y 2020, y un componente analítico para estimar la asociación entre la naturaleza jurídica y la vía del parto entre los años 2015 y 2017, a partir de las bases de registros de nacimientos del Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE) de Colombia. Se presentan las proporciones de cesárea por año y el incremento en la proporción de cesárea por tipo de institución; como estimador de esta asociación se utilizó la razón de prevalencia. Resultados: En 1998, la proporción de cesárea fue 25,7 %, incrementó hasta 46,4 % en 2015 y descendió a 44,6 % para 2020. A partir de 1998, la proporción de cesárea en las IPS públicas pasó de 26,2 a 42,9 % para el año 2014 y en las privadas de 45,0 a 57,7 % para el año 2013. La razón de prevalencia de la cesárea de las instituciones privadas con respecto a las públicas fue 1,57 (IC 95 %: 1,56-1,57). Conclusiones: Después de un periodo largo de incremento sostenido, se está presentando una disminución en la proporción de cesáreas en el país; las IPS públicas incrementaron estos procedimientos en mayor proporción durante la mayor parte del tiempo estudiado y en las IPS privadas se realizan con mayor frecuencia a todos los subgrupos de mujeres. Se deberá evaluar en el futuro, mediante metodologías más robustas, si el descenso en la frecuencia de cesárea es una tendencia real o secular.

ABSTRACT Objectives: To describe how the frequency of cesarean section has evolved in Colombia since 1998, both in overall terms as well as discriminated according to the legal standing of the healthcare providers (IPSs) where delivery takes place, and to estimate the size of the association between the legal standing of the institutions and the performance of cesarean sections between 2015 and 2017. Material and methods: A cross-sectional cohort study that describes the frequency of cesarean deliveries between 1998 and 2020, plus an analytical component to estimate the association between the legal nature and the route of delivery between 2015 and 2017, based on the birth records of the Colombian National Statistics Administrative Department (DANE). Proportions of cesarean sections and their increase by institution type are presented. The prevalence ratio was used as an estimator of this association. Results: In 1998, the proportion of cesarean deliveries was 25.7 %; it increased to 46.4 % by 2015 and then dropped to 44.6 % by 2020. After 1998, the proportion of cesarean sections in public hospitals increased from 26.2 % to 42.9 % by 2014, while in private providers it increased from 45.0 % to 57.7 % by 2013. The prevalence ratio of cesarean sections in private versus public institutions was 1.57 (95 % CI: 1.56-1.57). Conclusions: After a long period of sustained growth, there is now a reduction in the proportion of cesarean sections in the country. In public health care institutions, these procedures increased in greater proportion during most of the study period, while in private healthcare providers they are carried out at a higher frequency in all subgroups of women. It will be necessary to evaluate in the future, using more robust methodologies, whether the decrease in the frequency of cesarean section is a real or secular trend.

What are the sources of contraceptives for married and unmarried adolescents: Health services or friends? Analysis of 59 low- and middle-income countries.

Background: Despite the efforts to promote universal coverage for family planning, inequalities are still high in several countries. Our aim was to identify which sources of contraceptives women mostly rely on in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We also explored the different sources according to age and marital status. Methods: We used data from national health surveys carried out in 59 LMICs since 2010. Among all sexually active women at reproductive age, we explored inequalities in demand for family planning satisfied by modern methods (mDFPS) and in the source of modern contraceptives according to women's age, classified as: 15-19, 20-34, or 35-49 years of age. Among adolescents, mDFPS and source of method were explored by marital status, classified as married or in union and not married nor in a union. Results: mDFPS was lower among adolescents than among adult women in 28 of the 59 countries. The lowest levels of mDFPS among adolescents were identified in Albania (6.1%) and Chad (8.2%). According to adolescents' marital status, the pattern of inequalities in mDFPS varied widely between regions, with married and unmarried adolescents showing similar levels of coverage in Latin America and the Caribbean, higher coverage among unmarried adolescents in Africa, and lower coverage among unmarried adolescents in Asia. Public and private health services were the main sources, with a lower share of the public sector among adolescents in almost all countries. The proportion of adolescents who obtained their contraceptives in the public sector was lower among unmarried girls than married ones in 31 of the 38 countries with data. Friends or relatives were a more significant source of contraceptives among unmarried compared to married adolescents in all regions. Conclusions: Our findings indicate lower levels of mDFPS and lower use of the public sector by adolescents, especially unmarried girls. More attention is needed to provide high-quality and affordable family planning services for adolescents, especially for those who are not married.

"¿Qué opción les queda a las personas, más que nosotros?": Las funciones de los consultorios adyacentes a farmacias en la pandemia de covid-19 / "What choice do people have other than us?": The role of doctors' offices adjacent to private pharmacies in the Covid-19 pandemic

RESUMEN Con la llegada del coronavirus a México, los consultorios adyacentes a farmacias desempeñaron un rol preponderante en el diagnóstico, atención y prevención del covid-19. De acuerdo a las encuestas nacionales, entre el 11,7% y el 23% de las personas con síntomas de covid-19 se atendieron en uno. Por ello, este artículo busca identificar el papel de los consultorios adyacentes a farmacias (CAF) como sistema de salud privado que atendió a personas con síntomas de covid-19 en la ciudad de Oaxaca y describir y analizar los factores que influyeron en su utilización. Desde una metodología cualitativa, entre septiembre de 2020 y agosto de 2022 se entrevistó a 12 médicos y médicas y se aplicó un cuestionario a 59 personas usuarias de los consultorios adyacentes a farmacias del municipio de Oaxaca de Juárez. Asimismo se hizo una recopilación y análisis de fuentes secundarias. Entre los hallazgos, se describen sus funciones como frente de atención al covid-19 y a otras necesidades de salud que emergieron con la crisis sanitaria y se analizan los factores determinantes en las trayectorias de atención de personas usuarias de estos consultorios, como son el incremento en la percepción del riesgo y la desconfianza hacia los servicios públicos o hacia las estrategias implementadas por el gobierno federal.

ABSTRACT With the arrival of coronavirus in Mexico, doctors' offices adjacent to private pharmacies (DAPPs) played a major role in the diagnosis, care, and prevention of Covid-19, providing treatment for 11.7% to 23% of people with Covid-19 symptoms according to national surveys. Therefore, this article seeks to identify the role of DAPPs as a private health system providing care for patients with Covid-19 symptoms in the city of Oaxaca, and to describe and analyze the factors that influenced their utilization. Using a qualitative methodology, twelve physicians were interviewed and 59 users responded to a questionnaire at doctors' offices adjacent to pharmacies in the municipality of Oaxaca de Juárez between September 2020 and August 2022. Secondary data were also collected. Among the findings, the function of these offices at the front line of care for Covid-19 and other health needs that emerged with the public health crisis is described, and the determining factors in care trajectories of users that sought care there are analyzed, such as the increase in perception of risk and mistrust towards public services or strategies implemented by the federal government..

Tendencia de cesáreas en entidades privadas de la provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina (2017-2021) / Cesarean section trends in private entities in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina (2017-2021)

Resumen OBJETIVO: Evaluar las tasas de cesárea en la finalización de embarazos registrados en el sector privado de la Obra Social de la provincia de Buenos Aires (Instituto de Obra Médico Asistencial) entre los años 2017 a 2021. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio analítico y descriptivo de cesáreas registradas en el Sistema de Modulación Centro Único de Auditoría y Fiscalización IOMA (CUAFI) de las 13 regiones sanitarias de la provincia de Buenos Aires. Se describen los porcentajes de cesárea por año y por región sanitaria. RESULTADOS: Se registraron 75,244 partos únicos. En el año 2017 el porcentaje de cesáreas se incrementó de 69.0% (12,600 cesáreas de 18,258 partos) a 73.6% (8,232 cesáreas de 11,180 partos) en 2021. Los mayores porcentajes de cesárea se registraron en la Región IV (83.6%), la Región XIV (81.7%) y Región X (78.9%). CONCLUSIÓN: El alto porcentaje de cesáreas registrado y el incremento en los últimos años muestra la necesidad de diseñar intervenciones para reducir su tasa. Será importante contar con información de sus indicaciones y explorar intervenciones destinadas al personal de salud y a las mujeres para reducir su práctica.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the rates of caesarean section in the termination of pregnancies registered in the private sector of the Obra Social of the province of Buenos Aires (Instituto de Obra Médico Asistencial) between 2017 and 2021. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Analytical and descriptive study of caesarean sections registered in the Modulation System of the IOMA Single Audit and Control Centre (CUAFI) of the 13 health regions of the province of Buenos Aires. The percentages of caesarean sections per year and per health region are described. RESULTS: 75,244 singleton deliveries were registered in the private sector of the Instituto de Obra Médico Asistencial. In 2017, the percentage of caesarean sections increased from 69.0% (12,600 caesarean sections out of 18,258 deliveries) to 73.6% (8,232 caesarean sections out of 11,180 deliveries) in 2021. The highest caesarean section rates were recorded in Region IV (83.6%), Region XIV (81.7%) and Region X (78.9%). CONCLUSION: The high percentage of caesarean sections recorded and the increase in recent years shows the need to design interventions to decrease the rate. It is important to have information on the indications for caesarean section and to explore interventions aimed at health personnel and women to reduce the rate.

O Fundo de Saúde e sua apropriação pelas Organizações Sociais no município de São Paulo / The Health Fund and its appropriation by Social Organizations in the municipality of São Paulo

RESUMO Discute-se o Fundo de Saúde do município de São Paulo, destacando a apropriação dos seus recursos pelo setor privado, especialmente pelas Organizações Sociais (OS). Para tanto, a primeira parte apresenta os fundamentos mais gerais do Fundo Público. A segunda parte analisa a trajetória histórica do Fundo Municipal de Saúde e a utilização de seus recursos, em grande medida, para o financiamento da atenção básica, via Programa de Saúde da Família, executado pelas OS. A terceira apresenta as características das OS, analisando a evolução da apropriação dos recursos do Fundo de Saúde entre 2011 e 2021. Percebe-se que os recursos do Fundo de Saúde passam a ser cada vez mais apropriados por essas entidades de caráter privado, apresentando uma tendência de crescimento, alcançando um patamar de 89,2% do total dos recursos em 2021. Desse modo, constata-se o movimento de mercantilização implícita, marcado pela lógica de ampliação dos mecanismos de mercado no Sistema Único de Saúde municipal.

ABSTRACT The Health Fund of the municipality of São Paulo has been discussed, highlighting the appropriation of its resources by the private sector, especially by Social Organizations (OS). To this end, the first part presents the more general foundations of the Public Fund. The second part analyzes the historical trajectory of the Municipal Health Fund and the use of its resources, to a large extent, to finance primary care, via the Family Health Program executed by the OS. The third part presents the characteristics of the OS, analyzing the evolution of the appropriation of resources of the Health Fund between 2011 and 2021. It can be seen that the Health Fund resources are increasingly appropriated by these private entities, with a growing trend, reaching a level of 89.2% of total resources in 2021. Thus, the movement of implicit mercantilization is verified, marked by the logic of expansion of market mechanisms in the municipal Unified Health System.

Mortalidad de pacientes hospitalizados por infección por SARS-CoV-2 en México. Análisis de una base de datos nacional a dos años de pandemia / Mortality of patients hospitalized for SARS-CoV-2 infection in Mexico. Analysis of a national database after two years of pandemic

Resumen Introducción: La infección por SARS-CoV-2 en la mayoría de los casos tiene un curso leve, aunque la insuficiencia respiratoria aguda se asocia a mayor mortalidad. Objetivo: Determinar la mortalidad global en pacientes con COVID-19 hospitalizados o en una unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI). Métodos: Análisis inferencial a partir de una base de datos del periodo enero de 2020-diciembre de 2021, de la Dirección General de Epidemiología de México. Se incluyeron pacientes hospitalizados positivos a SARS-CoV-2. Se describieron las características generales y se realizó un modelo de regresión binaria para determinar las asociaciones con la mortalidad. Resultados: Se identificaron 116 446 pacientes que requirieron ingreso hospitalario. La mortalidad global fue de 44 %, la intrahospitalaria de 33 % y en la UCI de 33 %. La mortalidad de pacientes con ventilación mecánica e ingreso hospitalario fue de 87 % y en la UCI de 75 %. En el sector público predominaron los ingresos al Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social y a la Secretaría de Salud, cada uno con RM = 2.24 (p = 0.004) y RM = 2.55 (p = 0.001) para mortalidad. Conclusión: La mortalidad fue mayor en el sector público y pudo deberse a la saturación de los servicios, lo que condicionó escasez de recursos.

Abstract Introduction: SARS-CoV-2 infection has in, most cases, a mild course, although acute respiratory distress syndrome is associated with higher mortality. Objective: To determine overall mortality in hospitalized or intensive care unit (ICU)-admitted COVID-19 patients. Methods: Inferential analysis from a database of the General Directorate of Epidemiology of Mexico. SARS-CoV-2-positive patients, hospitalized within the January 2020-December 2021 period, were included. General characteristics were described and a binary regression model was created to determine associations with mortality. Results: 116,446 patients who required hospital admission were identified. Overall mortality was 44%; in-hospital mortality, 33%; and ICU mortality, 33%. Mortality of patients with mechanical ventilation and hospital admission was 87%, and with ICU admission, 75%. In the public sector, hospital admissions at the Mexican Institute of Social Security and the Ministry of Health predominated, with OR = 2.24 (p = 0.004) and OR = 2.55 (p = 0.001), respectively, for mortality. Conclusion: Mortality was higher in the public sector, and this could be due to the overcrowding of services, which determined a scarcity of resources.

Condiciones de Teletrabajo, Conflicto Trabajo-Familia y Carga Mental en Trabajadores/as del sector privado en Chile / Telework, work-family conflict and mental burden in private sector workers in Chile / Teletrabalho, conflito trabalho-família e carga mental em trabalhadores do setor privado no Chile

El presente estudio tiene como objetivo describir la relación que existe entre teletrabajo, carga mental y conflicto trabajo-familia. A 102 trabajadores del sector privado en Chile, que se encuentran bajo la modalidad de teletrabajo, se les administró de manera online los cuestionarios Cuestionario de percepción y condiciones teletrabajo (Ossa, Jiménez y Gómez, 2020), Cuestionario de carga mental (Ceballos, Paravic, Burgos y Barriga, 2014) y Cuestionario conflicto trabajo-familia" (Carlson, Kacmar y Williams, 2000). Se observan relaciones negativas y significativas entre teletrabajo y conflicto trabajo familia (r= -.572, p= .000) , y entre teletrabajo y carga mental (r= -.307, p= .002). Mientras que entre carga mental y conflicto trabajo-familia existe relación positiva (r= .360, p= .000). Se concluye que el Teletrabajo tiene influencia en las áreas de carga mental y conflicto trabajo-familia, del mismo modo que estas variables tienen influencia en el teletrabajo, por lo que el apoyo de recursos organizacionales, tecnológicos e interpersonales de una de estas áreas por parte de la organización será beneficioso para las políticas organizacionales.

The present study has as its objective to describe the existing relationship between remote work, mental burden and work-family conflict. The questionnaires Remote Work Perception Scale (Ossa, Jiménez & Gómez, 2020), Mental Burden Scale (Ceballos, Paravic, Burgos & Barriga, 2014) and Work-family Conflict Questionnaire (Carlson, Kacmar & Williams, 2000)were administered via online to 102 private sector workers in Chile who are working remotely. Negative relationships between remote work and work-family conflict were observed (r= -.572, p= .000), and between remote work and mental burden (r= -.307, p= .002). While there is a positive relationship between mental burden and work-family conflict (r= .360, p= .000). It is concluded that remote work has an influence on the areas of mental burden and work-family conflict in the same manner that this variables have an influence on remote work, so that the support of organisational, technological and interpersonal resources on one of these areas by the organisation can be beneficial for the organisational politics and the workers' life.

O presente estudo tem como objetivo descrever a relação entre teletrabalho, carga mental e conflito trabalho-família. 102 trabalhadores do setor privado no Chile, que estão na modalidade de teletrabalho, foram aplicados online os questionários "Questionário de condições de percepção e teletrabalho" (Ossa, Jiménez e Gómez, 2020), "Questionário de carga mental" (Ceballos, Paravic, Burgos e Barriga, 2014) e "Questionário conflito trabalho-família" (Carlson, Kacmar e Williams, 2000). Observam-se relações negativas e significativas entre o teletrabalho e o conflito trabalho-família (r = -.572, p = .000) e entre o teletrabalho e a carga mental (r = -.307, p= .002). Já entre carga mental e conflito trabalho-família existe uma relação positiva (r = 0,360, p = 0,000). Conclui-se que o Teletrabalho influencia as áreas de carga mental e conflito trabalho-família, da mesma forma que estas variáveis ​​influenciam o teletrabalho, de forma que o suporte dos recursos organizacionais, tecnológicos e interpessoais de uma destas áreas por da organização será benéfico para as políticas organizacionais.

Condiciones de Teletrabajo, Conflicto Trabajo-Familia y Carga Mental en Trabajadores/as del sector privado en Chile

El presente estudio tiene como objetivo describir la relación que existe entre teletrabajo, carga mental y conflicto trabajo-familia. A 102 trabajadores del sector privado en Chile, que se encuentran bajo la modalidad de teletrabajo, se les administró de manera online los cuestionarios "Cuestionario de percepción y condiciones teletrabajo" (Ossa, Jiménez y Gómez, 2020), "Cuestionario de carga mental" (Ceballos, Paravic, Burgos y Barriga, 2014) y "Cuestionario conflicto trabajo-familia" (Carlson, Kacmar y Williams, 2000). Se observan relaciones negativas y significativas entre teletrabajo y conflicto trabajo familia (r= -.572, p= .000) , y entre teletrabajo y carga mental (r= -.307, p= .002). Mientras que entre carga mental y conflicto trabajo-familia existe relación positiva (r= .360, p= .000). Se concluye que el Teletrabajo tiene influencia en las áreas de carga mental y conflicto trabajo-familia, del mismo modo que estas variables tienen influencia en el teletrabajo, por lo que el apoyo de recursos organizacionales, tecnológicos e interpersonales de una de estas áreas por parte de la organización será beneficioso para las políticas organizacionales.

The present study has as its objective to describe the existing relationship between remote work, mental burden and work-family conflict. The questionnaires "Remote Work Perception Scale" (Ossa, Jiménez & Gómez, 2020), "Mental Burden Scale" (Ceballos, Paravic, Burgos & Barriga, 2014) and "Work-family Conflict Questionnaire" (Carlson, Kacmar & Williams, 2000)were administered via online to 102 private sector workers in Chile who are working remotely. Negative relationships between remote work and work-family conflict were observed (r= -.572, p= .000), and between remote work and mental burden (r= -.307, p= .002). While there is a positive relationship between mental burden and work-family conflict (r= .360, p= .000). It is concluded that remote work has an influence on the areas of mental burden and work-family conflict in the same manner that this variables have an influence on remote work, so that the support of organisational, technological and interpersonal resources on one of these areas by the organisation can be beneficial for the organisational politics and the workers' life.

O presente estudo tem como objetivo descrever a relação entre teletrabalho, carga mental e conflito trabalho-família. 102 trabalhadores do setor privado no Chile, que estão na modalidade de teletrabalho, foram aplicados online os questionários "Questionário de condições de percepção e teletrabalho" (Ossa, Jiménez e Gómez, 2020), "Questionário de carga mental" (Ceballos, Paravic, Burgos e Barriga, 2014) e "Questionário conflito trabalho-família" (Carlson, Kacmar e Williams, 2000). Observam-se relações negativas e significativas entre o teletrabalho e o conflito trabalho-família (r = -.572, p = .000) e entre o teletrabalho e a carga mental (r = -.307, p= .002). Já entre carga mental e conflito trabalho-família existe uma relação positiva (r = 0,360, p = 0,000). Conclui-se que o Teletrabalho influencia as áreas de carga mental e conflito trabalho-família, da mesma forma que estas variáveis ​​influenciam o teletrabalho, de forma que o suporte dos recursos organizacionais, tecnológicos e interpessoais de uma destas áreas por da organização será benéfico para as políticas organizacionais.

Incremento decenal de estabelecimentos assistenciais no Brasil e vinculações com o Sistema Único de Saúde / Ten-year increase of healthcare facilities in Brazil and links to the Unified Health System

RESUMO A partir da problemática da relação público-privada no setor saúde brasileiro, nesta publicação, descreve-se um estudo descritivo e tendencial acerca do incremento proporcional de tipos de estabelecimentos e equipamentos de saúde no Brasil, em segmentos dos setores público e privado e no decorrer do período de 2010 a 2019. A principal tendência identificada foi o incremento proporcional do setor privado, com destaque aos serviços de média e alta complexidade. Destaca-se também, decréscimo tendencial nos serviços de atenção básica, em específico, os serviços estatais. A marcante tendência de expansão do setor privado em atividades de saúde de alta complexidade e do setor público, marcadamente, por Organizações Sociais privadas, sem fins lucrativos, apresenta uma importante tendência de setorização do sistema de saúde brasileiro, voltado aos interesses de mercado. A desregulamentação e a limitação de acesso e cobertura, em função das limitações econômicas ligadas à relação de consumo, são possíveis consequências desse cenário.

ABSTRACT Based on the problem of the public-private relationship in the Brazilian health sector, this publication describes a descriptive and trend study on the proportional increase in types of health facilities and equipment in Brazil, in segments of the public and private sectors during the period 2010-2019. The main trend identified was the proportional increase in the private sector, especially in medium- and high-complexity services. The trend is also downward in primary care services, specifically state services. The marked tendency toward expansion of the private sector in highly complex health activities and of the public sector, markedly, by private non-profit Social Organizations, presents an important trend toward sectorialization of the Brazilian health system, focused on market interests. Deregulation and limited access and coverage, due to economic limitations linked to the consumption relationship, are possible consequences of this scenario.